DISASTERSDISASTERS

  DISASTERDISASTERA disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

 MAN-MADE AND TECHNOLOGICAL TYPES OF

DISASTERSHazardous materialsPower service disruption &blackout

Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast

Radiological emergenciesChemical threat and biological weapons

Cyber attacksExplosionCivil unrest

Industrial hazards

Industrial accidents resulting in releases of hazardous materials usually occur in a commercial context, such as mining accidents. They often have an environmental impact but may also be hazardous for people living in proximity.

The Bhopal disaster saw the release of Dioxins into the neighboring environment seriously affecting large numbers of people. It is probably the world's worst industrial accident to date.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Hazard is a term associated with a substance that is

likelihood to cause an injury in a given environment or situation .

Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition

produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property .

Safety in simple terms means freedom from the occurrence of risk or injury or loss .

Industrial safety refers to the protection of workers from the danger of industrial accidents .

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AccidentsAccidents Human factor is the contributing cause of accidents in

most situations . For people who are likely to have accidents, the treatment is divided into three main categories

Medical assistance- in 13 percent cases

Personality readjustment- in 22 percent cases

Operating defects- the remaining 65 percent cases

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Accident reduction Accident reduction Accident proneness is acceptable to a certain extent, it

does not mean that nothing can be done to reduce the number of accidents

Accidents can be reduced by two approaches

Actuarial approach- It involves studying the statistics to determine accidents based on actual data . The factors related to the accident frequency should be identified . The violations of safety rules must be clearly identified .

Safety educational campaign -Safety education must be conducted by management to the employee groups .

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Chemical hazardsChemical hazardsUnfortunately, sometimes chemical reactions get

out of control, because of several problems .

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Management of over-exposureManagement of over-exposure Management of over-exposure to chemicals performed by –

Removal from exposure- Prompt removal of person to exposure site, air respirators and lifelines are mandatory first aid .

Decontamination- A victim whose skin or clothing has been contaminated requires immediate removal of garments and shoes .

Symptomatic treatment- like dehydration arrhythmias .

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Dust explosionDust explosion The term dust is used if the maximum particle size of the

solids in the mixture is 500 mm . Dust explosion is a rapid combustion of a dust cloud .

Avoiding the development of explosive mixture.

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FIRE HAZARDS FIRE HAZARDS

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CONTROL OF FIRE AND CONTROL OF FIRE AND EXPLOSIONEXPLOSION

Government regulations are available for safety and fire protection Careful plant layout and judicious choice of constructional

materials can reduce fire and explosion hazards

Hazardous operations should be isolated by conducting them in separate buildings

The roof is designed to lift easily under an explosive force

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Cont….Cont….

Possible sources of fire are reduced by eliminating the unnecessary ignition sources

The installation of sufficient fire alarms, temperature alarms

Fire resistance brick-walls can limit the effects of an explosion

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OTHER REQUIREMENTOTHER REQUIREMENT

Building construction

Exit point

Fire Alarm equipment

Sprinkler system

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ELECTRICAL HAZARDSELECTRICAL HAZARDS

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ELECTRICAL HAZARDS-Special safety ELECTRICAL HAZARDS-Special safety protection equipmentprotection equipment

protection of head and eyes---goggles, helmets, hooks, masks

protection of hand, arms, legs and feet---rubber gloves, rubber boots, aprons, shoes, other clothing

prevention of breathing of poisonous gases---respiration protective devices

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Safety programmeSafety programmeThe basic principles are:-

To identify potential hazards, provide effective safety equipment and facilities

To develop safety policies

To train in safe method of working and provide continuing education and guidance on eliminating safety hazards and prevention of accidents

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Advantages of safety managementAdvantages of safety managementCost saving

Increased productivity

Moral

Legal

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NUCLEAR HAZARDSNUCLEAR HAZARDSReactor failsImproper functioning of reactors Earth quakeTsunami Inadequate maintenance Natural calamities

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AFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL AFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONPOLLUTION

During Industrial hazards, large emission of chemicals spread across areas and people get affected seriously.

During Bhopal disaster, dioxin killed thousands of people and their dead bodies remained swollen on ground.

They can affect water bodies by producing industrial wastes into the water and kills fish.

DAMAGEDDAMAGED AQUATIC AQUATIC LIFELIFE

The fish which is alive will be infected with the chemicals and humans who consume the fish will be prone to illness or even death at times, when it’s toxic.

Many bigger fish died because of consuming tiny ones.

Many people around got cancers after eating those fish from long time.

INDUSTRIES POLLUTING INDUSTRIES POLLUTING AIRAIRIndustrial gases emit into the

atmosphere which causes wide spread air pollution. People get lung disorders, throat disorders and can also be dead due to toxic gases.

Majority of people are ignorant about their polluted surroundings and lack of knowledge also caused the prolonged damage.

INDUSTRIES POLLUTING INDUSTRIES POLLUTING SOILSOILMany factories are surrounded

by houses. The soil is often polluted by particles like ash and other harmful chemicals.

When plants which grow on soil consume the pollutants, the vegetables of the plants contain harmful toxic chemicals, which are later eaten by humans.

2014 GAIL pipeline 2014 GAIL pipeline explosionexplosionon June,27on June,27

at Andhra Pradesh at Andhra Pradesh

Gas Authority of India LimitedGas Authority of India Limited भारतीय गैस प्राधि�करण धि�मि�टेड भारतीय गैस प्राधि�करण धि�मि�टेड

Type : State-owned enterprise public companyFounded :1984Headquarters :New Delhi IndiaKey people : Shri B. C. Tripathi (Chairman & MD)Products :Natural Gas, Petrochemical, Liquid

Hydrocarbons, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Transmission, City Gas Distribution, E&P, Telecommunication, Electricity Generation.

Number of employees :3,994 (2013)Parent : MoP & NGSubsidiaries : GAIL Gas, BCPL and GAIL Global (Singapore)

Pte Ltd.

Reason for the disaster :Reason for the disaster : GAIL's Tatipaka-Kondapalli pipeline, which

was built in 2001 to move dry natural gas to Lanco Power Plant, transported gas as also water and condensate coming from ONGC's wells.

Water and condensate corroded the pipeline, leading to gas and condensate leaking to surface where a lighting of a stove led to a blast and subsequent fire on 27 June.

EFFECTSEFFECTS The condensate formed vapor cloud with

gas pockets, and triggered a major fire when a tea vendor lighted the stove.

A spark, possibly from a stove lit by a local, at 5:45 am on June 27 led to condensate and cloud of gas catching fire with a loud explosion. The fire spread over a 50-metre radius, engulfing nearby dwelling units, houses and tea stalls, killing 22 people, including three women and three children, besides injuring 17 others.

The industries that depend on these natural gas were also affected .

REMEDIESREMEDIESThe industries should use all

safety equipments .The should use E-nose which is a

new technological instrument to identify the leakage of gas.

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FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR DISASTER - JAPANDISASTER - JAPAN

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

 Thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor.

In all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.

In the towns of okuma & futaba, Japan

First commissioned in 1971Uses 6 BWRLargest power stationO/P - 4.7 GWe

Completely dismantled - 1st August 2013

REASON FOR THE REASON FOR THE SHUTDOWNSHUTDOWNOn March 11, 2011 an earthquake

categorised 9.0M – hanshu island Time- 14:46 Japan standard

time (JST) Location- Northeast coast of Japan destructive Tsunami with waves of

up to 14 meters2008: Tsunami study ignored

EVENTS :EVENTS :

Thyroid growth/cancer

Mutant animals and plants.

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