Accidents Accidents Theory, Causes, Theory, Causes, Reporting, Recording,Reporting, Recording,Investigation,Investigation, Prevention Prevention

Meaning of AccidentMeaning of Accident

Accidents areAccidents are unplanned, unwanted unplanned, unwanted and improper occurrencesand improper occurrences involving involving

motion of persons, objects or motion of persons, objects or substances whichsubstances which result in injury, result in injury,

damage or lossdamage or loss..

Accidents are not just accidental but Accidents are not just accidental but avoidableavoidable

THEY ALL HAVE OUTCOMES FROM THE THEY ALL HAVE OUTCOMES FROM THE ACCIDENTACCIDENT

The Heinrich Theory ofThe Heinrich Theory of Chain of Injury Chain of Injury OccurrencesOccurrences

•AnAn injury occursinjury occurs only as aonly as a result of an accidentresult of an accident•AnAn accident occursaccident occurs only due toonly due to unsafe conditions or unsafe unsafe conditions or unsafe

actsacts or or

bothboth•Unsafe acts or unsafe conditions exist onlyUnsafe acts or unsafe conditions exist only because of because of

human human

faultsfaults•HumanHuman faults are inherited or acquired from environmentfaults are inherited or acquired from environment..•Environment (reasons) thatEnvironment (reasons) that causes human faultscauses human faults comprise ofcomprise of

- Unsuitable anatomical, physiological or psychological - Unsuitable anatomical, physiological or psychological

characteristicscharacteristics

- Improper mechanical or physical or social environment- Improper mechanical or physical or social environment

- Lack of knowledge or skill- Lack of knowledge or skill

Patterson’s TheoryPatterson’s Theory

- - Accidents are Accidents are caused due to human errorscaused due to human errors- Human Human errors result fromerrors result from employee's employee's own own

conscious or unconscious conscious or unconscious decisionsdecisions- Conscious decisions are the Conscious decisions are the decisions to errdecisions to err as a as a

result of overconfidenceresult of overconfidence or perceiving low or perceiving low

probability of an accidentprobability of an accident- Unconscious decisions are due to the Unconscious decisions are due to the influence of influence of stressesstresses

between man-machine and the environmentbetween man-machine and the environment

Causes Causes

OfOf

AccidentsAccidents

Accidents just Accidents just ‘do not happen’‘do not happen’ they they are ‘caused’are ‘caused’

Accidents take place when Accidents take place when employees tend to employees tend to ignore safety rulesignore safety rules

and managements and managements ignore ignore presence of presence of unsafe conditionsunsafe conditions

Causes of AccidentsCauses of Accidents

Immediate CausesImmediate Causes- Due to Unsafe Acts or unsafe conditionsDue to Unsafe Acts or unsafe conditions

Contributory CausesContributory Causes- Due to mental & physical condition of the personsDue to mental & physical condition of the persons- Supervisory safety performanceSupervisory safety performance- Environmental forcesEnvironmental forces

Typical Unsafe ActsTypical Unsafe Acts

Ignoring rulesIgnoring rules Operating without authorityOperating without authority Operating / working at unsafe Operating / working at unsafe

speedspeed Using unsafe equipmentUsing unsafe equipment Improper handling of equipmentImproper handling of equipment Not wearing safety devicesNot wearing safety devices

Typical Unsafe Acts (cont..)Typical Unsafe Acts (cont..)

Making safety devices in-operativeMaking safety devices in-operative Taking unsafe positions / posturesTaking unsafe positions / postures Working on moving equipmentWorking on moving equipment Wearing unsafe attireWearing unsafe attire Unsafe lifting, pulling and pushingUnsafe lifting, pulling and pushing Distracting, startling, teasing Distracting, startling, teasing

(Horseplay)(Horseplay)

Unsafe conditionsUnsafe conditions

Unguarded or inadequately Unguarded or inadequately guarded equipment or moving guarded equipment or moving parts parts

Unsafe design of the equipmentUnsafe design of the equipment

Overloading of equipmentsOverloading of equipments

Unsafe conditions (cont..)Unsafe conditions (cont..)

Hazardous arrangement of Hazardous arrangement of materials materials

Ineffective safety devicesIneffective safety devices Safety devices are not providedSafety devices are not provided Poorly maintained and unsafe Poorly maintained and unsafe

equipmentequipment Inadequate illuminationInadequate illumination Inadequate ventilationInadequate ventilation

Unsafe conditions (cont..)Unsafe conditions (cont..)

Unsafe processesUnsafe processes Unsafe clothingUnsafe clothing Broken safety guardsBroken safety guards Slippery floorsSlippery floors Bad arrangement of materialsBad arrangement of materials Poor HousekeepingPoor Housekeeping

Accident ReportingAccident Reporting

Section 115 of the Maharashtra Section 115 of the Maharashtra Factories Rules, 1963 lays down the Factories Rules, 1963 lays down the responsibility responsibility for notification of the for notification of the accidents (or dangerous occurrences) accidents (or dangerous occurrences)

on the occupieron the occupier

Factories Act, 1948, Section 88Factories Act, 1948, Section 88Maharashtra Factories Rules, 1985Maharashtra Factories Rules, 1985 Rule 115Rule 115

The Accidents of The Accidents of Serious natureSerious nature require to be notified require to be notified within four within four hourshours of their happening of their happening

Fatal or one causing body injury Fatal or one causing body injury disablingdisabling the worker the worker from his work from his work 48 hours48 hours or more or more

An accident of serious nature means An accident of serious nature means an accident resulting inan accident resulting in

i) Immediate i) Immediate loss of any part of the bodyloss of any part of the body or or any limb or part thereofany limb or part thereofii) ii) Crushed Crushed or serious injury injury to any or serious injury injury to any part of the body due to which loss of the part of the body due to which loss of the same is obvious or any injury which is likely same is obvious or any injury which is likely to prove fatalto prove fataliii) iii) UnconsciousnessUnconsciousnessiv) Serious iv) Serious burnsburns due to chemicals, steam due to chemicals, steam or an other causeor an other cause

Following classes of dangerous occurrences, Following classes of dangerous occurrences,

whether or not they are accompanied bywhether or not they are accompanied by personal injury or disablementpersonal injury or disablement

Bursting of a vessel used for containing steam under Bursting of a vessel used for containing steam under pressure greater than atmospheric pressure, other than pressure greater than atmospheric pressure, other than plant which comes within the scope of Indian Boiler Actplant which comes within the scope of Indian Boiler Act

Collapse or failure of a crane, derrick, winch hoist or Collapse or failure of a crane, derrick, winch hoist or other appliances used in raising or lowering persons or other appliances used in raising or lowering persons or goods, or any part thereof, or overturning of a cranegoods, or any part thereof, or overturning of a crane

Explosion, fir, bursting out, leakage or escape of any Explosion, fir, bursting out, leakage or escape of any molten metal, hot liquor, or gas causing bodily injury to molten metal, hot liquor, or gas causing bodily injury to any person or damage to any part or portion of the any person or damage to any part or portion of the factory in which persons are employed or damage to any factory in which persons are employed or damage to any

plant machinery or materialplant machinery or material

Explosion of a receiver or container used in any Explosion of a receiver or container used in any process, or for storage at a pressure greater than process, or for storage at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure, of any gas or any gases atmospheric pressure, of any gas or any gases (including air) or any liquid or any solid(including air) or any liquid or any solid

Collapse or subsidence of any floor, gallery, roof, Collapse or subsidence of any floor, gallery, roof, bridge, tunnel, chimney, wall or building forming bridge, tunnel, chimney, wall or building forming part of a factory or within the compound or part of a factory or within the compound or cartilage of factory.cartilage of factory.

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Section 9 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Section 9

Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974Section 31 Section 31

Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Section 23Section 23

Discharge of Noxious or Polluting Discharge of Noxious or Polluting matter into environment (Air/Water) matter into environment (Air/Water) in excess of prescribed standardsin excess of prescribed standards

Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989Rules, 1989

  Rule 10Rule 10

Accidents at a Site or Facility where Accidents at a Site or Facility where hazardous Wastes are hazardous Wastes are collected/stored/treated etc.collected/stored/treated etc.

Central Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989 Rule 136Central Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989 Rule 136

Accident to a vehicle transporting Accident to a vehicle transporting hazardous substanceshazardous substances

Petroleum Act, 1934 Section 27Petroleum Act, 1934 Section 27

Explosion/Fire resulting from ignition Explosion/Fire resulting from ignition of Petroleum or its vapor causing of Petroleum or its vapor causing human injury or property damage.human injury or property damage.

Explosives Act, 1984 Rule 81Explosives Act, 1984 Rule 81Gas Cylinder Rules, 1981 Rule 74 Gas Cylinder Rules, 1981 Rule 74

SMPV Rules, 1961 Rule 66SMPV Rules, 1961 Rule 66

Discharge of Noxious or Polluting Discharge of Noxious or Polluting matter into environment (Air/Water) matter into environment (Air/Water) in excess of prescribed standards.in excess of prescribed standards.

Manufacture, Storage & Import of Hazardous Manufacture, Storage & Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 Rule 5Chemicals Rules, 1989 Rule 5

A major accident on a site where one A major accident on a site where one or more of the 179 chemicals and 3 or more of the 179 chemicals and 3 groups of substances are handled in groups of substances are handled in quantities specified.quantities specified.

Indian Boilers Act, 1923 Section 18Indian Boilers Act, 1923 Section 18

Accident to a Boiler or Steam PipeAccident to a Boiler or Steam Pipe

Authorities to be notifiedAuthorities to be notified

By telephone, special messenger or telegram to By telephone, special messenger or telegram to the Inspector and Administrative Medical the Inspector and Administrative Medical Officer, Employee's State Insurance SchemeOfficer, Employee's State Insurance Scheme

And where the accident is fatal, to the following And where the accident is fatal, to the following alsoalso

a)a) District Magistrate or Sub-divisional MagistrateDistrict Magistrate or Sub-divisional Magistrate

b)b) Officer-in-charge of the nearest police stationOfficer-in-charge of the nearest police station

c)c) Nearest relatives of the injured or deceased Nearest relatives of the injured or deceased person person

Confirmation of the noticeConfirmation of the notice- by sending the written report in the by sending the written report in the

case of an accident in Form 24 / 24A case of an accident in Form 24 / 24A or in or in

Form 16Form 16- Within 12 hours of the taking place of Within 12 hours of the taking place of

any accident or occurrenceany accident or occurrence

Accident of minor characterAccident of minor character

- within 24 hours in Form 24 or Form 16- within 24 hours in Form 24 or Form 16

ACCIDENT RECORDSACCIDENT RECORDS

Accident analysis is to be done as per IS Accident analysis is to be done as per IS 3789 - 1983.3789 - 1983.

The main broad categories under which an The main broad categories under which an

Industrial Accident is classified are given Industrial Accident is classified are given below below

1. Agency 2. Unsafe Mechanical or 1. Agency 2. Unsafe Mechanical or Physical Condition 3. Unsafe Acts 4. Physical Condition 3. Unsafe Acts 4. Unsafe personal factors 5. Type of Unsafe personal factors 5. Type of accident 6. Nature of injury 7. Location of accident 6. Nature of injury 7. Location of injury.injury.

SUPERVISOR’S ACCIDENT SUPERVISOR’S ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM REPORTING FORM

The basic aim of filling an Accident The basic aim of filling an Accident Reporting Form is to make available all Reporting Form is to make available all the necessary data for carrying out a the necessary data for carrying out a scientific analysis of the accident. The scientific analysis of the accident. The supervisors who are supposed to fill up supervisors who are supposed to fill up this form have got to be trained in doing this form have got to be trained in doing so, as this form is the basis for analysis.so, as this form is the basis for analysis.

Contents of Supervisor’s Accident Contents of Supervisor’s Accident ReportReport

Administrative Part:Administrative Part:

Name, Token No., Age, DepartmentName, Token No., Age, Department Length of total service,Length of total service, No. of years in Present jobNo. of years in Present job Nature of injuryNature of injury Name & function of MachineName & function of Machine

Contents of Supervisor’s Accident Contents of Supervisor’s Accident ReportReport

Description of the Accident:Description of the Accident:

1.What was the employee doing when 1.What was the employee doing when accident occurred?accident occurred?

2.How was the employee injured?2.How was the employee injured?

3.Did the accident occurred due to 3.Did the accident occurred due to unsafe act or unsafe condition?unsafe act or unsafe condition?

- What was the unsafe act- What was the unsafe act

- What was unsafe condition? - What was unsafe condition?

Accident Report (cont..)Accident Report (cont..)

4.When did an accident causing similar 4.When did an accident causing similar injuries occur in the past?injuries occur in the past?

5.What steps were taken then to 5.What steps were taken then to prevent similar accident?prevent similar accident?

6.What safeguards should be used to 6.What safeguards should be used to prevent such occurrences again?prevent such occurrences again?

Signatures: I) Departmental SupervisorSignatures: I) Departmental Supervisor II) Safety OfficerII) Safety Officer

Accident AnalysisAccident Analysis

Accident analysis is done to Accident analysis is done to determine the preventive measures determine the preventive measures undertaken to achieve objective of undertaken to achieve objective of “zero accident”“zero accident”

The analysis may be carried outThe analysis may be carried out Function wiseFunction wise Operation wiseOperation wise Agency wiseAgency wise Injured part of the body wiseInjured part of the body wise

ACCIDENT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONINVESTIGATION

WHY ACCIDENT WHY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONINVESTIGATION

1. To discover hazardous conditions and 1. To discover hazardous conditions and practices i.e. to find out the ROOT CAUSE practices i.e. to find out the ROOT CAUSE of the accident.of the accident.

2.2. A part of the duties of the Safety Officers.A part of the duties of the Safety Officers.

3. To prevent recurrence of accidents.3. To prevent recurrence of accidents.4. Satisfy Insurance Requirements4. Satisfy Insurance Requirements

5. Defend a Position for Legal Argument5. Defend a Position for Legal Argument

PRINCIPLES OF ACCIDENT PRINCIPLES OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONINVESTIGATION

1.1. Common sense and clear thinking are must.Common sense and clear thinking are must.

2.2. Investigator should be familiar with the Investigator should be familiar with the equipment, operations and processes.equipment, operations and processes.

3.3. Investigator should not be working under a Investigator should not be working under a foreman or Supervisor of the department foreman or Supervisor of the department where the accident had taken place.where the accident had taken place.

4.4. Each clue should be investigated thoroughly.Each clue should be investigated thoroughly.

5.5. Definite recommendation for corrective actions Definite recommendation for corrective actions should be made.should be made.

6.6. Investigation should be done as soon as Investigation should be done as soon as possible after the occurrence.possible after the occurrence.

WHO SHOULD INVESTIGATE?WHO SHOULD INVESTIGATE?

INVESTIGATION TEAMINVESTIGATION TEAM INDIVIDUALS INVOLVEDINDIVIDUALS INVOLVED SUPERVISORSUPERVISOR SAFETY SUPERVISORSAFETY SUPERVISOR UPPER MANAGEMENTUPPER MANAGEMENT

INVESTIGATION STRATEGYINVESTIGATION STRATEGY

GATHER INFORMATION & ESTABLISH GATHER INFORMATION & ESTABLISH FACTSFACTS

ISOLATE ESSENTIAL CONTRIBUTORY ISOLATE ESSENTIAL CONTRIBUTORY FACTORSFACTORS

DETERMINE CORRECTIVE ACTIONSDETERMINE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS

INVESTIGATION STRATEGY (cont..)INVESTIGATION STRATEGY (cont..)

BE IMPARTIAL & OBJECTIVEBE IMPARTIAL & OBJECTIVE COMPILE PROCEDURES & RULES FOR COMPILE PROCEDURES & RULES FOR

THE AREATHE AREA GATHER MAINTENANCE RECORDS ON GATHER MAINTENANCE RECORDS ON

EQUIPMENT INVOLVEDEQUIPMENT INVOLVED OBTAIN FACTS NOT OPINIONSOBTAIN FACTS NOT OPINIONS

ISOLATE ACCIDENT SCENEISOLATE ACCIDENT SCENE PHOTOS & DIAGRAMSPHOTOS & DIAGRAMS DO NOT DISCARD OR DESTROY DO NOT DISCARD OR DESTROY

ANYTHINGANYTHING OBTAIN INFORMATION FROMOBTAIN INFORMATION FROM

INJUREDINJURED WITNESSESWITNESSES SUPERVISORSSUPERVISORS OTHER PERSONNELOTHER PERSONNEL

MAKE IT CLEAR MAKE IT CLEAR THE OBJECT OF THE THE OBJECT OF THE INVESTIGATION IS TO AVOID INVESTIGATION IS TO AVOID RECURRENCE, NOT TO APPORTION RECURRENCE, NOT TO APPORTION BLAMEBLAME

BENEFITS OF ACCIDENT BENEFITS OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONINVESTIGATION

PREVENTING RECURRENCEPREVENTING RECURRENCE IDENTIFYING OUT-MODED IDENTIFYING OUT-MODED

PROCEDURESPROCEDURES IMPROVEMENTS TO WORK IMPROVEMENTS TO WORK

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT INCREASED PRODUCTIVITYINCREASED PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT OF OPERATIONAL & IMPROVEMENT OF OPERATIONAL &

SAFETY PROCEDURESSAFETY PROCEDURES RAISES SAFETY AWARENESS LEVELRAISES SAFETY AWARENESS LEVEL

BENEFITS OF ACC. INVESTIGATION BENEFITS OF ACC. INVESTIGATION (cont..)(cont..)

WHEN AN WHEN AN ORGANIZATION REACTS ORGANIZATION REACTS SWIFTLY AND POSTIVELYSWIFTLY AND POSTIVELY TO TO ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES, ITS ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES, ITS ACTIONS ACTIONS REAFFIRM ITS REAFFIRM ITS COMMITMENT TO THE SAFETY AND COMMITMENT TO THE SAFETY AND WELL-BEING OF ITS EMPLOYEESWELL-BEING OF ITS EMPLOYEES

ACCIDENT PREVENTIONACCIDENT PREVENTION

Preventing unsafe actsPreventing unsafe acts

1.1. Corrective action by supervisory staffCorrective action by supervisory staff

2.2. Compulsory use of protective- Compulsory use of protective- equipmentequipment

3.3. General awareness of bad habitsGeneral awareness of bad habits

4.4. CounselingCounseling

5.5. Help from unionsHelp from unions

Implementation of following Implementation of following measuresmeasures

Plant safety inspectionsPlant safety inspections Job safety analysisJob safety analysis Accident investigationAccident investigation Safety education & trainingSafety education & training Good housekeepingGood housekeeping Use of safety equipmentUse of safety equipment Safety while working around Safety while working around

machinesmachines

Instructing all new employeesInstructing all new employees Safety through supervisionSafety through supervision Systematic maintenance of plantSystematic maintenance of plant Persuasion / appeal, counselingPersuasion / appeal, counseling Safety committeesSafety committees

Safety meetingsSafety meetings Involvement of unionsInvolvement of unions Safety goals for safety standardsSafety goals for safety standards Encouragement through exhibitions, Encouragement through exhibitions,

seminars, competitions, prizesseminars, competitions, prizes