DISASTER PROTECTION

A Time-Dependent, Economics-Driven, and Policy-Driven Process to Protect a City’s Buildings and

Facilities From Disaster

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of

North Carolina, USA

THE FOCUS:FROM UN—PROTECTED

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES TO

PROTECTED BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

A CITY CAN BECOME DISASTER RESILIENT

WHEN …

ITS PEOPLE, BUILDINGS, AND ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL FACILITIES ARE PROTECTED AGAINST COLLAPSE OR LOSS OF FUNCTION

IN FLOODS, SEVERE WINDSTORMS, AND EARTHQUAKES BY INNOVATIVE SITING,

DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

•NATURAL HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY IENCE

FOUR PILLARS OF FOUR PILLARS OF RESILIENCERESILIENCE

A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN A CITY’S PUBLIC POLICIES

ALLOW IT TO BE …UN—PREPARED

UN—PROTECTEDUN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY

UN (NON)—RECOVRY RESILIENT

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

• Provide an essential functionessential function to society by housing: a) people (their habitats), b) activities (education and health care), c)business enterprises (jobs), …

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES (continued)

• …d) quality of life functions (places of assembly, recreation, power plants), and e) govern-ment functions.

BUILDING TYPES • Single-family dwellings,

(including manufactured housing) and Multiple-family dwellings

• [NOTE: May be protected by innovative city planning, but NOT a building code]

RELATIVE VULERABILITY

[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

1-21-2

TYPICAL CONFIGURATION FOR SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS

LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE

None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure.

BUILDING ELEVATION

BoxBox

RELATIVE VULERABILITY

[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

8 - 108 - 10

A “BAD” CONFIGURATION FOR SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS

LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE

Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors.

BUILDING ELEVATION

““Soft” First FloorSoft” First Floor

RELATIVE VULERABILITY

[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

1010

THE “WORST” CONFIGURATION FOR SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS

LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE

Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure.

BUILDING ELEVATION

Building on Building on Sloping GroundSloping Ground

BUILDING TYPES (with building code requirements)

• Business enterprise centers, • Capitols, and centers of

government.NOTE: The objective is life safety,

so repairable damage, is allowed, but NOT COLLAPSE.

RELATIVE VULERABILITY

[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

5 - 75 - 7

TYPICAL CONFIGURATION FOR SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS

POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

Directional variation in stiffness will enhance damage at intersecting corner.

FLOOR PLAN

““H” - ShapeH” - Shape

RELATIVE VULERABILITY

[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

8 - 108 - 10

TYPICAL CONFIGURATION FOR SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS

POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

Asymmetry and directional variation in stiffness will enhance torsion and damage at intersecting.

FLOOR PLAN

Complex Floor PlanComplex Floor Plan

BUILDING TYPES (with siting and design requirements)

• Schools• Hospitals and health care

centers,• Nuclear power reactors (very

demanding siting, design, and construction requirements)

FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY

The building/facility “footprint” is local (exposed to all local hazards)

Small number of components that are subject mainly to POINT failures (mainly related to point sensitive types of vulnerabilities).

FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY (Continued)

Homes are typically covered by a mortgage, which requires fire insurance

Business enterprise and government buildings are usually self-insured.

FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY (Continued)

Buildings and facilities are interconnected with all the city’s lifeline systems (e.g., power, gas, water, sewage, transportation, communi-cation).

WARNING:WE KNOW WHAT CAUSES A BUILDING TO COLLAPSE, OR

UNDERGO A LOSS OF FUNCTION, SO

IF YOU IGNORE THE LAWS OF PHYSICS, YOU DO SO AT YOUR OWN

PERIL

WITHOUT PROTECTION (i.e., urban planning, building codes, and special design standards) ….

NATURAL DISASTERS CAN, AND USUALLY DO, CAUSE COLLAPSE

AND LOSS OF FUNCTION IN A CITY’s BUILDING INVENTORY.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES CAN COLLAPSE AND LOSE FUNCTION FROM:

Flooding

LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN

FLOODS

INUNDATION

INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER

WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)

EROSION AND MUDFLOWS

CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER

CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND

DISASTER

CASE HISTORIES

NASHVILLE, TN: MAY 2010

POLAND: MAY-JUNE 2010

POLAND: MAY-JUNE 2010

HUNGARY: MAY-JUNE 2010

DANUBE RIVER: SOUTHERN GERMANY; JUNE 3, 2010

FRANCE:JUNE 2010

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES CAN COLLAPSE AND LOSE FUNCTION FROM:

Severe windstorms (tropical storms, hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons and tornadoes),

WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE

SEVEREWINDSTORMS

UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM

FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS

STORM SURGE AND HEAVY PRECIPITATION

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

POOR WORKMANSHIP

FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER

CASE HISTORIES

CYLCLONE NARGIS IN MYANMAR: AUGUST, 2008

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES CAN LOSE FUNCTION FROM:

Earthquakes (ground shaking, ground failure),

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING )

IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS

FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE

POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM

FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER

CASE HISTORIES

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REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED W

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INTENSITYINTENSITY

REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS

STEEL FRAME

ALL METAL

VV VIVI VIIVII VIIIVIII IXIX

3535

3030

2525

2020

1515

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UNREINFORCED MASONRY: THE MOST VULMERABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

TURKEY: UNRE-INFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS’ 2011

UNREINFORCED MASONRY: ICA, PERU: 2009

ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN EARTHQUAKE: OCT 8, 2005

PAKISTAN EARTHQUAKE: ISLAMABAD

COLLAPSED BUILDINGS: BEICHUAN, CHINA; MAY 2008

EARTHQUAKE: CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND; 2010

DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH

COLLAPSED MIDDLE SCHOOL: JUYUAN, CHINA; MAY 2008

COLLAPSE OF UN BUILDING; PORT AU PRINCE, HAITI; JANUARY 2010

HAITI: DEATH TOLL REACHED AN ESTIMATED 230,OOO+

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES CAN LOSE FUNCTION FROM:

Landslides (rock falls, spreads, slides, flows)

BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES

LANDSLIDES

BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS

BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES

BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS

BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS

SLOPE FAILURE AFTER HEAVY PRECIPITATION

SLOPE FAILURE AFTER GROUND SHAKING

CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND

DISASTERS

CASE HISTORIES

GUATEMALA: SEPTEMBER 4, 2010

TO BECOME DISASTER RESILIENT, A CITY MUST ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT PUBLIC POLICIES THAT PROTECT

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES FROM THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF

FLOODS, SEVERE WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES,AND LANDSLIDES

POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION

RISK ASSESSMENT

• VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY

• EXPOSUREEXPOSURE

• EVENTEVENT

POLICY ASSESSMENT

• COSTCOST

• BENEFITBENEFIT

•CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES

PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES IS A STRATEGY THAT FACILITIES IS A STRATEGY THAT LEADS TO DISASTER RESILIENCELEADS TO DISASTER RESILIENCE

NATURAL NATURAL HAZARDSHAZARDS EXPECTED EXPECTED

LOSSLOSS