DISASTER PROTECTION
A Time-Dependent, Economics-Driven, and Policy-Driven Process to Protect a City’s Buildings and
Facilities From Disaster
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of
North Carolina, USA
THE FOCUS:FROM UN—PROTECTED
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES TO
PROTECTED BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
A CITY CAN BECOME DISASTER RESILIENT
WHEN …
ITS PEOPLE, BUILDINGS, AND ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL FACILITIES ARE PROTECTED AGAINST COLLAPSE OR LOSS OF FUNCTION
IN FLOODS, SEVERE WINDSTORMS, AND EARTHQUAKES BY INNOVATIVE SITING,
DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•NATURAL HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY IENCE
FOUR PILLARS OF FOUR PILLARS OF RESILIENCERESILIENCE
A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN A CITY’S PUBLIC POLICIES
ALLOW IT TO BE …UN—PREPARED
UN—PROTECTEDUN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY
UN (NON)—RECOVRY RESILIENT
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
• Provide an essential functionessential function to society by housing: a) people (their habitats), b) activities (education and health care), c)business enterprises (jobs), …
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES (continued)
• …d) quality of life functions (places of assembly, recreation, power plants), and e) govern-ment functions.
BUILDING TYPES • Single-family dwellings,
(including manufactured housing) and Multiple-family dwellings
• [NOTE: May be protected by innovative city planning, but NOT a building code]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1-21-2
TYPICAL CONFIGURATION FOR SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BoxBox
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 108 - 10
A “BAD” CONFIGURATION FOR SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors.
BUILDING ELEVATION
““Soft” First FloorSoft” First Floor
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1010
THE “WORST” CONFIGURATION FOR SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Building on Building on Sloping GroundSloping Ground
BUILDING TYPES (with building code requirements)
• Business enterprise centers, • Capitols, and centers of
government.NOTE: The objective is life safety,
so repairable damage, is allowed, but NOT COLLAPSE.
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 75 - 7
TYPICAL CONFIGURATION FOR SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Directional variation in stiffness will enhance damage at intersecting corner.
FLOOR PLAN
““H” - ShapeH” - Shape
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 108 - 10
TYPICAL CONFIGURATION FOR SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry and directional variation in stiffness will enhance torsion and damage at intersecting.
FLOOR PLAN
Complex Floor PlanComplex Floor Plan
BUILDING TYPES (with siting and design requirements)
• Schools• Hospitals and health care
centers,• Nuclear power reactors (very
demanding siting, design, and construction requirements)
FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY
The building/facility “footprint” is local (exposed to all local hazards)
Small number of components that are subject mainly to POINT failures (mainly related to point sensitive types of vulnerabilities).
FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY (Continued)
Homes are typically covered by a mortgage, which requires fire insurance
Business enterprise and government buildings are usually self-insured.
FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY (Continued)
Buildings and facilities are interconnected with all the city’s lifeline systems (e.g., power, gas, water, sewage, transportation, communi-cation).
WARNING:WE KNOW WHAT CAUSES A BUILDING TO COLLAPSE, OR
UNDERGO A LOSS OF FUNCTION, SO
IF YOU IGNORE THE LAWS OF PHYSICS, YOU DO SO AT YOUR OWN
PERIL
WITHOUT PROTECTION (i.e., urban planning, building codes, and special design standards) ….
NATURAL DISASTERS CAN, AND USUALLY DO, CAUSE COLLAPSE
AND LOSS OF FUNCTION IN A CITY’s BUILDING INVENTORY.
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES CAN COLLAPSE AND LOSE FUNCTION FROM:
Flooding
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
FLOODS
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER
WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND
DISASTER
CASE HISTORIES
NASHVILLE, TN: MAY 2010
POLAND: MAY-JUNE 2010
POLAND: MAY-JUNE 2010
HUNGARY: MAY-JUNE 2010
DANUBE RIVER: SOUTHERN GERMANY; JUNE 3, 2010
FRANCE:JUNE 2010
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES CAN COLLAPSE AND LOSE FUNCTION FROM:
Severe windstorms (tropical storms, hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons and tornadoes),
WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE
SEVEREWINDSTORMS
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS
STORM SURGE AND HEAVY PRECIPITATION
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
POOR WORKMANSHIP
FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER
CASE HISTORIES
CYLCLONE NARGIS IN MYANMAR: AUGUST, 2008
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES CAN LOSE FUNCTION FROM:
Earthquakes (ground shaking, ground failure),
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING )
IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS
FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE
POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM
FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER
CASE HISTORIES
UNREINFO
RCED MASONRY, B
RICK O
R STO
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REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED W
ALLS
INTENSITYINTENSITY
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS
STEEL FRAME
ALL METAL
VV VIVI VIIVII VIIIVIII IXIX
3535
3030
2525
2020
1515
1010
55
00
MEA
N D
AMAG
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TIO
,
%
MEA
N D
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%
OF
REPL
ACEM
ENT
VALU
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F RE
PLAC
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LUE
UNREINFORCED MASONRY: THE MOST VULMERABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
TURKEY: UNRE-INFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS’ 2011
UNREINFORCED MASONRY: ICA, PERU: 2009
ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN EARTHQUAKE: OCT 8, 2005
PAKISTAN EARTHQUAKE: ISLAMABAD
COLLAPSED BUILDINGS: BEICHUAN, CHINA; MAY 2008
EARTHQUAKE: CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND; 2010
DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH
COLLAPSED MIDDLE SCHOOL: JUYUAN, CHINA; MAY 2008
COLLAPSE OF UN BUILDING; PORT AU PRINCE, HAITI; JANUARY 2010
HAITI: DEATH TOLL REACHED AN ESTIMATED 230,OOO+
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES CAN LOSE FUNCTION FROM:
Landslides (rock falls, spreads, slides, flows)
BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES
LANDSLIDES
BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS
BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES
BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS
BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
SLOPE FAILURE AFTER HEAVY PRECIPITATION
SLOPE FAILURE AFTER GROUND SHAKING
CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND
DISASTERS
CASE HISTORIES
GUATEMALA: SEPTEMBER 4, 2010
TO BECOME DISASTER RESILIENT, A CITY MUST ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT PUBLIC POLICIES THAT PROTECT
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES FROM THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF
FLOODS, SEVERE WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES,AND LANDSLIDES
POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY
• EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
• EVENTEVENT
POLICY ASSESSMENT
• COSTCOST
• BENEFITBENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES
PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES IS A STRATEGY THAT FACILITIES IS A STRATEGY THAT LEADS TO DISASTER RESILIENCELEADS TO DISASTER RESILIENCE
NATURAL NATURAL HAZARDSHAZARDS EXPECTED EXPECTED
LOSSLOSS