disclaimers call 303-489-9226 for technical assistance
TRANSCRIPT
Nitr
ifica
tion
Part
1Si
dney
Inne
rebn
er, P
hD, P
E C
WP
Indi
go W
ater
Gro
upLit
tleto
n, C
olor
ado
No
Aud
io?
Che
ck Y
our S
peak
ers.
-
Disc
laim
ers
2
Man
y of
the
imag
es a
nd v
ideo
s tha
t we
use
in o
ur
train
ing
mat
eria
ls w
ere
colle
cted
from
the
inte
rnet
ove
r th
e sp
an o
f man
y ye
ars.
We
have
mad
e ev
ery
effo
rt to
re
fere
nce
the
orig
inal
sour
ce.
Whe
n po
ssib
le, w
e’ve
co
ntac
ted
web
mas
ters
for p
erm
issio
n to
use
thes
e m
ater
ials.
If y
ou a
re th
e ow
ner o
f an
imag
e or
vid
eo a
nd
don
’t w
ant u
s to
use
it, p
leas
e le
t us k
now
and
we’
ll re
mov
e it
from
our
trai
ning
mat
eria
ls im
med
iate
ly.
Ind
igo
Wat
er G
roup
, LLC
has
mad
e at
tem
pts t
o ve
rify
the
info
rmat
ion
prov
ided
in th
is w
eb-b
ased
trai
ning
aga
inst
re
spec
ted
refe
renc
e m
ater
ials
incl
udin
g M
anua
l of P
ract
ice
11 b
y W
ater
Env
ironm
ent F
eder
atio
n an
d th
e Sa
cram
ento
M
anua
ls. N
eith
er th
e A
utho
r nor
the
Publ
isher
, Ind
igo
Wat
er
Gro
up, a
ssum
es a
ny re
spon
sibilit
y fo
r erro
rs, o
miss
ions
, or
cont
rary
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
the
subj
ect m
atte
r her
ein.
-
A m
inim
um p
assi
ng s
core
of 7
0% is
now
requ
ired
for
each
qui
z in
our
on-
line
trai
ning
cla
sses
.
You
mus
t pas
s eac
h qu
iz to
rece
ive
a tr
aini
ng u
nit
cert
ifica
te.
If y
ou d
on’t
pass
a q
uiz,
the
clas
s will
retu
rn to
the
slid
e fo
llow
ing
the
prev
ious
qui
z. Y
ou’ll
be
able
to m
ove
free
ly
thro
ugh
the
slid
es to
vie
w m
ater
ial y
ou m
ight
hav
e m
isse
d be
fore
reta
king
the
quiz
.
Out
line
&N
otes
Clic
k on
eac
h of
the
tabs
alo
ng th
e to
p ba
r to
acce
ss le
arni
ng re
sour
ces.
Reso
urce
s inc
lud
e th
e co
urse
han
dou
t an
d u
sefu
l link
s.
Spea
ker
Info
.M
arke
rTo
ols
Reso
urce
s
Cal
l 303
-489
-922
6 fo
r tec
hnic
al a
ssist
ance
with
this
cour
se.
-
Qua
ntiti
es0.
02 –
0.04
lb/c
apita
*day
20 to
70
mg/
L in
fluen
t con
cent
ratio
ns ty
pica
l.
Recy
cle
Stre
ams
Dig
este
r sup
erna
tant
Belt
pres
s filt
rate
Typi
cal F
orm
s 40
% o
rgan
ic
60%
am
mon
ia
<1%
nitr
ate
Am
mon
ifica
tion
Nitr
ogen
in W
aste
wat
er5
-
Nitr
ate
as N
-Ex
ampl
e
Nitr
ate
is N
O3-
One
Nitr
ogen
ato
mTh
ree
oxyg
en a
tom
s(1
)(14
g/m
ole)
= 1
4 g/
mol
e(3
)(16
g/m
ole)
= 4
8 g/
mol
e
62 g
/mol
e to
tal
1 g
NO
3-
62 g
NO
3-
1 m
ole
NO
3-
1 m
ole
NO
3-
1 m
ole
N1
mol
e N
14 g
N=
0.22
59 g
NO
3-N
Am
mon
ia-n
itrog
en is
writ
ten
as N
H 3-N
or “
as N
”.
-
Two
Rem
oval
Met
hods
Ass
imila
tive
upta
keBi
omas
s is ~
14%
nitr
ogen
by
wei
ght
Betw
een
15 a
nd 3
0% o
f inf
luen
t nitr
ogen
is
rem
oved
thro
ugh
assim
ilativ
e up
take
and
slu
dge
was
ting
Recy
cle
stre
ams f
rom
ana
erob
ic d
iges
tion
and
dew
ater
ing
red
uce
assim
ilativ
e up
take
to
10 to
15%
Biol
ogic
al n
itrifi
catio
n an
d d
enitr
ifica
tion
-
Nitr
ifica
tion
Seem
s Si
mpl
e En
ough
8
AOB
NOB
Nitri
fiers
are
stric
t aer
obes
NH4+
H+ +
NH3
NO2–
NO3–
AO
B =
Am
mon
ia O
xidi
zing
Bac
teri
aN
OB
= N
itri
te O
xidi
zing
Bac
teri
a
Cont
rolle
d by
pH (N
itros
omon
as)
(Nitr
obac
ter)
-
Defin
e Bi
olog
ical
Nitr
ifica
tion
AO
B (N
itros
omon
as)co
nver
t am
mon
ia to
nitr
ite.
NO
B (N
itrob
acte
r)co
vert
nitri
te to
nitr
ate.
Ove
rall S
toic
hiom
etric
Equ
atio
n:
9
1.0N
H4+
+ 1.86
O2
+ 0.
1CO
20.
02C
4H7O
2N +
H2O
+ N
O3-
+ 2.0H
+
Gen
erat
es
Aci
d!
Con
sum
es
Inor
gani
c C
arbo
n
Min
imal
C
ell
Gro
wth
Lots
of
DO
!
-
Ever
y Po
und
of A
mm
onia
Con
verte
d to
Nitr
ate
by B
iolo
gica
l Nitr
ifica
tion
Con
sum
es 4
.57
poun
ds o
f O2
Con
sum
es 7
.14
poun
ds o
f alk
alin
ity
Con
sum
es 0
.08
poun
ds o
f ino
rgan
ic C
arbo
nFo
rms 0
.06
–0.
20 p
ound
s of n
ew c
ells
10
Am
mon
iaC
arbo
nate
Nitr
ate
+ H 2
O +
Aci
d
Oxy
gen
-
Biol
ogic
al N
itrifi
catio
n Pr
oces
ses
Susp
end
ed G
row
thA
ctiv
ated
Slu
dge
Fixe
d F
ilm o
r Atta
ched
Gro
wth
Tr
ickl
ing
Filte
rs (t
ertia
ry)
Rota
ting
Biol
ogic
al C
onta
ctor
sBi
olog
ical
Aer
ated
Filt
ers
Hybr
id P
roce
sses
Kald
nes,
Ring
lace
, etc
.
11
By C
hris
Eva
ns fr
om sa
me,
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
(Rub
y Re
d S
lippe
rs
Uplo
ad
ed b
y Su
nOfE
rat)
[CC
BY
2.0
(htt
p:/
/cre
ativ
ecom
mon
s.org
/lice
nses
/by/
2.0)
], vi
a W
ikim
edia
C
omm
ons
-
Con
vent
iona
l Act
ivat
ed S
ludg
e
Nitr
ifica
tion
rate
s
rela
tivel
y lo
w.
Air
(and
ele
ctric
al
dem
and
) hig
h.O
pera
tor i
nten
sive.
Flex
ible
. Ea
sy to
ex
pand
for l
ater
d
enitr
ifica
tion.
12
Phot
o by
Ind
igo
Wat
er G
roup
-
Aer
atio
n Ba
sinA
-Bas
in
MLS
S–
Mix
ed L
iquo
r Su
spen
ded
Solid
s
Seco
ndar
yC
larif
ier W
aste
Act
ivat
ed
Slud
ge (W
AS)
Retu
rn A
ctiv
ated
Sl
udge
(RA
S)
Trad
ition
al A
S Pr
oces
s C
ontro
l
-
Nitr
ifica
tion
(NH 3
NO
3)
Slud
ge A
ge /
M
CRT
/ S
RTTe
mpe
ratu
reD
issol
ved
Oxy
gen
Alk
alin
ity a
nd p
HPr
esen
ce o
f in
hibi
tory
co
mpo
und
s
Deni
trific
atio
n (N
O3
N2)
CO
D:N
Rat
ioD
issol
ved
Oxy
gen
Proc
ess
Con
figur
atio
nIn
tern
al M
LSS
Recy
cle
14
Varia
bles
Impa
ctin
g N
itrog
en R
emov
al
-Quiz
Click
the Q
uizbu
tton t
o ed
it th
is ob
ject
Man
ipul
atin
gSl
udge
Age
Or W
here
sho
uld
I set
m
y SR
T / M
CRT
?
-
It A
ll St
arts
with
Tem
pera
ture
Nitr
ifica
tion
take
s pla
ce b
etw
een
10 a
nd 3
5 o C
Esse
ntia
lly st
ops b
elow
5 o
CW
hen
tem
pera
ture
dro
ps fr
om 2
0 o C
to 1
0 o C
, ni
trific
atio
n ra
te d
ecre
ases
to 3
0 pe
rcen
tof
prev
ious
rate
Slow
er G
row
thSl
ower
Kin
etic
sN
eed
an
olde
r slu
dge
age
to k
eep
nitri
fiers
in
the
syst
em
-
Ever
y O
rgan
ism in
Act
ivat
ed
Slud
ge h
as W
asho
ut M
CRT
/ S
RT
Sour
ce:
EPA
/600
/R-1
0/10
0 (A
ugus
t 201
0)
Safe
ty fa
ctor
be
twee
n 2
and
3 ty
pica
lly
used
whe
n siz
ing
aera
tion
basin
s.
-
Effe
cts
of L
onge
r MC
RTs
19
Whe
n M
LSS
is to
o hi
gh, c
lari
fier i
s ov
erlo
aded
Oxy
gen
tran
sfer
issu
es
wit
h hi
gh s
olid
sRe
ally
old
slud
ge c
an
have
oth
er p
robl
ems!
Fila
men
tsPo
or s
ettle
abili
tyFo
amin
g
Ano
xic
Aer
obic
Nitr
ifica
tion
All-
or-N
one:
Eith
er N
itrifi
ers
Are
In M
ixed
Liq
uor O
r The
y A
re N
ot
20
Was
hout
MC
RT/S
RT
Depe
nds
on Te
mpe
ratu
re
21
Col
der T
empe
ratu
res
= Sl
ower
Gro
wth
22
Seas
onal
Adj
ustm
ents
to
MC
RT/S
RT O
ften
are
Nee
ded
23
-
Was
hout
SRT
for F
ilam
ents
24
Ever
y or
gani
sm h
as a
was
hout
SRT
Noc
ardi
a 1.6
–2.
2 da
ys fo
r tem
ps 16
–24
o CM
. par
vice
lla 5
.7 d
ays f
or te
mps
14 –
18 o C
“Old
Slu
dge”
fila
men
tsTy
pe 0
041
Type
067
5Ty
pe 0
803
Oth
ers
-
Win
ter +
BN
R =
Foam
ing
Phot
ogra
ph b
y In
dig
o W
ate
r Gro
up
-
And
… P
oor S
ettle
abili
ty
406080100
120
140
160
180
10/1/12
10/8/12
10/15/12
10/22/12
10/29/12
11/5/12
11/12/12
11/19/12
11/26/12
12/3/12
12/10/12
12/17/12
12/24/12
12/31/12
Sludge Volume Index, mL/g
Slud
ge V
olum
e In
dex,
mL/
g
Dat
a a
nd p
hoto
grap
h by
Ind
igo
Wa
ter G
roup
-
Mor
e A
rea
= M
ore
Drag
Redu
ces
clar
ifier
cap
acity
27
Sour
ce:
Ron
Kettl
e a
t LA
CSD
Sour
ce:
Cou
rtesy
of R
on K
ettle
at L
AC
SDPh
oto
Sour
ce:
iSto
ckph
oto.
com
-
Seas
onal
SVI
Cha
nges
28
-
Da
ta c
ourte
sy o
f Fre
mon
t Sa
nita
tion
Dist
rict
-Quiz
Click
the Q
uizbu
tton t
o ed
it th
is ob
ject
Qui
ck C
heck
-
Thre
e O
ptio
ns fo
r Con
trol
Red
uce
MC
RT/S
RT b
elow
fila
men
t was
hout
M
CRT
/SRT
M. p
arvi
cella
Noc
ard
iofo
rms
Che
mic
al c
ontro
l of f
ilam
ento
us g
row
thC
hlor
ine
PAX
Arti
ficia
lly a
dju
st S
VI w
ith p
olym
er a
nd/o
r flo
ccul
ent
-
Sour
ce:
Eric
Lyn
ne a
nd B
ill M
arte
n w
ith D
onah
ue &
Ass
ocia
tes (
2011
)
Broo
kfie
ld, W
iscon
sin
-
NO
FO
AM
ING
/G
OO
D SE
TTLE
ABI
LITY
ZON
E-
Ever
y O
rgan
ism in
Act
ivat
ed
Slud
ge h
as W
asho
ut M
CRT
/ S
RT
Sour
ce:
EPA
/600
/R-1
0/10
0 (A
ugus
t 201
0)
Safe
ty fa
ctor
be
twee
n 2
and
3 ty
pica
lly
used
whe
n siz
ing
aera
tion
basin
s.
-
Sour
ce:
Eric
Lyn
ne a
nd B
ill M
arte
n w
ith D
onah
ue &
Ass
ocia
tes (
2011
)
Broo
kfie
ld, W
iscon
sin
SF =
2SF
= 3
-
NO
FO
AM
ING
/G
OO
D SE
TTLE
ABI
LITY
ZON
E-
Sour
ce:
Eric
Lyn
ne a
nd B
ill M
arte
n w
ith D
onah
ue &
Ass
ocia
tes (
2011
)
Broo
kfie
ld, W
iscon
sin
-
NO
FO
AM
ING
/G
OO
D SE
TTLE
ABI
LITY
ZON
E
-
Reco
mm
ende
d Do
sage
s
Mai
nten
ance
dos
e of
2 –
3lb
Cl 2
per 1
,000
lbSS
/dIn
crea
se to
5 –
6lb
Cl 2
per 1
,000
lbSS
/d to
des
troy
filam
ents
and
red
uce
SVI o
ver s
ever
al d
ays
Shoc
k d
ose
of 1
0 –
12lb
Cl 2
per 1
,000
lbSS
/d –
disr
upts
floc
stru
ctur
e an
d e
fflue
nt q
ualit
y
35
Phot
ogra
ph b
y In
dig
o W
ate
r Gro
up
-
M.P
arvi
cella
Impa
cts
on
MW
RD F
acili
ty O
pera
tion
36
-
Goa
ls fo
r MC
RT P
roce
ss C
ontro
l
Ad
just
MC
RT/S
RT se
ason
ally
to m
aint
ain
nitri
ficat
ion
base
d o
n w
ater
tem
pera
ture
Mai
ntai
n m
inim
um st
able
MC
RT/S
RT to
“flu
sh”
filam
ents
Was
te e
xces
s slu
dge
to re
duc
e ae
ratio
n co
sts
Keep
Slu
dge
Vol
ume
Ind
ex (S
VI)
belo
w 1
50 m
L/g
MC
RT/S
RTC
ase
Stud
ies
Min
i-Exa
mpl
es
-
One
Day
MC
RT &
Nitr
ifica
tion
Act
ivat
ed sl
udge
pla
nt re
ports
com
plet
e ni
trific
atio
n at
1 d
ay M
CRT
Was
tew
ater
tem
pera
ture
is 1
2oC
Is th
is re
ally
pos
sible
?W
hat i
s goi
ng o
n he
re?
-
1 Da
y M
CRT
Gra
b sa
mpl
e at
cl
arifi
erN
H 3-N
= 2
5 m
g/L
Gra
b sa
mpl
e at
ef
fluen
tN
H 3-N
= 2
5 m
g/L
Com
posit
e sa
mpl
e at
ef
fluen
tN
H 3-N
< 1
mg/
L
Dat
a is
not c
onsis
tent
!!M
anua
l com
posit
e sa
mpl
e at
effl
uent
NH 3
-N =
22
mg/
L
Inve
stig
ate
auto
sam
pler
-Quiz
Click
the Q
uizbu
tton t
o ed
it th
is ob
ject
Qui
ck C
heck
-
Heat
tape
on
the
inta
ke lin
e
Com
posit
e bo
ttle
neve
r cl
eane
d
We
Nitr
ify a
t a 1
Day
MC
RT!
-
Wal
king
the
Line
WW
TF w
ith lo
w a
mm
onia
limits
Uses
“co
nsta
nt m
ass”
ope
ratin
g st
rate
gyO
RC g
rad
ually
red
ucin
g m
ass t
o sa
ve
ener
gyG
oes h
ome
one
nigh
t whe
n ef
fluen
t am
mon
ia is
less
than
1 m
g/L
Two
day
s lat
er, e
fflue
nt a
mm
onia
is 2
7 m
g/L
Wha
t hap
pene
d???
?
-
44
Was
ting
too
man
y so
lids
drop
ped
the
MC
RT b
elow
th
e m
inim
um!
Rem
embe
r: A
ll or
Not
hing
-
Acc
iden
tally
Rea
chin
g th
e W
asho
ut
SRT f
rom
the
Oth
er D
irect
ion
Faci
lity
is st
affe
d fi
ve d
ays a
wee
kM
ond
ay m
orni
ng th
ey fi
nd:
All b
low
ers r
unni
ng a
t max
imum
DO
in a
erat
ion
basin
bar
ely
abov
e 1
mg/
LC
hlor
ine
dem
and
has
skyr
ocke
ted
Wha
t hap
pene
d???
?
-
Was
hout
MC
RT A
pplie
s to
A
erob
ic D
iges
ters
Too
Aer
obic
dig
este
rs e
xhib
it od
d p
atte
rnD
iffic
ulty
mee
ting
38%
Vol
atile
Sol
ids R
educ
tion
Dig
este
r tem
pera
ture
bel
ow 1
5oC
mos
t of y
ear
Dig
este
r beg
ins t
o w
arm
in e
arly
sum
mer
NH 3
-N c
once
ntra
tion
spik
es in
supe
rnat
ant
NH 3
-N c
once
ntra
tion
dro
ps to
less
than
1 m
g/L
Repe
at c
ycle
Lysin
e
-
Whe
re d
id a
ll th
at a
mm
onia
co
me
from
?
47
C4H
7O2N
P C
H 4+
CO
2+
H 2O
+ N
H 3+
P
Lysin
e-
So H
ow D
oes
Parti
al
Nitr
ifica
tion
Happ
en?
48
-
Here
’s W
here
It G
ets
Tric
kyIn
fluen
t NH 3
-N c
once
ntra
tion
Influent NH3-N, mg/L and ppd
Effluent NH3-N, mg/L and Flow, MGD
-
Here
’s W
here
It G
ets
Tric
ky
Flow
Influent NH3-N, mg/L and ppd
Effluent NH3-N, mg/L and Flow, MGD
-
Here
’s W
here
It G
ets
Tric
ky
Influent NH3-N, mg/L and ppd
Effluent NH3-N, mg/L and Flow, MGD
Influ
ent N
H 3-N
load
-
Here
’s W
here
It G
ets
Tric
ky
Influent NH3-N, mg/L and ppd
Effluent NH3-N, mg/L and Flow, MGD
Avg
. inf
luen
t NH 3
-N lo
ad
-
Here
’s W
here
It G
ets
Tric
kyInfluent NH3-N, mg/L and ppd
Effluent NH3-N, mg/L and Flow, MGD
-
Here
’s W
here
It G
ets
Tric
ky
Efflu
ent N
H 3-N
con
cent
ratio
n
Influent NH3-N, mg/L and ppd
Effluent NH3-N, mg/L and Flow, MGD
atio
Com
posit
e Ef
fluen
t Sam
ple
Indi
cate
s “P
artia
l” N
itrifi
catio
n
Influent NH3-N, mg/L and ppd
Effluent NH3-N, mg/L and Flow, MGD
-
So W
hat C
an W
e Do
?
Build
big
ger a
erat
ion
basin
s to
equa
lize
influ
ent N
H 3-N
load
Load
equ
alize
seco
ndar
y in
fluen
t flo
wFl
ow e
qual
ize d
ewat
erin
g re
turn
stre
ams
56
-
Take
Hom
e M
essa
ges
Nitr
ifica
tion
is an
all o
r not
hing
pro
posit
ion
MC
RT/S
RT m
ust b
e gr
eate
r tha
n w
asho
ut S
RTSo
me
filam
ents
hav
e eq
uiva
lent
was
hout
SRT
sM
any
faci
litie
s exp
erie
nce
M. p
arvi
cella
bloo
ms
whe
n w
ater
tem
pera
ture
dro
pPo
or se
ttlea
bilit
y re
duc
es c
larif
ier c
apac
ityN
itrifi
ers t
o re
spon
d to
the
aver
age
NH
3-N
load
-Quiz
Click
the Q
uizbu
tton t
o ed
it th
is ob
ject
Oth
er P
roce
ss
Varia
bles
for
Nitr
ifica
tion
-
Diss
olve
d O
xyge
n
Nitr
ifica
tion
is an
aer
obic
pro
cess
.N
itrifi
ers a
re O
BLIG
ATE
AER
OBE
SFo
r opt
imum
nitr
ifica
tion
rate
s, D
.O. s
houl
d
be m
aint
aine
d n
ear 2
.0 m
g/L.
Thro
ugho
ut th
e ae
ratio
n ba
sin.
Che
ck D
.O. l
evel
s in
mul
tiple
pla
ces.
Not
e: M
inim
um D
O d
epen
ds o
n F:
M
60
NH
4+N
H3
+ H
++ 1.86
O2
+ 0.
1CO
20.
02C
4H7O
2N +
H2O
+ N
O3-
+ 2.0H
+
-
Palm
, J.C
.; D
. Jen
kins
; D. S
. Pa
rker
(198
0) R
ela
tions
hip
betw
een
Org
ani
c Lo
ad
ing,
Diss
olve
d O
xyge
n C
once
ntra
tion,
and
Slu
dge
Set
tlea
bilit
y in
the
Com
ple
tely
-M
ixed
Act
iva
ted
Slu
dge
Pro
cess
, J. W
at P
oll C
ont.
Fed
52
(10)
pp
2484
-250
6
-
Diss
olve
d O
xyge
n
By d
efin
ition
, BO
D o
xidat
ion
requ
ires 1
.0 lb
of o
xyge
n fo
r eve
ry
lb o
f BO
DD
esig
n en
gine
ers u
se 1
.2 –
1.5
lbs
of o
xyge
n fo
r eve
ry lb
of B
OD
for
calc
ulat
ions
Am
mon
ia o
xidat
ion
requ
ires 4
.5 lb
s of
oxy
gen
for e
very
lb o
f NH
3-N
.
62
Phot
ogra
ph b
y In
dig
o W
ate
r Gro
up
-
PLA
NT
DAT
A
Influ
ent F
low
= 1
0 M
GD
Influ
ent B
OD
= 2
50 m
g/L
Influ
ent N
H3-
N =
30
mg/
L
20,8
50 lb
s/da
y
2,50
2 lb
s/da
y
•If
ther
e is
no n
itrifi
catio
n, ~
25,0
00 lb
s/day
of o
xyge
n.•
Com
plet
e ni
trific
atio
n re
quire
s ano
ther
10,
800
lbs/d
ay o
f oxy
gen.
One
third
of t
otal
dem
and.
63
•M
ust a
ccou
nt fo
r rec
ycle
stre
ams t
oo!
-
Diss
olve
d O
xyge
n C
an B
e Us
ed To
C
ontro
l Ext
ent O
f Nitr
ifica
tion
Nitr
ifier
sare
inhi
bite
d a
t low
DO
:So
me
inhi
bitio
n at
DO
< 1
.5 m
g/L
Sign
ifica
nt in
hibi
tion
at D
O <
1.0
mg/
LC
ompl
ete
inhi
bitio
n at
DO
< 0
.5 m
g/L
Two
exam
ples
eee
Scre
enG
ritRe
mov
al
Oxid
atio
n D
itch
Cla
rifie
rD
isinf
ectio
n
Dig
este
r
Dew
ater
ing
Haul
Land
App
ly
Retu
rn
Waste
Mixe
r/A
erat
or
Blow
er
eee
Thic
keni
ng
Aer
obic
SRT
vs
Tota
l SRT
-Quiz
Click
the Q
uizbu
tton t
o ed
it th
is ob
ject
Qui
ck C
heck
-
Nitr
ite A
ccum
ulat
ion
Ind
icat
es p
artia
l nitr
ifica
tion
or
den
itrifi
catio
nM
ay b
e ca
used
by
Low
DO
High
tem
pera
ture
Tran
sitio
ning
in a
nd o
ut o
f nitr
ifica
tion
Car
bon
limite
d d
enitr
ifica
tion
Nitr
ite “
lock
” oc
curs
with
chl
orin
e d
isinf
ectio
n1.
0 m
g N
O2-
N c
onsu
mes
5.1
mg
chlo
rine
-
Nitr
ifier
s ar
e Se
nsiti
ve to
Low
pH
Nitr
ifier
s are
sens
itive
to lo
w p
HRa
tes d
rop
rapi
dly
bel
ow p
H 6.
8Po
ssib
le a
t pH
6.45
–8.
95C
ompl
ete
inhi
bitio
n ou
tsid
e of
ra
nge
Mos
t WW
TPs o
pera
te b
etw
een
pH 6
.8 a
nd 7
.4
68
iSto
ckPh
oto
-
Why
Low
pH
Affe
cts
Nitr
ifier
s
Nitr
ifier
s nee
d N
H 3-N
, not
NH 4
+ -N
As p
H d
ecre
ases
, ion
izatio
n in
crea
ses a
nd
less
NH 3
-N is
ava
ilabl
e.
At l
ow p
H, n
itrifi
ers c
an’t
acc
ess N
H3-
N.
69
NH3
NH4+
pHpH 9
.5-
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.
0
6.06.26.46.66.87.07.27.47.67.88.08.28.48.68.89.09.29.49.69.8
10.010.210.410.610.811.011.211.411.611.812.0
pH in
Sta
ndar
d Un
its
% A
mm
oniu
m (N
H4+)
% A
mm
onia
(NH3
)
Nitr
ogen
Spe
cies
vs
pH
Am
mon
ium
Am
mon
ia
Refe
renc
e: E
PA-6
00/3
-79-
091
Aq
ueou
s A
mm
onia
Eq
uilib
rium
-Ta
bul
atio
n of
Per
cent
Un-
Ioni
zed
Am
mon
ia a
t 20
degr
ees
Cel
sius
-
pH v
ersu
s A
lkal
inity
pH is
a m
easu
re o
f hyd
roge
n io
n co
ncen
tratio
n.A
lkal
inity
is a
mea
sure
of a
wat
er’s
abi
lity
to
neut
raliz
e ac
id.
Wat
er w
ith h
igh
alka
linity
will
alw
ays h
ave
a hi
gh p
H, b
ut w
ater
with
hig
h pH
doe
s not
al
way
s hav
e hi
gh a
lkal
inity
.Bo
th m
easu
rem
ents
are
nee
ded!
71
-
Why
Low
Alk
alin
ity
Affe
cts
Nitr
ifier
s
Alk
alin
ity n
eutra
lizes
aci
d.
Nitr
ifier
s can
’t u
se o
rgan
ic c
ompo
und
s fo
r syn
thes
is an
d g
row
th.
Aut
otro
phs
Car
bona
te a
lkal
inity
may
satis
fy th
eir
need
for a
n in
orga
nic
carb
on so
urce
.In
adeq
uate
alk
alin
ity re
sults
in lo
w p
H.
Rece
nt w
ork
by R
icha
rd B
lack
burn
e et
. al
.use
d C
O2
upta
ke to
est
imat
e ni
trifie
rgr
owth
rate
.
72
-
Defin
e Bi
olog
ical
Nitr
ifica
tion
AO
B co
nver
t am
mon
ia to
nitr
ite.
NO
B co
vert
nitri
te to
nitr
ate.
Ove
rall S
toic
hiom
etric
Equ
atio
n:
73
NH
4+N
H3
+ H
++
1.86O
2+ 0.1C
O2
0.02
C4H
7O2N
+ H
2O +
NO
3-+ 2.0H
+
Gen
erat
es
Aci
d!
Con
sum
es
Inor
gani
c C
arbo
n
-
Alk
alin
ity C
alcu
latio
ns
7.14
mg
of A
lkal
inity
are
con
sum
ed fo
r ev
ery
mg
of N
H3-
N c
onve
rted
to N
O3-
N.
If th
e in
fluen
t con
tain
s 25
mg/
L of
NH
3-N
,yo
u ne
ed (2
5)*(
7.14
) = 1
78 m
g/L
of
alka
linity
.
74
1.0N
H4+
+ 1.8
6O2
+ 0.1C
O2
0.02
C4H
7O2N
+ 1
.0H
2O +
1.0N
O3-
+ 2.0H
+
Gen
erat
es
Aci
d!
Con
sum
es
Inor
gani
c C
arbo
n
-
2 11 1
1 141 2
100 1=7.14
1 11 14
2 132 1
=4.57
Unit
Con
vers
ions
-
Alk
alin
ity R
equi
rem
ents
Resid
ual o
r exc
ess a
lkal
inity
may
be
need
ed to
mai
ntai
n a
suita
ble
pH
rang
e fo
r nitr
ifica
tion.
Min
imum
of 5
0 m
g/L
as C
aCO
3.Lit
erat
ure
stat
es th
at a
lkal
inity
be
com
es ra
te lim
iting
bel
ow ~
100
mg/
L as
CaC
O3.
To m
aint
ain
a re
sidua
l alk
alin
ity o
f 100
m
g/L
in p
revi
ous e
xam
ple,
278
mg/
L of
influ
ent a
lkal
inity
is n
eede
d.
76
-
Sour
ces
of A
lkal
inity
For e
very
mg
of _
____
ad
ded
, ___
_ m
g of
al
kalin
ity a
s CaC
O3
is ga
ined
.
CaO
Qui
ck L
ime
1.8
Ca(
OH)
2Sl
aked
Lim
e1.
4N
aOH
Cau
stic
1.2
Na 2
CO
3So
da
0.9
77
-
78
Sour
ces
of A
lkal
inity
Form
ula
Che
mic
alN
ame
g/eq
uiva
lent
Con
cern
s
NaO
HSo
diu
m
hyd
roxid
e40
Sud
den
pH sw
ings
Na 2
CO
3So
diu
mca
rbon
ate
53
NaH
CO
3So
diu
mbi
carb
onat
e83
CaO
Slak
ed lim
e28
Sud
den
pH
swin
gs
CaM
g(C
O3)
2D
olom
ite46
MgC
O3
Mag
nesiu
m
carb
onat
e42
Stru
vite
form
atio
n
Mg(
OH)
2M
agne
sium
hy
dro
xide
29St
ruvi
tefo
rmat
ion
-
Che
ck
Quiz
Click
the Q
uizbu
tton t
o ed
it th
is ob
ject
-
Nitr
ifica
tion
Rate
s Dr
oppi
ng
The
evid
ence
:Ef
fluen
t am
mon
ia c
once
ntra
tions
hav
e be
en
grad
ually
incr
easin
g ov
er tw
o ye
ars
No
maj
or o
pera
tiona
l cha
nges
MC
RT is
> 1
0 d
ays i
n su
mm
erA
lum
inum
slid
e ga
tes i
n ef
fluen
t cha
nnel
are
d
issol
ving
….
Wai
t? W
hat?
??
Wha
t is
goin
g on
her
e?
-
Drou
ght R
elat
ed
-
Salin
ity
Som
e ha
loto
lera
ntni
trify
ing
bact
eria
Nitr
osom
onas
mar
ina
Nitr
ospi
nam
obilis
One
stud
y by
Cam
pos e
t al.
(200
2) fo
und
:C
ompl
ete
nitri
ficat
ion
at 1
3.7
g N
aCl/
LD
eclin
e in
nitr
ifica
tion
rate
at 1
0 g/
L
Seaw
ater
is 3
.5%
by
wei
ght o
f sal
tEq
uiva
lent
to 3
5,00
0 m
g/L
or 3
5 g/
LSa
lt C
AN
cau
se d
eflo
ccul
atio
n!
-
Inhi
bito
ry C
ompo
unds
Som
e po
lym
ers u
sed
in sl
udge
con
diti
onin
gHe
avy
met
als
Nic
kel –
0.25
mg/
LC
hrom
ium
–0.
25 m
g/L
Cop
per –
0.20
mg/
L17
5 kn
own
inor
gani
c an
d o
rgan
ic c
ompo
und
s -ex
ampl
esBe
nzen
e –
13 m
g/L
Chl
orin
e –
1 m
g/L
Hyd
roge
n su
lfid
e –
50 m
g/L
Phen
olic
s–10
0 m
g/L
Tann
in –
0.01
mg/
LTh
iour
ea–
1 m
g/L
(use
d in
cBO
D te
st)
-
Take
Hom
e M
essa
ges
Nitr
ifier
s mus
t hav
e D
O ~
2.0
mg/
LN
itrifi
catio
n ra
tes m
ay b
e re
gula
ted
with
DO
Low
DO
can
cau
se n
itrite
bui
ldup
pH a
nd a
lkal
inity
affe
ct b
uild
upA
lkal
inity
is n
eed
ed to
:Bu
ffer p
H ch
ange
sBu
ild m
ore
nitri
fiers
84
-Quiz
Click
the Q
uizbu
tton t
o ed
it th
is ob
ject
Deni
trific
atio
nPa
rt 2
Sidn
ey In
nere
bner
, PhD
, PE
CW
PIn
digo
Wat
er G
roup
Little
ton,
Col
orad
o
-
Deni
trific
atio
n
Nitr
ifica
tion
is O
nly
Half
of th
e N
itrog
en R
emov
al P
roce
ss.
Nitr
ate
also
Con
tribu
tes t
o:Eu
troph
icat
ion
of R
ecei
ving
Wat
ers
Aqu
atic
Tox
icity
(Hig
h C
once
ntra
tions
)“B
lue
Baby
Syn
dro
me”
Acc
iden
tal D
eath
of C
attle
.
Safe
Drin
king
Wat
er L
imit
= 10
mg/
L
87
-
Deni
trific
atio
n
Acc
ompl
ished
by
Man
y D
iffer
ent K
ind
s of
Facu
ltativ
e Ba
cter
ia.
Facu
ltativ
e Ba
cter
ia c
an “
brea
the”
Oxy
gen
or N
itrat
e.G
iven
a C
hoic
e –
DO
, the
n N
O3
1 g
NO
3-N
is e
quiv
alen
t to
2.86
g O
2
1 g
NO
2-N
is e
quiv
alen
t to
1.73
g O
2
Den
itrifi
ers a
re h
eter
otro
phs a
nd M
UST
Have
an
Org
anic
Car
bon
Food
Sou
rce.
88
-
Deni
trific
atio
n St
oich
iom
etry
89
NO
3-+
5 /6
CH 3
OH
5 /6C
O2
+1 /
2N2
+7 /
6H2O
+O
H-
Org
anic
Car
bon
Alk
alin
ity
-
Deni
trific
atio
n Th
eory
Prod
uces
3.5
7 po
und
s of a
lkal
inity
per
pou
nd o
f N
O3- N
red
uced
.Fo
rms ~
0.5
poun
ds o
f new
cel
ls pe
r pou
nd o
f N
O3- N
red
uced
.C
onsu
mes
1.9
pou
nds o
f Org
anic
Car
bon
as
Met
hano
l per
pou
nd o
f NO
3- N re
duc
ed.
(equ
ival
ent t
o 2.
86 p
ound
s of C
OD
)A
ctua
l am
ount
of B
OD
cons
umed
is
appr
oxim
atel
y 4
mg
per m
g N
O3- N
den
itrifi
ed
90
-
Nitr
ite A
ccum
ulat
ion
Ind
icat
es p
artia
l nitr
ifica
tion
or
den
itrifi
catio
nM
ay b
e ca
used
by
Low
DO
High
tem
pera
ture
Tran
sitio
ning
in a
nd o
ut o
f nitr
ifica
tion
Car
bon
limite
d de
nitri
ficat
ion
Nitr
ite “
lock
” oc
curs
with
chl
orin
e d
isinf
ectio
n1.
0 m
g N
O2-
N c
onsu
mes
5.1
mg
chlo
rine
-
Was
tew
ater
Cha
ract
erist
ics
Impa
ctin
g De
nitri
ficat
ion
Rate
Expr
esse
d a
s g N
O3-
N d
enitr
ified
/ g
MLV
SSd
ayPr
esen
ce o
f Rea
dily
Bio
deg
rad
able
Che
mic
al
Oxy
gen
Dem
and
(rbC
OD
) in
anox
ic z
one
Gen
eral
ly n
eed
ratio
of 3
:1 fo
r BO
D:T
KNHi
gh F
:M in
ano
xic z
one
pref
erre
dTy
pe o
f rbC
OD
–sp
ecifi
c or
gani
c ac
ids p
rese
ntTe
mpe
ratu
rePr
esen
ce o
f Diss
olve
d O
xyge
n
92
-
Min
imum
Rat
ios
Requ
ired
for B
NR
Ratio
Acc
epta
ble
Rang
eBO
D :
TP20
: 1
to 2
5 : 1
BOD
: TK
N2
: 1 to
3 :
1
•Lo
ads f
rom
recy
cle
stre
ams s
houl
d b
e in
clud
ed
in ra
tios.
•If
BOD
:TP
is lo
w, n
ot e
noug
h V
FAsf
or B
io-P
•If
BOD
:TKN
is lo
w, p
oor d
enitr
ifica
tion
•C
arbo
n lim
ited
–ni
trite
acc
umul
atio
n
-Pr
e-A
noxi
cPo
st-
Ano
xic
Ano
xic z
ones
may
also
exis
t or b
e cr
eate
d w
ithin
the
ditc
h.
Oxi
datio
n Di
tch
Bard
enph
oHi
ghes
t D
enitr
ifica
tion
Rate
Low
est
Den
itrifi
catio
n Ra
te
-
Estim
atin
g Sp
ecifi
c De
nitri
ficat
ion
Rate
(SDN
R) in
Pre
-Ano
xic
Zone
=(0.03)(:
)+0.029
=(
)Ty
pica
l ran
ge is
0.0
3 –
0.20
g N
O3-
N/g
MLV
SSda
y
Equa
tions
sour
ce:
MO
P29,
WEF
(200
5)Ra
nges
sour
ce:
EPA
/600
/R-1
0/10
0 (2
010)
-
Estim
atin
g Sp
ecifi
c De
nitri
ficat
ion
Rate
(SDN
R) in
Pos
t-A
noxi
c Zo
ne
=(0.12)
.=
()
Typi
cal r
ange
is 0
.01
–0.
03 g
NO
3-N
/g M
LVSS
day
With
met
hano
l add
ed, r
ange
incr
ease
s to
0.
10–
0.25
g N
O3-
N/g
MLV
SSda
y
-Quiz
Click
the Q
uizbu
tton t
o ed
it th
is ob
ject
Qui
ck C
heck
-
Tem
pera
ture
and
DO
Tem
p d
rop
from
20
o C to
10
o C d
rops
d
enitr
ifica
tion
rate
to a
ppro
ximat
ely
75%
of
orig
inal
rate
DO
of 0
.2 m
g/L
is en
ough
to in
hibi
t d
enitr
ifica
tion
Ano
xic z
one
mus
t be
prot
ecte
d fr
om D
OBa
ffle
wal
ls or
cur
tain
sSu
bmer
ged
mixe
rsRA
S co
ntro
l*
-
Phot
o by
Ind
igo
Wa
ter G
roup
-
Phot
o by
Ind
igo
Wa
ter G
roup
-
Phot
o by
Ind
igo
Wa
ter G
roup
-
Mod
ified
Lud
zack
-Etti
nger
(MLE
)
Ano
xic
Aer
obic
Ach
ieva
ble
Efflu
ent T
N o
f 6 –
8 m
g/L
DO =
1 m
g/L
DO =
2 m
g/L
-
Take
Hom
e M
essa
ges
Den
itrifi
catio
n re
quire
sBO
D:T
KN ra
tio o
f 3:1
4 m
g/L
of B
OD
for 1
mg/
L N
O3-
ND
enitr
ifica
tion
rate
dep
end
s on
carb
on
avai
labi
lity
Keep
the
anox
ic z
one
anox
ic
103
-
Deni
trific
atio
n10
4
Con
diti
ons t
o D
enitr
ifyD
O <
0.2
mg/
LEx
cess
nitr
ate
Car
bon
sour
ce
Influ
ent B
OD
Met
hano
lM
olas
ses
Was
te B
eer
-
Deni
tin
the
Settl
eom
eter
Blan
ket “
popp
ed”
Nitr
ogen
bub
bles
Ind
icat
es p
oten
tial
prob
lem
s in
the
clar
ifier
Do
the
clar
ifier
so
lids d
eten
tion
time
calc
ulat
ion
105
Phot
o by
Ind
igo
Wa
ter G
roup
-
Slud
ge C
lum
ping
106
Phot
o by
Ind
igo
Wa
ter G
roup
-
Ash
ing
107
Phot
os b
y In
dig
o W
ate
r Gro
up
-
108
Phot
o by
Ind
igo
Wa
ter G
roup
-
Solid
s w
ent u
nder
th
e sc
um b
affle
an
d ca
me
back
up
. G
ood
indi
catio
n of
de
nitri
ficat
ion.
109
Phot
o by
Ind
igo
Wa
ter G
roup
-
Prev
entin
g De
nitri
ficat
ion
in
Seco
ndar
y C
larif
iers
110
-
Prev
entin
g De
nitri
ficat
ion
in
Seco
ndar
y C
larif
iers
111
-
Fact
ors
to R
emem
ber
112
BOD
Rem
oval
Uses
1.0
gra
ms O
2
Nitr
ifica
tion
Uses
4.5
7 gr
ams O
2pe
r gra
m N
H3-
N.
DO
at 2
mg/
LUs
es 7
.14
gram
s al
kalin
ity.
Doe
s not
use
cB
OD
.Pr
oduc
es A
cid
.
Deni
trific
atio
nUs
es n
itrat
e in
stea
d o
f ox
ygen
.D
O <
0.2
mg/
LO
rgan
ic M
ater
ial U
sed
1.
90 g
ram
s met
hano
l or
2.86
gra
ms
CO
D o
r4
gram
s BO
D p
er g
ram
of
NO
3-N
.Pr
oduc
es 3
.57
gram
s al
kalin
ity.
-Quiz
Click
the Q
uizbu
tton t
o ed
it th
is ob
ject
Con
figur
atio
ns
for T
otal
N
itrog
en
Rem
oval
Sidn
ey In
nere
bner
, PhD
, PE
CW
PIn
digo
Wat
er G
roup
Little
ton,
Col
orad
o
-
How
Doe
s Th
is W
ork?
115
Nitr
ifier
sand
den
itrifi
ersd
oN
OT
have
com
patib
le
need
s.D
issol
ved
Oxy
gen
Org
anic
Mat
ter
Nitr
ifica
tion
mus
t ha
ppen
firs
t.D
enitr
ifier
snee
d a
ca
rbon
sour
ce.
-
On/
Off
Aer
atio
n11
6
Com
mon
in S
BR d
esig
nUs
es le
ss a
ir fo
r BO
D re
mov
al.
Ver
y ef
ficie
nt, T
IN<8
mg/
L.Pr
even
ts fl
oatin
g bl
anke
ts in
th
e se
cond
ary
clar
ifier
s.Re
gain
s alk
alin
ityM
oder
ates
pH
Can
be
don
e in
mos
t pr
oces
ses
Fill
Reac
t
Settl
e
Draw Idle
Add
Was
tew
ater
Cla
rific
atio
n
Deca
nt
Was
te
Aer
atio
n/
Ano
xic
Cyc
les
-
Cas
e St
udy
-Inc
reas
e A
ir O
ff Tim
e in
SB
R; N
O3-
N D
oes
Not
Dec
reas
e Fu
rther
Wha
t cou
ld it
be?
???
Car
bon
limite
d?
DO
not
low
eno
ugh?
Air
off c
ycle
tim
e to
o sh
ort?
Fill
Reac
t
Settl
e
Draw Idle
Add
Was
tew
ater
Aer
atio
n/
Ano
xic
Cyc
les
Cla
rific
atio
n
Deca
nt
Was
te
Wha
t is y
our e
fflue
nt n
itrat
e?
-
Wuh
rmas
sPr
oces
s
Ach
ieva
ble
Efflu
ent T
N o
f 20
mg/
LPo
or e
fflue
nt q
ualit
y fro
m fl
oatin
g flo
cN
o in
tern
al re
cycl
e pu
mps
Aer
obic
Ano
xic
-
Ludz
ack-
Ettin
gerP
roce
ss
Ano
xic
Tota
l N re
mov
al lim
ited
by
RAS
Poss
ible
to g
et T
N o
f 15
mg/
LN
o in
tern
al re
cycl
e pu
mp
Aer
obic
-
Mod
ified
Lud
zack
-Etti
nger
(MLE
)
Ano
xic
Aer
obic
Sepa
rate
s nitr
ate
retu
rn fr
om c
larif
ier r
etur
nA
chie
vabl
e Ef
fluen
t TN
of 6
–8
mg/
L
-
How
Low
Can
You
Go?
Whe
nQ
r=
Qin
f, m
ax o
f 50%
N re
mov
edW
hen
Qris
TW
ICE
Qin
f, m
ax o
f 67%
N re
mov
edW
hen
Qris
THRE
E tim
es Q
inf,
max
of 7
5% N
rem
oved
Whe
nQ
ris
FOUR
tim
es Q
inf,
max
of 8
3% N
rem
oved
Wha
t hap
pens
if y
ou g
o ev
en h
ighe
r?
Ass
umes
syst
em is
not
car
bon
limite
d
121
--
Gra
phic
by
Ind
igo
Wa
ter G
roup
Base
d o
n eq
uatio
ns fr
om E
PA (2
010)
-
Dim
inish
ing
Retu
rns
0102030405060708090
01
23
4
-
Exam
ple
#1 -
Incr
ease
IMLR
; NO
3-N
Does
Not
Dec
reas
e Fu
rther
Our
IMLR
pum
ps a
re b
roke
n!W
ait…
wha
t do
you
mea
n br
oken
?Sa
me
efflu
ent N
O3-
N a
t 200
%, 3
00%
, and
400
%
Ano
xic
Aer
obic
Car
bon
limita
tion
susp
ecte
d.
-
Exam
ple
#2 -
Incr
ease
IMLR
; NO
3-N
Does
Not
Dec
reas
e Fu
rther
Our
IMLR
pum
ps a
re b
roke
n!W
ait…
wha
t do
you
mea
n br
oken
?Sa
me
efflu
ent N
O3-
N a
t 200
%, 3
00%
, and
400
%By
the
way
…. W
e to
ok o
ut o
ur b
affle
cur
tain
s
Ano
xic
Aer
obic
Mos
tly A
erob
ic
-
Four
-Sta
geBa
rden
pho
Pre-
Ano
xic
Firs
tA
erob
icPo
st-
Ano
xic
2ndAerobic
Ach
ieva
ble
Efflu
ent T
N o
f 3 m
g/L
-LO
T
4 * Q
inf
Tota
l nitr
ogen
rem
oval
of 8
0 –
90%
-Pr
e-A
noxi
cPo
st-
Ano
xic
Ano
xic z
ones
may
also
exis
t or b
e cr
eate
d w
ithin
the
ditc
h.
Oxi
datio
n Di
tch
Bard
enph
o
-
Step
-Fee
d
RAS
0.25
Q
0.25
Q
0.25
Q
0.25
Q
Ach
ieva
ble
Efflu
ent T
N o
f 6 -
8 m
g/L
Ano
xic
Zone
-
Typi
cal D
esig
n Pa
ram
eter
sPr
oces
sM
CRT
(day
s)A
naer
obic
HRT,
hour
sA
noxi
cHR
T, ho
urs
Oxi
cHR
T,ho
urs
A /
O2
-50.
5 –
1.5
N/A
1–
3
mLE
7 -2
0N
/A1
-34
–12
4-St
age
Bard
enph
o10
-20
N/A
1–
3 (fi
rst)
2–
4 (t
hird
)4
–12
(sec
ond
)0.
5–
1 (fo
urth
)O
xidat
ion
Ditc
h20
-30
N/A
Var
iabl
e –
tota
l tim
e 18
-30
A2
/ O
5 -2
50.
5 –
1.5
0.5
-14
–8
UCT
10-2
51
-22
-44
–12
5-St
age
Bard
enph
o10
-20
0.5
–1.
51
–3
(firs
t)2
–4
(sec
ond
)4
–12
(firs
t)0.
5 –
1 (s
econ
d)
SBR
20 -
401.
5 -3
1-3
2-4
Sour
ce:
MO
P 11
(200
8)
-
Efflu
ent T
N a
nd TP
Com
pone
nts
and
Ach
ieva
ble
Limits
-LO
TFo
rmC
omm
on R
emov
al
Mec
hani
smLim
it of
Tech
nolo
gy
(LO
T), m
g/L
Tota
l Nitr
ogen
3.0
Am
mon
ia-N
Nitr
ifica
tion
<0.5
Nitr
ate-
ND
enitr
ifica
tion
1–
2Pa
rticu
late
Org
anic
NSo
lids S
epar
atio
n<1
.0So
lubl
e O
rgan
ic N
Non
e0.
5 –
1.5
Tota
l Pho
spho
rus
Solu
ble
PM
icro
bial
upt
ake
and
/or c
hem
ical
pr
ecip
itatio
n
0.1
Parti
cula
teP
Solid
s Sep
arat
ion
<0.0
5So
urce
: Jey
ana
yaga
m, S
am
(200
5) “
True
Con
fess
ions
of t
he B
NR
Proc
ess”
Flo
rida
Wat
er R
esou
rces
Jou
rna
l
-
Influ
ent F
ract
ions
Org
anic
NA
mm
onia
Tota
lKje
ldah
lNitr
ogen
Solu
ble
??
??
Biod
egra
dabl
e•
Parti
cula
te•
Solu
ble
Iner
t Nitr
ogen
•Pa
rticu
late
•So
lubl
e
-Quiz
Click
the Q
uizbu
tton t
o ed
it th
is ob
ject
Fixe
d Fi
lm
and
Hybr
id
Proc
esse
s-
Tota
l Nitr
ogen
Rem
oval
with
Fi
xed
Film
Pro
cess
es
Tric
klin
g Fi
lters
Rota
ting
Biol
ogic
al C
onta
ctor
sBi
olog
ical
Aer
ated
Filt
ers (
BAFs
)Hy
brid
Pro
cess
es –
Kald
nes,
Acc
uweb
Oth
ers
-M
edia
surfa
ce
Ano
xic
Laye
r
Aer
obic
La
yer
O2
NO
3&
SO4
150
mTh
ick
CO
2
N2
&H
2S
135
Mov
ing
Food
, Oxy
gen,
and
Was
tes
-
Tric
klin
g Fi
lters
Alo
ne o
r in
Com
bina
tion
Cap
able
of B
OD
, N
H 3-N
, and
NO
3-N
rem
oval
Load
ing
rate
s dic
tate
pe
rform
ance
Solu
ble
BOD
and
TSS
m
ust b
e le
ss th
an ~
20
mg/
L be
fore
ni
trific
atio
n be
gins
Mul
tiple
co
nfig
urat
ions
-
Com
mon
Con
figur
atio
n fo
r To
tal N
Rem
oval
BOD
rem
oval
thro
ugh
Tric
klin
g Fi
lter 1
NH
3-N
rem
oval
thro
ugh
Tric
klin
g Fi
lter 2
Nitr
ate
recy
cled
to b
iofil
m a
noxic
zon
eA
chie
ves N
H 3-N
< 1
mg/
L an
d N
O3-
N <
8 m
g/L
Tric
klin
gFi
lter
Tric
klin
gFi
lter
Recy
cle
1Re
cycl
e 2
Recy
cle
3
-
Tric
klin
g Fi
lter S
olid
s C
onta
ct P
lus
NTF
No
nitri
ficat
ion
in T
F/SC
Parti
al d
enitr
ifica
tion
with
nitr
ate
recy
cle
to
roug
hing
filte
r
Roug
hin
gFi
lter
Nitr
ifyin
gTr
ickl
ing
Filte
r
Recy
cle
1Re
cycl
e 2
Solid
sC
onta
ct
Retu
rn A
ct S
lud
ge
Recy
cle
3
-
Rota
ting
Biol
ogic
al C
onta
ctor
s
Sid
e V
iew
Mot
orSh
aft
Med
iaD
iscs
One
Med
ia P
ack
Fron
t Vie
w
-
RBC
s A
re O
ften
Ope
rate
d in
Ser
ies
140
Effic
ienc
y re
duc
ed in
d
owns
tream
uni
tsRB
C p
erfo
rman
ce
impr
oved
whe
n co
uple
d w
ith
dow
nstre
am a
erat
ion
basin
RBC
s can
be
used
for
terti
ary
nitri
ficat
ion
Cou
rtesy
of U
pper
Blu
e Sa
nita
tion
Dist
rict
-
Inte
grat
ed F
ixed
Film
A
ctiv
ated
Slu
dge
(IFA
S)
Incr
ease
d b
iom
ass
achi
eves
nitr
ifica
tion
with
sh
ort S
RTTu
rbul
ence
shea
rs e
xces
s bi
omas
sD
O =
4 -
6 m
g/L
Red
uces
solid
s loa
d to
se
cond
ary
clar
ifier
sPh
oto
by In
dig
o W
ate
r Gro
up
-
John
stow
n M
BBR
142
------------------------
IFA
S –
Inte
grat
ed F
ixed
Fi
lm A
ctiv
ated
Slu
dge
MBB
R –
Mov
ing
Bed
Bi
ofilm
Rea
ctor
IFA
S ha
s a re
turn
ac
tivat
ed sl
udge
line,
w
hile
MBB
R d
oes n
otM
aint
ains
nitr
ifica
tion
dow
n to
5 o
CV
ideo
by
Ind
igo
Wa
ter G
roup
-
IFA
SA
dvan
tage
s
Incr
ease
d b
iom
ass t
hat d
oesn
’t g
o to
cla
rifie
rG
reat
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--
SHA
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nd re
acto
r use
s am
mon
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ctro
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onor
to d
enitr
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itrite
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vant
ages
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uctio
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sts
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ce:
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ugus
t 201
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Add
ition
al In
form
atio
nO
pera
tion
of N
utrie
nt R
emov
al F
acilit
ies –
Wat
er
Envi
ronm
ent F
eder
atio
n M
anua
l of P
ract
ice
No.
37
(201
3)Sh
ortc
ut N
itrog
en R
emov
al –
Nitr
ite S
hunt
and
D
eam
mon
ifica
tion
(201
5) b
y W
EFN
utrie
nt C
ontro
l Des
ign
Man
ual –
Stat
e of
Te
chno
logy
Rev
iew
Rep
ort (
Janu
ary
2009
) by
EPA
. M
unic
ipal
Nut
rient
Rem
oval
Tec
hnol
ogie
s Re
fere
nce
Doc
umen
t (Se
ptem
ber 2
008)
by
EPA
. Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies f
or W
aste
wat
er
Trea
tmen
t and
In-P
lant
Wet
Wea
ther
M
anag
emen
t (Fe
brua
ry 2
008)
by
EPA
.
-Quiz
Click
the Q
uizbu
tton t
o ed
it th
is ob
ject
-
One
mor
e sli
de.
-W
atch
all t
he w
ay to
th
e en
d fo
r cre
dit.
152
Than
k Yo
u