Discussion 

Self-determination refers to the ability of an ethnic group or a nation to govern itself in a unified way. What words did Garibaldi use to create a sense of unity among his soldiers?

He connected the pronoun "us" with Italians; he referred to people who would not join with his soldiers as "cowards" and "slaves.

The Crimean War

Russia's desire to expand into the Balkans

War of Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France against Russia

End of the Concert of Europe

Discussion 

How did the Crimean War mark the end of the Concert of Europe?

Austria and Russia, which had previously worked to maintain the status quo in Europe, were now enemies.

Discussion

Prussia defeated Austria, organized the Northern German Confederation, and agreed to protect the southern German states in return for their support. After Prussia defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War, France gave up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany. In 1871, William I of Prussia was declared kaiser of the Second German Empire.

Authoritarian and militaristic values of Prussia helped shape the new German state. 

Discussion 

What is realpolitik?

the "politics of reality," or politics based on practical matters rather than on theory or ethics