DISEASE OF POULTRYDISEASE OF POULTRY

DR. NAGY EÖRSNÉDR. NAGY EÖRSNÉCentral Veterinary Institute, BudapestCentral Veterinary Institute, Budapest

Department of Poultry PathologyDepartment of Poultry Pathology

ANTE MORTEM INSPECTIONANTE MORTEM INSPECTION

At the farm before transportation to the slaughterhouse the poultry At the farm before transportation to the slaughterhouse the poultry flock must be examined by veterinarian.flock must be examined by veterinarian.

A certificate must be composed on the results of this inspection and A certificate must be composed on the results of this inspection and the pre-life of the flockthe pre-life of the flock

If the certificate is available – and it is negative – and it does not If the certificate is available – and it is negative – and it does not indicate the necessity of special measures, the ante mortem inspection indicate the necessity of special measures, the ante mortem inspection at the slaughterhouse will include the identification of transported at the slaughterhouse will include the identification of transported flock and control of injuries took place during transportation, flock and control of injuries took place during transportation, furthermore the examination of dead birds.furthermore the examination of dead birds.

Based on these data and examinations the veterinarian decides whether Based on these data and examinations the veterinarian decides whether the flock will be submitted to normal or special slaughter or further the flock will be submitted to normal or special slaughter or further special examination.special examination.

HUNGARIAN ZOO SANITARY CODEHUNGARIAN ZOO SANITARY CODE41/1997.(V. 28.) FM. r.41/1997.(V. 28.) FM. r.

Notifiable DiseasesNotifiable Diseases

O.I.E. list A O.I.E. list A – Newcastle diseaseNewcastle disease (Paramyxovirus) (Paramyxovirus)– Avian influenzaAvian influenza (Orthomyxovirus) (Orthomyxovirus)– Duck plaqueDuck plaque (Herpesvirus) (Herpesvirus)

O.I.E. listO.I.E. list BB– Fowl choleraFowl cholera– Fowl typhoidFowl typhoid

In case of these diseases the flock is slaughtered separatelyIn case of these diseases the flock is slaughtered separately – mostly at the end of the day- – mostly at the end of the day- as it is not condemned as it is not condemned

Diseases of Poultry Diseases of Poultry Zoonosis Zoonosis

ParatyphParatyphoidoid (Salmonellosis, except (Salmonellosis, except typhoid)typhoid)

CampylobacteriosisCampylobacteriosis ChlamydiosisChlamydiosis TuberculosisTuberculosis /Anthrax//Anthrax/

Inspection of the surfaceInspection of the surface

injuries (as consequences of transportation)injuries (as consequences of transportation) inflammation of skininflammation of skin

arthritisarthritissynovitissynovitis

(infection of Staph (infection of Staphylococcusylococcus aureus) aureus) Marek’s disease (skin form)Marek’s disease (skin form)

Inspection ofInspection of visceralvisceral organs organs and the and the bodybody cavitycavity

Bacterial infectionsBacterial infections

Salmonellosis (Fowl typhoid)Salmonellosis (Fowl typhoid) Pasteurellosis (Fowl cholera)Pasteurellosis (Fowl cholera) E. coli septicaemiaE. coli septicaemia StaphylococcosisStaphylococcosis StreptococcosisStreptococcosis

SepticaemiaSepticaemia

hhaemorrhages and/or fibrinous aemorrhages and/or fibrinous inflammation on seromembranesinflammation on seromembranes– pleuritispleuritis– pericarditispericarditis– air sacculitisair sacculitis

liver, spleen conditions:liver, spleen conditions:– enlargedenlarged– friable (associated with subcapsular haemorrhages)friable (associated with subcapsular haemorrhages)

lungs,lungs, intestines, genitalsintestines, genitals

ParatyphoidParatyphoid (Salmonellosis)(Salmonellosis)ZoonosisZoonosis S. enteritidisS. enteritidis

S. typhimuriumS. typhimurium S. infantisS. infantis S. hadarS. hadar S. agonaS. agona S. saint-paulS. saint-paul S. bovis-morbificans …etc.S. bovis-morbificans …etc.

Gram negative rods with filamentsGram negative rods with filaments SSensitivity:ensitivity: 70° C 5 min 70° C 5 min

fresh meat - 2-3 weeksfresh meat - 2-3 weeksfrozen meat - yearsfrozen meat - years

Pathology:Pathology: septicaemia (enlarged spleen, liver, septicaemia (enlarged spleen, liver, necrotic foci, enteritis (fibrinous inflammation necrotic foci, enteritis (fibrinous inflammation in caecum! - water fowl! )in caecum! - water fowl! )

Total condemned for human Total condemned for human cconsumption!onsumption! Slaughterhouse hygenie, household hygenieSlaughterhouse hygenie, household hygenie

(contamination!)(contamination!)

Fowl typhoidFowl typhoid

Salmonella gallinarum/pullorumSalmonella gallinarum/pullorumadapted to special hostadapted to special hostGram negative rods without any filamentsGram negative rods without any filaments

sensitive to 70sensitive to 70°°C 5 minC 5 minin fresh meat for 2-4 monthin fresh meat for 2-4 monthin frozen meat for yearsin frozen meat for yearsin water for 4-6 weeksin water for 4-6 weeks

Germinative transmission!Germinative transmission!

Pathology:Pathology:

eenlarged spleennlarged spleen liver within small necrotic foci liver within small necrotic foci

white-grey (necrotic) nodules in myocardiumwhite-grey (necrotic) nodules in myocardium in lungs in lungs in intestine in intestine

fibrinous inflammation of seromembranesfibrinous inflammation of seromembranes degenerated follicles on ovary,degenerated follicles on ovary,

salpingitis salpingitis arthritisarthritis

Poultry meat is partial condemned for Poultry meat is partial condemned for human consumptionhuman consumption

only the affected areas are condemnedonly the affected areas are condemned(mostly the parenchymal organs and (mostly the parenchymal organs and intestines - in case of arthritis the legs are intestines - in case of arthritis the legs are removed)removed)

TuberculosisTuberculosisZoonosisZoonosis

Mycobacterium aviumMycobacterium avium Gram negative, Gram negative,

Ziehl-Nelsen positive slim rodZiehl-Nelsen positive slim rodss Main character: Main character: acid- and alcohol-fastnessacid- and alcohol-fastness SSensitivity: (Pasteur)ensitivity: (Pasteur)

• 85°C - 1 sec85°C - 1 sec• 72-76°C - 14-45 sec72-76°C - 14-45 sec• 62-65°C - 30 min62-65°C - 30 min

Domesticated birds: Domesticated birds: adultadult only onlywildwild- exotic - exotic birdsbirds (ZOO) (ZOO), ostrich, ostrich

Pathology:Pathology: bad conditionbad conditiongrey-yellow nodules of varying sizes in grey-yellow nodules of varying sizes in - diff. organs- diff. organs- intestines- intestines- bone marrow- bone marrow

Condemned for human consumptionCondemned for human consumption

ColibacillosisColibacillosis

Gram negative rodsGram negative rods ssepticaemiaepticaemia coligranulomatosis (intestine,coligranulomatosis (intestine, mesenterium) mesenterium) CRDCRD Partial condemned for human consumptionPartial condemned for human consumption

Chronic Respiratory DiseaseChronic Respiratory DiseaseMycoplasmosisMycoplasmosis

Mycoplasma gallisepticumMycoplasma gallisepticum Mycoplasma synoviaeMycoplasma synoviae Mycoplasma meleagridisMycoplasma meleagridis Mycoplasma iowaeMycoplasma iowae Mycoplasma anserisMycoplasma anseris Mycoplasma cloacalaeMycoplasma cloacalae Mycoplasma anatumMycoplasma anatum Ureaplasmas Ureaplasmas

Pathogenicy varied, mostly fakultative pathogen ! Pathogenicy varied, mostly fakultative pathogen ! In general Mycoplasmas are cIn general Mycoplasmas are colonizing mucosal olonizing mucosal

surfacessurfaces They are They are associated with bacteria and/or virusesassociated with bacteria and/or viruses

(respiratory virus infection, E. coli, (respiratory virus infection, E. coli, Ornithobacterium..)Ornithobacterium..)

sstresstressimmunsuppression (viral diseases, mycotoxins..)immunsuppression (viral diseases, mycotoxins..)

Fowl cholera/PasteurellosisFowl cholera/Pasteurellosis Mainly in turkey, water fowlMainly in turkey, water fowl Pasteurella multocidaPasteurella multocida acute form acute form

chronic form chronic form Gram negative coccoid-rodsGram negative coccoid-rods

Sensitivity: 60°C 2 minSensitivity: 60°C 2 min PathologyPathology: septicaemia: septicaemia

arthritis arthritis salpingitis salpingitis fibrinopurulent meningitisfibrinopurulent meningitis fibrinous fibrinous inflammation of phallusinflammation of phallus

Septicaemia - condemnedSepticaemia - condemnedChronic form: partial condemned (except cachexia)Chronic form: partial condemned (except cachexia)

ErysipelasErysipelas Water fowlWater fowl Erysipelothrix rhusiopatiaeErysipelothrix rhusiopatiae

Gram Gram positivepositive rod rodsssensitivity: mildsensitivity: mild

ssepticaemiaepticaemia Diff. diagn.: PasteurellosisDiff. diagn.: Pasteurellosis ( (septicaemiasepticaemia)) Partial condemned for human consumption Partial condemned for human consumption

StaphylococcosisStaphylococcosis Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus

Gram positive coccusGram positive coccus UUbiquiter, pathogen if allowed entry through the biquiter, pathogen if allowed entry through the

skin or mucousskin or mucousalal membranes membranes Pathology:Pathology:septicaemiasepticaemia – young birds – young birds

arthritis, periarthritisarthritis, periarthritis synovitis, osteomyelitissynovitis, osteomyelitis - adult - adult

gangrenous dermatitis gangrenous dermatitis (wings, legs)(wings, legs) in broilers in broilers

Condemned or partial condemnedCondemned or partial condemned

CampylobacteriosisCampylobacteriosisZoonosisZoonosis

Campylobacter jejuniCampylobacter jejuniC. coliC. coli

Microaerophyl, Gram negative, mild sensitivityMicroaerophyl, Gram negative, mild sensitivity It is an intestinal commercial in broiler breeders, layer-type It is an intestinal commercial in broiler breeders, layer-type

breeders, turkey.breeders, turkey. Hepatitis (enteritis) in poultryHepatitis (enteritis) in poultry

Enteritis in human Enteritis in human Slaughterhouse and household hygiene!Slaughterhouse and household hygiene!

Chlamydiosis (Ornithosis)Chlamydiosis (Ornithosis)ZoonosisZoonosis

Chlamydia psittaciChlamydia psittaci IntracellularIntracellular Pigeon, Pigeon, turkeys, ducks, turkeys, ducks, gees, pheasantgees, pheasant Inhaling dust from feces or featherInhaling dust from feces or feather Slaughterhose hygenie Slaughterhose hygenie

AnthraxAnthraxZoonosisZoonosis

It occurs It occurs rarely in birdsrarely in birds where the disease is where the disease is endemicendemic..

Chicken are highly resistant.Chicken are highly resistant. Ducks have occasionally developed the diseaseDucks have occasionally developed the disease OstrichesOstriches are moderately susceptible, often with are moderately susceptible, often with

high mortality. high mortality.

(Dis.of Poultry. Barnes) (Dis.of Poultry. Barnes)

Viral DiseasesViral Diseases Newcastle diseaseNewcastle disease Avian influenzaAvian influenza Fowl poxFowl pox Infectious bronchitisInfectious bronchitis Infectious laryngotracheitisInfectious laryngotracheitis Infectious bursitis Infectious bursitis Marek's diseaseMarek's disease

Newcastle diseaseNewcastle disease Notifiable disease !Notifiable disease ! Avian paramyxovirus (Avian paramyxovirus (serserotype 1, 8 otype 1, 8

genotypes)genotypes) different pathogenity (v, m, l, a)different pathogenity (v, m, l, a) chicken, pheasant, turkey, pigeon, wild birds chicken, pheasant, turkey, pigeon, wild birds

(water fowl)(water fowl) SensitivitySensitivity: 56 °C - 3 min: 56 °C - 3 min

pH 3 - 3 min pH 3 - 3 min disinfectan disinfectantt

Clinical signsClinical signs: : respiratory disease respiratory disease enteritidisenteritidisnervnervousous signs signsmarked drop in egg productionmarked drop in egg production

Pathology:Pathology:– haemorrhageshaemorrhages on seromembranes, on seromembranes,

on mucosal membraneson mucosal membranes(proventricul(proventriculii, small intestine,, small intestine, cecaceca, , -lymphoid tonsils -, -lymphoid tonsils -, tracheatrachea, pharynx, pharynx))

– enteritidisenteritidis– diphtheriod diphtheriod inflammation on lymphoid tonsilsinflammation on lymphoid tonsils

on pharyon pharynxnx

Isolation Isolation of virus (pathogenicity)of virus (pathogenicity)

Prevention / VaccinationPrevention / Vaccination

Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis(septicaemia, CRD, IBD, ILT, IB, Fowl pox, (septicaemia, CRD, IBD, ILT, IB, Fowl pox, pneumovirus, coccidiosis, mycotoxicosis) pneumovirus, coccidiosis, mycotoxicosis)

if NDV is observed on the farm:if NDV is observed on the farm:

In compliance with EU directive 93/119/EC, In compliance with EU directive 93/119/EC, depopulation of infected flocks may take place depopulation of infected flocks may take place using the following methods/drugs/systems:using the following methods/drugs/systems:

Electronarcosis by water dippingElectronarcosis by water dipping Decapitation and dislocation of the neckDecapitation and dislocation of the neck Gassing with carbon dioxideGassing with carbon dioxide Vacuum tankVacuum tank

if NDV is observed in the slaughter-house if NDV is observed in the slaughter-house everything is condemned, and everything has to be everything is condemned, and everything has to be desinfecteddesinfected

Fowl poxFowl pox

Poxviridae, Poxviridae, AvipoxAvipox

SensitivitySensitivity: 50°C heating 30 min: 50°C heating 30 min 60°C 8 min 60°C 8 min in dry scabs for months/yearsin dry scabs for months/years pH 5-9 resistantpH 5-9 resistant

cucutaneous formtaneous form nodular (proliferative) lesions on the comb, wattle, nodular (proliferative) lesions on the comb, wattle, eyelids, other non feathered areaseyelids, other non feathered areas

diphtheroid formdiphtheroid form nodules on mucosal membranes of pharynx, nodules on mucosal membranes of pharynx, trachea, oesophagus trachea, oesophagus

sspecial histopathologicalpecial histopathological changes changes (cytoplasmic inclusion body)(cytoplasmic inclusion body)

Infectious LaryngotracheitisInfectious Laryngotracheitis HerpesvirusHerpesvirus Sensitivity:Sensitivity: mild (halogen-detergents + iodophors, mild (halogen-detergents + iodophors,

heating, but heating, but ((-18°-18° C-25°C-25° C !)C !) Acute respiratory diseaseAcute respiratory disease ConjunctivitisConjunctivitis

LaryngitisLaryngitisTracheitisTracheitis(Hist(Histoopathology: pathology: intranuclear inclusion bodyintranuclear inclusion body in in epithelial cells by 3 day PI)epithelial cells by 3 day PI)

Infectious bronchitisInfectious bronchitis CoronavirusCoronavirus Sensitivity:Sensitivity: 56°C 15 min56°C 15 min

at room temperature 2-3 daysat room temperature 2-3 dayscommoncommon detergents destroy detergents destroy

Pathology:Pathology: acute catarrhal tracheitis, bronchitisacute catarrhal tracheitis, bronchitis

sinusitis, air sacculitissinusitis, air sacculitis local pneumolocal pneumoniania

nephritis, salpnephritis, salpiingitis (eggs !)ngitis (eggs !)

Infectious bursal DiseaseInfectious bursal Disease (Gumboro Disease) (Gumboro Disease)

BirnavirusBirnavirus bursa Fabricii (B lymphoid cells)bursa Fabricii (B lymphoid cells)

immunsuppression !immunsuppression ! Sensitivity:Sensitivity: very stabil virus! very stabil virus!

60-70°C -30 min60-70°C -30 min0.5 % chloramines 10 min0.5 % chloramines 10 mininvert soap + 0,05 sodium hydroxideinvert soap + 0,05 sodium hydroxide

Pathology: Pathology: haemorrhageshaemorrhages

in muscles (legs, breast) in muscles (legs, breast) on mucosal membrane of proventriculi on mucosal membrane of proventriculi on lymphoid tonsils of intestine on lymphoid tonsils of intestine

oedema and haemorrhageous inflammation of oedema and haemorrhageous inflammation of bursa Fabriciibursa Fabricii

Diff. diagnosis:Diff. diagnosis: Newcastle Newcastle diseasediseasemycotoxicosismycotoxicosis

Prevention:Prevention: vaccination, hygiene vaccination, hygiene

Marek’s DiseaseMarek’s Disease Herpesvirus Herpesvirus (cell associated virus)(cell associated virus) Sensitivity: Sensitivity: Pathogenity:Pathogenity:

„classical” form (lesions in peripheral nerves)„classical” form (lesions in peripheral nerves)tumoral form tumoral form

(lymphoid tumors in (lymphoid tumors in differentdifferent organs or organs or in skin)in skin)

transient paralysistransient paralysis Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis::

Newcastle diseaseNewcastle diseaseleucosisleucosistumorstumors

Parasites / ProtoParasites / ProtozzoaoaCoccidiosisCoccidiosis

Eimeria tenellaEimeria tenellaEimeria necatrixEimeria necatrixEimeria acervulinaEimeria acervulinaEimeria truncataEimeria truncata

Chicken, turkeyChicken, turkeygeesegeese

Anticoccidial drugs /vaccinationAnticoccidial drugs /vaccination

immunsuppressive diseases (Marek’s disease, immunsuppressive diseases (Marek’s disease, CAV, CAV, Gumboro disease, Reo, mycotoxines…Gumboro disease, Reo, mycotoxines…))

Haemorrhagic enteritidis Haemorrhagic enteritidis (clotted blood - fibrinous inflammation)(clotted blood - fibrinous inflammation)in caecumin caecumin small intestinesin small intestines

renal coccidiosis (enlarged, yellow-greyish renal coccidiosis (enlarged, yellow-greyish kidneys)kidneys)

Fungal infectionsFungal infectionsAspergillosisAspergillosis

Aspergillus fumigatusAspergillus fumigatusAspergillus flavusAspergillus flavusPenicilliumPenicilliumMucorMucor

RespiratoryRespiratory diseasediseasepneumonia (granulompneumonia (granulomees)s)air sacculitis, peritonitisair sacculitis, peritonitis

Litter, feed (toxins)Litter, feed (toxins) (Antibiotics contraindicated!)(Antibiotics contraindicated!)

In these cases poultry meat is partial In these cases poultry meat is partial condemned for human consumptioncondemned for human consumption

(the effected areas are condemned:(the effected areas are condemned:- parenchymal orgams- parenchymal orgams- intestinesintestines- skin + muscles /breast, legs/ )skin + muscles /breast, legs/ )