disease terminologies 001

7/29/2019 Disease Terminologies 001

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Disease Terminologies and

Mechanisms

Ace Bryan Cabal

Lecturer


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Basic Mechanism of Disease

Pathogenic

Metabolic

Idiopathic Congenital

Neoplastic

Psychogenic

Degenerative

Immunologic

Environmental

Toxic

Traumatic Molecular


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Toxic Disease

It is caused by ingestion of a poison.

Ex: Inhalation of carbon monoxide from an

automobile exhaust in an enclosed garage may

cause tissue hypoxia and death because it is rapidlyabsorbed by lungs and binds to hemoglobin (

forming carboxy- hemoglobin) w/ an affinity of

more than 200 times that of oxygen . This limits

the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin.


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Traumatic Disease

It is caused by physical injury.

Violent mechanism injury, extreme heat or

cold, electricity and radiation are examples of

physical agents that may cause trauma to

the body .


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Molecular/Genetic Diseases

Resulting from a defect in a single molecule causing themolecular product of cellular activity to be abnormal.Many of these diseases are genetic.

Usually caused by mutation involving a single

nucleotide base For ex. Sickle-cell anemia involves a point mutation

or a single nucleotide (SNP or single nucleotidepolymorphism) in the beta-globin subunit of Hb

(HbA to HbS). GAG becomes GTG which istranscribed to GUG therefore substitutinghydrophilic glutamic acid (Glu or E) to hydrophobicvaline (Val or V)


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Psychogenic Diseases

It originate in the mind, having an

emotional or psychologic origin in

relation to asymptoms.Ex. Schizoprenia, various type of dementia

.

Emotional factors also contribute to manyorganic diseases.


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Nutritional Deficiency

It result when an individuals diet isinadequate in terms of the amount or type ofproteins, essential amino acids,fatty acids,

vitamins, minerals or water. Ex: Kwashiorkor, a protein deficiency disease.

Scurvy, a disease caused by Vit.C deficiency.

Excessive consumption of high-calorie foods,fats, or fat-soluble vitamins can also causedisease.


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Degenerative Diseases

It refer to disorders associatedwith aging. Many systems

become less adaptable and lessefficient as part of the agingprocess.

E.g. Macular degenerative disorder (affectsthe tissue in the part of the retina)


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Immunologic/Immunity-related

Disease

It develop when immune function eitherdeteriorates, so that the body becomesunable to defend itself or becomes

abnormal , so that immune-defensesbegin attacking normal tissues.

Ex: Allergies such as hay fever,immune deficiency diseases such as

AIDS and autoimmune disorderssuch as myasthenia gravis.


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Iatrogenic Diseases

It result from the activity or treatments ofphysicians or other health-care providers.

Iatrogenic diseases include those caused byscar tissue formation after surgery, adversereactions to drugs and infections acquiredwhile in hospital (nosocomial infection) or

other medical facility.


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Idiopathic Diseases

It refer to disorders

whose causes are yetunknown.


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Infectious/Communicable Diseases

Are transmitted to a person from theenvironment or in the case of a contagiousinfectious disease, from another person. An

infection is the invasion of the body by anotherorganism and its subsequent growth andmultiplication within the body tissues.

Ex: colds and flu.


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Pathogenic Organisms

Viruses (Intracellular parasite that consist of eitherDNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat orlipoprotein envelope).

Bacteria (tiny, primitive cells that lack nuclei,parasitizing tissues or disrupting normal function.

Protozoa (are protists, one-celled organisms largerthan bacteria whose DNA is organized into a

nucleus. Multicellular organisms like worms

Multicellular/unicellular fungi


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Neoplastic Diseases

Are characterized by abnormal cell growth and replication ,

leading to formation of benign or malignant tumors. Known

causes include genetic factors and environmental factors such

as chemicals, radiation and viruses. The net result is a loss of

normal control mechanisms that operate at the cellular levelto control cell growth and the rate of cell division.


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Endocrine Diseases

It results from excessive or inadequate

levels of hormone production.

Ex: Inadequate production of thehormone insulin by endocrine cells of

the pancreas that can lead to one form

of diabetes mellitus.


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Congenital Diseases

Present at birth.


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DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES

PathologyThe science or study of diseases, also a clinical

specialty in human medicine. It emphasize themeasurable aspect of disease such as altered

structure of cell, tissues, organs and laboratoryfindings Anatomic PathologyIt is concern with surgical cytology and necropsy.

Clinical PathologyIt is concern with clinical chemistry, microbiology,hematology, blood bank immunology.


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Pathophysiology

It focuses on the mechanism of disease or

dynamic

processes that give rise to sign and symptoms.

Disease

It results from the failure to maintainhomeostatic condition.


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EtiologyThe study of all the factors that are involved in

causing disease. Etiologic agent- causative agent or the one that

cause the disease Pathogenesis

The actual pattern of a disease development. Lesion

A demonstrable structural change in the tissue

produced by disease that is evident at a gross(visible to the naked eye) ormicroscopic level.


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Signs

Objective abnormalities that can be seen or

measured by someone other than the

patients.

Symptoms

Subjective abnormalities that are felt only by the

patient.


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Sequela

It refers to the outcome or after effect of disease orinjury.

Ex: The sequela of acute rheumatic fever might bescarred or deformed heart valves.

Complication of Disease

It is the accidental condition or second disease occurring

in the course of primary process. Prognosis

A prediction of a probable cause or outcome of a disease


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Resolution

It is the subsidence of a disease process asinflammation and the return to normal of

affected tissue. Acute Disease

Signs and symptoms that appear suddenly,persist for a short time, then disappear.

Chronic DiseaseA disease that develop slowly and last for a

long time.


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Subacute

It refer to diseases with characteristics somewhere

between acute and chronic.

Epidemiology

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and

transmission of the disease in human population.

Endemic

A disease native to a local region.


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Epidemic

A disease that spread to many individual atthe same time.

SporadicA disease that occur occassionally, usually

affecting oneperson.

Pandemic

An epidemic disease affecting largegeographic regions.


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Convalescence

The period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state; it may last for

several days or months.

Morbidity

It indicates the disease rates within a group.

MortalityIt indicate the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease.

Incidence

It indicates the number of new cases noted within a stated time period.

Prevalence

Total number of cases in a population whether new or old cases Notifiable or reportable diseases

It must be reported by the physician to certain designated authority.


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Autopsy

It is an examination of all or part of the body by a

pathologist . It includes gross and microscopic

examination of tissues , organs and fluids, andcan include a variety of tests depending on

individual circumstances. It maybe performed

after death to determine the exact cause ofdeath or to determine the course of illness and

effectiveness of treatment.

disease terminologies 001

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