dissertation title page
TRANSCRIPT
Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HORROR FILMS MARKET (HOLLYWOOD AND
BOLLYWOOD) IN INDIA.
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the award of the
Degree of Master of Business Administration in
MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT
By
NEELAPU VIKASH RAO
Manipal University Bangalore Campus
December 2011
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HORROR
FILMS MARKET (HOLLYWOOD & BOLLYWOOD) IN INDIA” submitted by
NEELAPU VIKASH RAO,
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree MASTER OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION IN MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT to Manipal University Bangalore
campus is a record of the candidate’s own work carried out by him under my supervision.
The matter embodied in this dissertation is original and has not been submitted for the award
of any other degree.
Date :________________
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
Acknowledgements
We are extremely grateful to Ms Padma Srinivasan and Ms. Shinu Abhi for giving us the
opportunity to work on this dessertation. Their constant guidance and motivation have helped
us learn valuable lessons in research.
We would also like to thank our friends and family who stepped up to the occasion and
helped us in data collection and took our research one step forward.
Special thanks to our celebrity interviewees, without whose input our research would have
lacked the industry insight that it requires.
Thanks.
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
Page 4
S.No. Title Page No.
1 Certificate 2
2 Acknowledgements 3
3 Executive Summary 5
4 Introduction 6-8
5 Introduction to the problem
I. Title of the study
II. Statement of the problem
III. Objectives of the study
IV. Scope of the study
V. Limitations of the study
9-10
7 Industry / Company profile
I. Industry Profile and Com-
pany Profile
II. Products/services profile
10-13
8 Review of Literature
I. Operational definitions
II. Literature review
III. Theories applicable to the
study
13-16
9 Research Methodology 16-17
10 Data Analysis 18-21
11 Comparative study and growth of
Bollywood & Hollywood horror
films.
21-25
12 Summary 26-27
10 Conclusion 28-30
Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
Executive summary
The market : Horror is a genre that never goes out of style. These films provide best
risk/reward ratio in the movie industry, and often enjoy box office success and video/DVD
sales without major stars. They have lower budget than other genres and have a loyal
audience in a most desirable demographic (18-35 year old)
The industry: low budget horror movies are major economic forces within the film industry.
Haunted 3D in 2010 grossed Rs. 14.30 crores in week 1. 1920 took it over 4 crores in the 1st
week in the year 2008, Darna Zaroori Hai in 2006 crossed 3.2 crores in the 1st week again. All
these films were produced for under 1 crore approximately.
Global box office revenue of the entire industry is projected to grow US$ 10 billion to US$
18 billion between 2000 to 2010, according to Baskerville communication. The National
Association of the Theatre Owners (NATO) reported annual domestic ticket sales of $7.5
billion by the end of past decade, a 55 percent increase since 1990. The top 10 countries
house 80 percent of the world screen count, while the United states, China and India account
for 67 percent of the global screen count.
Risk factor: although investors have the potential of making huge profits in the movie
industry, the business of producing and distributing low budget films involves certain risk
that are uncommon in most business. Such a venture is only suitable for person who do not
require liquidity in their investments and who are prepared to lose the entire investment.
No assurance can be give for the economic success of any motion pictures specially ‘horror
films’ which has a limited audience. If distributed there is no guarantee that the film will
make money for the investors, the success of the project depends on many intangible factors
including, but not limited to, public acceptance, which cannot be predicted. Therefore,
investors should consider these factors carefully before making a decision to purchase any
interest in the film project.
INTRODUCTION
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
Acc. to Willinsky – Lloyd : Horror is a genre that never goes out of style. These films provide
the best risk/reward ratio in the movie industry, and often enjoy box office success and
video/DVD sales without major starts. They have lower budgets than other genres, and they
have a loyal audience in most desirable demographic (18-35 years old).
The theme of nightmares, the psychological thrillers and terror, raise the dopamine level of
our mind, it focuses or rivets our attention and captures our, albeit, base instinct, and forces
us to undivided attention.
In some ways, the conventions of realistic fiction and drama may impose serious limitations
on a story. For one thing, if you play by the rules and respect the preparation and pace
required to establish realism, it takes a lot longer to make a point than it does, say, in fantasy.
At the same time, it is possible that this very work that contributes to a story's realism may
weaken its grip on the unconscious. Realism is probably the best way to dramatize argument
and ideas. Fantasy may deal best with themes which lie primarily in the unconscious. I think
the unconscious appeal of a ghost story, for instance, lies in its promise of immortality. If you
can be frightened by a ghost story, then you must accept the possibility that supernatural
beings exist. If they do, then there is more than just oblivion waiting beyond the grave."
It is difficult to do justice to horror films in Bollywood with the lack of documentation and
material available on the subject. Therefore, this article has been written almost entirely on
the basis of memory. As a result there will be certain oversights but the idea is to pay some
kind of homage to a genre that has managed to maintain its niche in India’s massive film
industry.
The earliest ‘horror’ films in Indian cinema revolved around themes of reincarnation and
rebirth. Basically they were the typical old-fashioned ghost story. The attempt was not to
scare as mush as to give the love story a new dimension. The most famous is probably
Kamaal (Pakeezah) Amrohi’s debut film Mahal, where the story lies in moving into an
abandon mansion with a tragic history. Atmospherically photographed in the German
expressionist style appropriately by the German cameraman Joseph Wirsching the film is
heralded as an all time classic.
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
the 1980s saw Indian horror become synonymous with low budget schlock churned out by
the famous Ramsay Brothers.
This family of filmmakers cornered the low budget market and for decades to come managed
to produce horror film after horror film. The films were safe bets at the box -office often
making their money back in their first week or then grossing impressively at the smaller rural
'B' and 'C' centres. Somewhat unfortunately, it did mean that the horror genre became ghet-
toized and never really broke out of that narrow mould. The horror film genre continued to
remain stuck in a warp which saw films that were made on a shoe string budget, had amaz-
ingly awful special effects and repeated all the same people film after film. And yet the films
had great entertainment value and at least offered something different from the mainstream.
In an industry known to be formulaic, making a horror film can be quite a terrifying
proposition
When Karan Johar decided to produce the big-budget Kaal, he admitted that he was petrified
of the horror film genre. Whether the film's story scared him is not known, but its distributors
sure had a frightening experience after its release. Making horror films is not very high on
Hindi film-makers' agenda, and apart from the Ramsay films spanning three decades — the
70s, 80s, and 90s — there have only been a handful that spring to mind.
Ram Gopal Varma, who has given the genre a new lease lately, disagrees. "Fear is a universal
emotion. And you would be surprised to know that many so-called 'high-society' multiplex
audiences are extremely superstitious and believe in ghosts and spirits," says Varma, whose
latest film Phoonk (releasing on Friday) deals with black magic.
Varma was one of the few directors to have dabbled in a horror film early on in his career
with Raat, and in spite of not achieving massive success in the genre, he has been dishing out
horror films once every few years. Vaastu Shastra, Darna Mana Hai and its sequel, Darna Za-
roori Hai, may have done average to bad business, but 2003's Bhoot was a hit.
“A number of horror films were announced after Bhoot's success, none of which saw the light
of the day due to lack of buyers," says Deepak Ramsay, of the aptly named production house
Ramsay House Of Horrors, who now carries forward the family tradition of making horror
films. "We make much fewer films now. However, we still stick to our old formula of casting
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
newcomers, coupled with a small budget and a strong story to back it up," says Ramsay, who
directed the small-budget Aatma in 2006.
Few know the ingredients for a successful horror film. The one-dimensional motive of creat-
ing 'fear' is something that a viewer, shelling out big bucks for a film has more often than not,
rejected. Maybe that's why, when the Bhatts decided to make the 'supernatural thriller', Raaz,
they ensured the audience got more than jus a few hair-raising moments. "Raaz had some
great music and was packaged as a 21st Century film. Every time you say 'horror' in Hindi
films, you think of C-grade films with bad special effects," says Mahesh Bhatt, who wrote the
film. He believes that it was the blend of Indian mythology and a Western approach that did
the trick. "We plan to take that forward with our next, Raaz — The Mystery Continues," says
Bhatt.
Varma, however, has stuck to a more traditional approach of making horror films — where
creating fear is the most important motive. And he believes that doing that takes some effort,
and talent. "Unlike in romantic or comedy films, you need a certain amount of technical fi-
nesse while directing horrors. Besides, you need to have an interest in the genre itself," says
Varma.
That fact is: Not many are willing to put money in the genre due to its poor track record. Raj
Kumar Gupta, who directed the critically-acclaimed Aamir, says that in an industry governed
by success, you need one hit horror film to make it the 'hot' subject among film-makers. "If
one works, there'll be a slew of them made in its wake," says Gupta, who admits that he
wouldn't mind making a horror film if he gets his hands on a 'scary' enough script.
Title of the study:
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HORROR FILMS MARKET (HOLLYWOOD AND
BOLLYWOOD) IN INDIA.
Statement of the problem:
Hindi ‘horror’ films have been operating mostly in the “B” grade halls, offering a sleazy kind
of entertainment to a lower class audience. Such films have suffered from all sorts of
problems arising out of working in the underbelly of the industry. These used to be typically
low budget films. But recently, one can observe a change in the production of horror films.
Films dealing with supernatural subjects have been catching up with their romantic or other
generic counterparts. But what is more interesting about this phenomenon is the use of sound
in them. There is much debate whether Indian films can be classified into genres, but
definitely there are instances where a certain group of films can be clubbed together
according to thematic preoccupations. The Indian horror film, in that sense, can constitute a
generic object for us.
Why do audiences in India prefer Hollywood horror films than Bollywood horror films?
Objectives:
To study the loyal demography of horror movies.
To study the international industry (market and business model) of horror movies
(horror movies have lower budget than other genres.)
To understand the scope of production and distribution of horror films.
To study the risk factors involved in horror movies.
To understand the audience’s perception for the Bollywood horror films.
Scope of the study:
This research would give a clear understanding of the horror film industry of both Bollywood
as well as Hollywood. This findings would help the audiences to understand the market of
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
Bollywood horror films and give a clear idea about the business and reasons behind this
sudden upsurge of the films which can be loosely clubbed under the ‘horror’ genre.
Limitations of the study
Whether the concerned people would use our findings is a matter of worry and doubt. Since
Some research findings on this topic are well known people could lose interest in answering
our research procedure. The industry may not find anything novel in our findings. Since most
audiences are in favour of horror films, the questionnaire results would not tell what lies
beneath the iceberg.
Industry profile: Bollywood
Bollywood is the informal term popularly used for the Hindi-language film industry based
in Mumbai,
Maharashtra, India. Bollywood is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest
centers of film production in the world. The term "Bollywood" has origins in the 1970s, when
India overtook America as the world's largest film producer. Credit for the term has been
claimed by several different people, including the lyricist, filmmaker and scholar Amit
Khanna,and the journalist Bevinda Collaco.
History:
Raja Harishchandra (1913), by Dadasaheb Phalke, was the first silent feature film made in
India. By the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian
sound film, Ardeshir Irani's Alam Ara (1931), was a major commercial success.There was
clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals; Bollywood and all the regional film industries
quickly switched to sound filming.
In 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya.
The next year, he made another colour film, a version ofMother India. However, colour did
not become a popular feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and
melodramas were the staple fare at the cinema.
Genre conventions:
Bollywood films are mostly musicals, and are expected to contain catchy music in the form
of song-and-dance numbers woven into the script. A film's success often depends on the qual-
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
ity of such musical numbers. Indeed, a film's music is often released before the movie itself
and helps increase the audience.
Indian audiences expect full value for their money, with a good entertainer generally referred
to as paisa vasool, (literally, "money's worth"). Songs and dances, love triangles, comedyand
dare-devil thrills are all mixed up in a three-hour-long extravaganza with an intermission.
Such movies are called masala films, after the Hindi word for a spice mixture. Like masalas,
these movies are a mixture of many things such as action, comedy, romance and so on. Most
films have heroes who are able to fight off villains all by themselves
Bollywood plots have tended to be melodramatic. They frequently employ formulaic ingredi-
ents such as star-crossed lovers and angry parents, love triangles, family ties, sacrifice, cor-
rupt politicians, kidnappers, conniving villains, courtesans with hearts of gold, long-lost rela-
tives and siblings separated by fate, dramatic reversals of fortune, and convenient coinci-
dences.
There have always been Indian films with more artistic aims and more sophisticated stories,
both inside and outside the Bollywood tradition. They often lost out at the box office to
movies with more mass appeal. Bollywood conventions are changing, however. A large In-
dian diaspora in English speaking countries, and increased Western influence at home, have
nudged Bollywood films closer to Hollywood models.
Film critic Lata Khubchandani writes,"..our earliest films...had liberal doses of sex and kiss-
ing scenes in them. Strangely, it was after Independence the censor board came into being
and so did all the strictures." Plots now tend to feature Westernised urbanites dating and
dancing in clubs rather than centering on pre-arranged marriages. Though these changes can
widely be seen in contemporary Bollywood, traditional conservative ways of Indian culture
continue to exist in India outside the industry and an element of resistance by some to west-
ern-based influences. Despite this, Bollywood continues to play a major role in fashion in In-
dia. Indeed some studies into fashion in India have revealed that some people are unaware
that the changing nature of fashion in Bollywood films which are presented to them are often
influenced by globalisation and many consider the clothes worn by Bollywood actors as au-
thentically Indian.
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
Bollywood horror films have been a sub-genre of the Indian film industry since its early
days. In common with horror films from other countries the films generally consist of
darkness, an old mansion, or an evil being in search of power or revenge. Although critics
have cited the films' violence, the films have garnered a niche audience and surprisingly some
of them have become mainstream hits.
If one carefully analyzes the evolution of the horror genre in Bollywood, it is observed that
the earliest horror movies turned out to be super hits at the box office, but the filmmakers of
the 80s and 90s were not able to do justice to such movies, since they lacked good scripts,
proper research, direction and resources which is a prerequisite to make a good horror movie.
The earliest groundbreaking Hindi horror film Mahal was released in 1949. Directed by Ka-
mal Amrohi, it had reincarnation as its theme, and was one of the biggest box-office hits of
the year.
The 1960s witnessed two major blockbusters; Biren Nag’s Bees Saal Baad (1962) and Raja
Nawathe’s Gumnaam (1965) that topped the box-office charts. Moving to the era of 70s, the
horror movies were usually based on the concept of the supernatural. The two films by Ra-
jkumar Santoshi featuring a huge ensemble cast; the 1976 Nagin and the 1979 Jaani Dushman
were major success and super hits at the box office. 1980s Gehrayee (inspired by The Exor-
cist) based on the subject of possession, is one of the finest and the most remarkable horror
films to emerge from Bollywood, which invested more in its plot and superb performance of
the actors, than the gruesome horror techniques and nasty exorcisms.
The 80s and 90s marked the entry of various new filmmakers who came up with numerous
low-budget films. Ramsays in particular cornered the low-budget market for horror movies
and continued producing such movies for years. Starting with their initial success Do Gaz Za-
meen ke Neeche in 1972, they kept the trend alive for almost two decades, few of them being
Bandh Darwaaza, Veerana, Sannata, Purani Haveli, Guest House, Tahkhana, Shaitani Ilaaka,
Purana Mandir etc.
The movies ran on an average basis and often grossed good collections at the box office The
creations were mostly B-grade films with low-budget, inexperienced cast which undeniably
failed to make a mark on the screen. The stories had nothing unusual to offer, the plot being
usually of distorted faced creatures and evil spirits haunting the villages or an ancestral bun-
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galow. The opening scene would usually be a dark-stormy night, pouring down ominous
hosepipes of rain, with the howling of dogs and wolves as the background music. The ghosts
wore those typical, ugly rubber-masks, seemed to have been bought from some substandard
shop. And they would end with a ridiculous exorcism being carried out by some brainless, ul-
tra-idiotic personalities (Read tantriks). Most popular attraction about these movies was
women with microscopic-mini skirts accompanied by the shower and bedroom scenes featur-
ing unattractive bimbos with voluptuous bodies. The cheesiest things perhaps were the
names, some of them being Shaitaani Khopdi, Khooni Aankhen, Chudail No.1, Bhayaanak
Panjaa, Khooni Dracula and the like. Can you imagine yourself watching such nasty flicks?
Then came Raaz in 2002, a thrilling and musical remake of the Hollywood flick What Lies
Beneath. The approach employed by Vikram Bhatt here was much better than the usual Hindi
horror movies. There were no ghastly rubber masks, nor was there much of nudity (though
the movie did have a few steamy scenes). The cast’s acting was far better than expected,
though viewers ended up laughing at a few scenes than getting scared. There was an exor-
cism, but the customary tantrik with a long-beard and black robe was replaced by a modern,
scholarly Professor who also possesses a sixth-sense. The film made for a good one-time
watch. At present, Ram Gopal Varma seems to be monopolizing the Indian horror film mar-
ket. It is evident that he spent considerable time in watching the foreign classics like Polter-
geist, Halloween, Nightmare on Elm Street, Friday the 13th, Evil Dead, The Exorcist, Ami-
tyville Horror, Childs Play, The Eye and so on. His creations, which include Raat(1991),
Kaun(1999), Bhoot(2003), Darna Mana Hai(2003) ,Vaastu Shastra(2004), Naina(2005),
Darna Zaroori Hai(2006) and the newly released Phoonk, are clearly a very Indianish blend
of scenes carefully morphed from all these films. But thanks to the strong performances by
the actors, good direction, subtle special effects and chilling sound effects, the movies have
done fairly well at the box office and proved successful in sending chills down quite a few
spines.
Literature review
The Hindi Horror Movie Genre
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
In the past, Hindi horror movies haven't fared quite as well as the musicals churned out of
Bollywood every year. The reputation of these once poorly made films seemed to follow
them throughout the decades and Hindi horror filmmakers have been working overtime to put
that reputation behind them. Some moviegoers even classified these films that were produced
with the purpose of scaring them, into the comedy category due to their weak plot lines and
laughable effects. All this is gradually changing, though it may be quite some time before the
horror films are as slickly produced as the Bollywood musicals that have experienced an
enormous amount of success worldwide.
Older Hindi Horror Movies
The plot lines in older horror movies made in Bollywood were centered around classic ghost
stories about reincarnated souls. In the late 1970's and 1980's, the plot lines in the films took a
turn from spooky ghost stories to movies featuring serial killers and the like. This is also the
time period where the most well known Hindi horror film directors, the Ramsay brothers, sur-
faced as the so-called "kings" of the "B-movie" horror genre in Bollywood.
Ramsay Brothers Movies
These brothers whipped out hundreds of horror movies over the decades. Almost all of the
Ramsay brothers' films followed relatively the same format:
A scantily clad heroine
A scantily clad best friend of the heroine
A muscular hero
A flashback montage in the beginning
Dark and spooky places
Ominous mood music that plays throughout the film
Scary monsters
The death of someone in the beginning that swears revenge on the people who have
done wrong by him (or her) in the beginning of the film.
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Even though the plots of these movies all seemed to be the same, people never became bored
of Ramsay brothers produced horror movies. Thus they became known as the "kings" of the
horror movie genre. Even with this measured amount of success with these films, they were
still considered to be "B" type movies and not the special effects extravaganzas of the typical
western horror film.
Present Day Hindi Horror Films
The success of the Ramsay brothers' movies began ebbing a bit in the 1990's. Audiences be-
gan yearning for more sophisticated films to scare them. Horror films began evolving out of
the sort of "monster movies" to supernatural and psychological thrillers. Of course, the Ram-
say brothers continue to make the "monster movie" type films, which continue to have a
strong and loyal following.
Some Movies to Check Out
Here's a short list of some websites where you can check out a few clips and trailers from a
few different types of Hindi horror films and maybe get a few suggestions along the way:
The Hot Spot Online
The Bollywood Horror Society
Bollywood Sargam
Calcutta Tube
Planet Bollywood
Something for Everyone
The production of Bollywood horror films has definitely come a long way and they may still
have a ways to go before they reach the sophistication of western produced horror films. You
have to remember, these films don't have the multi-million dollar budget that most American
made films have, so they really shouldn't be compared side by side. Hindi movies generally
have about one-tenth of the budget that American made horror movies have. Even with the
much smaller budget, the films produced are, if anything, entertaining.
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It doesn't matter if you love the monster type movies akin to an Attack of the Killer Toma-
toes western produced film or if you love scary movies more along the lines of psychological
or supernatural thrillers, Bollywood horror films definitely have a little something for every-
one to enjoy.
Hypothesis:
The hypothesis is that the audience would prefer to watch Hollywood horror films than
Bollywood horror movies.
Sampling:
1. The sample size taken for this paper is 100 respondents.
2. The respondents are from various cities in India – Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai,
Manipal, New Delhi.
Tools for Data Collection:
The major tool used for this report was online questionnaire. In addition to this, we conducted
telephonic conversations.
Methods of Data Analysis:
Interpretation of Interviews and Articles.
Data Presentation and Statistical Analysis.
Research Methodology:
The type of research and research design:
1. Exploratory
2. Descriptive
3. Causal
Our research is fundamentally exploratory and causal in nature. It involves an analysis of:
what-why -when-where-who-how a descriptive type of research would help us in:
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
1. Description of population characteristics
2. Estimates of frequency of characteristics
3. Discovery of associations among variables
Causal effects are a primary study.
The types of research-
1. Reporting
2. Descriptive
3. Explanatory
The research environment-field conditions formal survey and interviews with directors/cast &
crew and audiences of horror films observation of the audience's likes, I am conducting an
analysis and assessment to understand the ‘reason why do people watch horror films and
what are the conventions the audience look forward to watch a horror films’.
The types of marketing research done-
1. Film promotion research: to track the efficacy of promotions through various media,
to get attention, communicate the message, build the brand's image and motivate the
consumer to purchase the product or service.
2. Brand attribute research: what are the key traits that describe the brand promise that
lure the audience?
3. Commercial eye tracking research: examine film promotions, film distribution,
websites, etc, by analysing visual buying behaviour of the consumers.
4. Cool hunting: to make observations and predictions in changes of new or existing
cultural trends in areas such as fashion, music, films, television, youth culture and
lifestyle.
5. Buyer decision processes research: to determine what motivates people to buy and
what decision making process they use.
6. We are studying the audience level of attention, motivation, entertainment and
communication, as well as breaking down the movies flow of attention and flow of
emotions.
7. Segmentation research: to determine the demographic, psychographic and behavioural
characteristics of potential buyers.
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8. Online panel: groups of individuals who have accepted to respond to research online.
Our stages of research: purpose-population-procedure-publication
Where:
Purpose: covers the objectives
Population: prompts the researcher to consider the target audience, customer
Procedure: concerns data capture, processing and analysis
Publication: communicating results by written report and spoken presentation summary of
findings, analysis and suggestions.
Data Analysis
According to the graphical representations of Age groups and their preference to
watch horror films.
Horror movies have designated target audiences of the age group between 21 to 30
years old.
14%
80%2%
4%
Age groupA 16-20B 21-30C 31-40D 40 & abv
\
From the graphapical representation and analysis of what scares people the most
in a horror film?
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We found that people get invoked to the atmosphere of ‘dread’ with more real life
situation documentary in a horror films
0
20
40
60
80
14.5%25%
11.8%
39.5%
9.2%
What scares you the most in a horror film?
From the cross tabulation and graph representation of within horror movies,
what are their favourite genre of the audiences?
The factor analysis of attitudes related to the favourite genre after studying the ranking
preferences of the audiences, we understand that people mostly prefer Monster based
movies followed by Blood and Gore and so on with the least ranked is Psychological.
Blood and Gore
Psychological Thriller Monster based
Paranormal0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Rank 1Rank 2 Rank3Rank4Rank5
When asked people do u think that Bollywood creates as horrifying horror films
as Hollywood?
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
Clearly 91% with no bias and inclination towards the Indian cinema people said NO.
6%
94%
Do you think Bollywood creates as horrifying horror films as Hol-
lywood?
Yes No
When asked “What do you think Bollywood movies are based on”??
And the options given to them were as follows:
1. Original script
2. Real life situation
3. Copied from Hollywood
84.3% said “It’s copied from Hollywood”.
11.8 3.9
84.3
Bollywood Scripts are based on??
Original scriptReal life situationCoppied from Hollywood
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
The factor analysis of the attitudes and preferences of the audiences, If given a
choice to between an upcoming Hollywood horror film and Bollywood horror
film?
The graphical representation says:
90%
10%
PREFRENCE
Upcoming Hollywood Horror MoviesUpcoming Bollywood Horror Movies
Comparative study and growth of Bollywood & Hollywood horror films
The downfall of Bollywood horror films with the re-definition of “spookisim” by Ramsay
brothers who actually defined the B-grade film genre with some pathetic movies, some of
which were actually runaway successes, the movie plot revolved around evil spirits and de-
formed creatures terrorizing villages. The most popular targets were thinly clad women. In
between the horror (if there was any) there was a liberal sprinkling of sex and as much nudity
that could pass un-censored! It was their “success” formula which they rarely deviated from.
Well the situation did not improve in late eighties when lazy rip-offs from Hollywood were
made. We had the classic Exorcist remade as Jaadu Tona!Poltergeist was remade as Raat by
none other than Ram Gopal Verma. Where in Hollywood, horror and thrillers were emerging
as a competing and memorable genre with path breaking films like Rosemary’s Baby, Psy-
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
cho, Hell Raiser, The Shining and Frankenstein to name a few; in Bollywood we saw this
genre being cornered by low budgets, stereotyping and bad filmmaking.
In 1999, we saw Ram Gopal Verma return with the psychotic thriller Kaun? which was like
fresh air for this dying area of films with Urmila Matondkar’s performance. However, later
years were disappointing. The Bhatt camp produced the famous Raaz which was an adapta-
tion of What Lies Beneath. There was a string of some bad films like Hum Kaun Hai starring
Amitabh Bachchan which was a blot on The Others, Hawastarring Tabu, which I never saw
and some others which no one really bothered about.
In the recent past, we have seen only Ram Gopal Verma trying to come up with horror
movies which really don’t scare you but just disturb you enough to make you think why you
come to see this movie in the first place. Bhoot was an exception due to good acting, but as
far as the plot is concerned, the lesser said the better. Then of course, the Darna Mana Hai se -
ries, Vaastu Shastra and Darling proved to be detrimental to the careers of the actors con-
cerned. I would like to remind you of the apple story in the former which was “really” scary!
This was some movie which dragged people to the theatre after a person suffered a heart at-
tack while watching it. Bless the poor soul! Question is: did he suffer from fear or sheer
agony of the movie?
Well the director does not want to give up. Seems he is not going to till he gets a forced super
hit (no pun intended). Here I find it necessary to mention the recent Phoonk which was actu-
ally the inspiration to write this article. Apart from the weird name, it really has not much in
it. And I don’t know how critics are giving it positive reviews as it has nothing new. Probably
they are tired of ripping apart all movies that have come their way this year or maybe it has
been really a long time since some horror film hit the silver screen.
In a bid to overcome the punishing losses it suffered last year, the Hindi film industry is
turning to a new genre of films - horror movies - to lure fans back to the cinema halls. But
while Bollywood directors might have summoned the courage to break away from story lines
with time-tested formulas, whether they can tell a scary tale on the big screen well enough
remains to be seen.
Films like Raaz (Secret), Makdee (Spider) and Raat (Night), which dabble with the
supernatural, have all done well at the box office. The runaway success last year of Raaz - it
made Rs 280 million (US$6 million) on its Rs 50 million investment and is said to be among
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
the most profitable movies made in recent years - appears to have ignited the idea that scaring
sells.
And now comes the huge success of Bhoot (Ghost). Over the first weekend of its release,
Bhoot recovered the Rs 65 million invested in its making. Bhoot confirmed the signals sent
out by Raaz last year that audiences were sick of saccharine-sweet love stories and wanted
something different.
Frightening audiences out of their wits, moviemakers realized, would not be such a bad idea
after all. At least 10 horror films are scheduled for release this year. In Hawa (Wind), the
rapist is a sinister spirit. In Saaya (Shadow), a surgeon's dead wife tries to reach out to
him. Rudraksh (Seed), the source of the demon king Ravana's powers, sets off genetic
mutation.
The horror films that have been lined up for release from the year 2002 have much in
common. For one, several of them are suspiciously similar to Hollywood films. Raaz was a
remake of What Lies Beneath,Hawa is similar to The Entity and Anjaane (Unknown) is
inspired byThe Others. Besides, all of them are being made with small budgets and tight
schedules. Shooting for Saaya was completed in less than two months and on a budget of Rs
25 million, Anjaanewas made on a budget of Rs 40 million.
In the past, Bollywood's horror movies were set in remote bungalows; the ghost was usually a
woman, long hair flowing, floating around in a white sari at night. Weird things happened
only on stormy nights. The current wave of horror films is set in real surroundings - a flat in
middle-class Mumbai or Delhi. The face of the supernatural is often unseen, the sound and
visual effects more sophisticated. The recipe for a horror movie does not necessarily include
blood-soaked teeth or chopped limbs. As Namrata Joshi points out in Outlook, "The idea is
not to offer horror neat but as the main ingredient of a heady, entertaining cocktail."
Bollywood is turning to the paranormal to pull it out of the red, which is a rather scary
thought.
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Why have horror films continued to find decent audiences at a time when many are
shunning movie theaters?
With all the talk of a box-office slump afflicting Hollywood in the year 2005, the lowly hor-
ror flick, which often lacks big special effects, bankable stars and favorable reviews from
critics, has been a bright spot for the industry.
"The Exorcism of Emily Rose," which debuted three weeks ago, has been a surprise hit
for Sony(Research), generating nearly $63 million in ticket sales.
Earlier this year, a remake of "The Amityville Horror" did about $64 million while "The Ring
Two," a sequel to the 2002 blockbuster, brought in about $75 million.
"Horror is one of those genres that have a seemingly inexhaustible supply of audience," said
Paul Dergarabedian, president of Exhibitor Relations Co, a box-office tracking firm. "And
this year there has been a preponderance of ones that have done well."
Robert Routh, a media analyst with Jefferies & Co., said that the subject of horror films lend
themselves to more creative advertising campaigns. In addition, there's often a greater onus
on making sure the story is interesting since horror movies usually don't rely on well-known
movie starts.
"The key is quality. Who plays what part is not as big of a driver that leads people to the box
office as it is in an action/adventure film," said Routh.
With this in mind, horror movies are also a boon for many studios. Since production costs are
relatively low, it's a lot easier to make a healthy profit on a horror movie.
"Horror always has a consistent audience. That doesn't often translate into blockbuster num-
bers but since they tend to be cheaper anyway, they don't need to do over $100 million," said
Brandon Gray, president and publisher of Box Office Mojo, a movie research company.
Take last year's "Saw." It was the first movie for its writer and director and its main star was
Cary Elwes, a relatively well-regarded actor, but not someone in the league of Tom Cruise or
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
Brad Pitt. "Saw" only cost an estimated $1.2 million to make but generated more than $55
million in box office receipts in the United States, according to Box Office Mojo.
Lions Gate is obviously hoping to strike gold with the sequel and the small studio has a his-
tory of taking chances on horror movies.
The studio released "The Devil's Rejects" this summer, a movie made by musician Rob Zom-
bie. Although that generated just $17 million at the box office, it only cost an estimated $7
million to make. Lions Gate also had a hit with last year's minimalist shark attack movie
"Open Water," which featured two unknown actors and cost just $500,000. It did about $30
million at the U.S. box office.
"Lions Gate has generally been successful with horror and it's not surprising. Horror is the
sort of thing that smaller independents have historically done well," said Dennis McAlpine,
an independent media analyst.
He pointed to how New Line Cinema, which is now a part of Time Warner (Research), made
a name for itself in the 1980s with its popular "A Nightmare on Elm Street" series. (Time
Warner also owns CNN/Money.)
But Dergarabedian said that horror success isn't limited to independents. He said Sony has
done a solid job of producing and marketing hits through its Screen Gems label.
Summary
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
Horror, at least after pornography, is perhaps the least reputable among all categories of
film. The emotions it deals with are often tied up intimately to the body – rather than to the
mind or the soul and these might be understood as unpleasant – fear, disgust and revulsion.
Yet, there is a huge appetite for horror which continues even when other popular genres in
cinema have lost their attraction. One of the key elements in most horror films is the ‘mon-
ster’ – the horrific or repulsive object that no horror film can do without.
I will try to investigate the reasons behind this sudden upsurge of the films which can be
loosely clubbed under the ‘horror’ genre. But I do not intend to limit the study to horror, but
will try to address a larger domain, i.e., the realm of ‘dread’. While doing so, I will also touch
upon films that use sound to invoke the atmosphere of ‘dread’. One could take into account
any mainstream Hindi film having some emphasis on the sound design to create the atmos-
phere of ‘dread’. But before I start my analysis, I would like to suggest a distinction between
two terms, ‘dread’ and ‘fear’, which will help me explain my point. Let me say what I mean
by the distinction between ‘dread’ and ‘fear’. By ‘fear’, I point to emotions of a more visceral
kind, something like a physical threat, which does not leave its impact on a psychological
level for a prolonged period. I do not mean fear does not have any psychological impact or it
does not have any psychological basis attached to it. I am trying to point out that ‘fear’ is
more inclined towards an instant reaction and is definitely a short-lived one. In short, ‘fear’ is
more of a bodily reaction. ‘Dread’, on the other hand, is a purely psychological phenomenon.
It is meant to stay and it is often culture and class specific. ‘Dread’ does not lie in the threat
of being physically hurt, but in the anticipation of an unknown attack. I will try to elaborate
on these terms further as the discussion proceeds.
It is evident from the nature and subject of the films that there is a definite difference be-
tween films with supernatural subjects and those dealing with other subjects but using sound
to invoke ‘dread’. Therefore, I have tried to treat these two categories differently. Firstly, I
will take up the case of horror films. The primary purpose of these films is to frighten the au -
dience. Now, in the process of frightening people, horror films use two methods: either create
some kind of a monster, or adopt a device to produce some kind of shock, Indian horror films
can be divided distinctly in two different generations depending on their visual style, treat-
ment and target audience. But what intrigues me is the marked shift in sound design over the
last few years in horror films. Definitely, there is a shift in the visual style as they move from
monsters to shock, from visceral ‘fear’ to psychological ‘dread’. But to study the change in
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
sound design I would draw attention to the devices used to create ‘dread’ and ‘fear’ on
screen.
The Bollywood horror genre has changed significantly since the days of women screaming in
bikinis. A sign of these changing times are the incoming fright flicks, armed to the teeth with
new technology such as 3D to scare the pants of the modern audience.
One such advocate is filmmaker Vikram Bhatt, whose next is touted to be the first Indian hor-
ror film in 3D.“It’s been my most challenging and fulfilling movie. It was all new, the style
was new, the technology was new,” he proclaims.
Also on the horizon is filmmaker Ekta Kapoor’s paranormal film. Ekta had described its orig-
inal presentation, “The way the film was run is a grabbed footage feed.” This style means the
footage appears like an amateur home video. The method, which involved 24 cameras posi-
tioned at various angles in the house, is pioneering in Bollywood. The appearance of the
footage as raw makes the story more believable because it downplays the presence of a movie
crew and suggests it had happened in real life. Ekta had further stoked these fires saying,
“The footage is based on a true story.” The method used to film the horror flick has invoked
comparisions to its Hollywood counterpart Paranormal Activity.
But ask trade analyst Komal Nahta about the revolutionising of the horror genre with the lat-
est technology, and he assesses that technology alone cannot be relied on to make a success-
ful fright flick.
Conclusion
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The Bollywood horror genre has changed significantly since the days of women screaming in
bikinis and a sign of the times is the incoming fright flicks, armed to the teeth with new tech -
nology such as 3-D to scare the pants of the modern audience.
One such advocate is Haunted 3D, that is credited asIndia’s first stereoscopic 3D film and
masterminded by horror maestro Vikram Bhatt. The director boasts just under 30 years of ex-
perience but still regards the film with precedence, “Haunted is my most challenging and ful-
filling movie. It was all new, the style was new, the technology was new. It is a unique mile-
stone in Indian cinema,” he proclaims.
Leading man Mahaksahy Chakraborty attests to the change in requirements of shooting in
3D, “At first it was difficult to cope with 3D standards; you have to change how you talk,
how you stand, and your body language. It was ten times tougher than a normal film.” Ac-
cording to Chakraborty, the hard work paid off. “Haunted is absolutely revolutionary, it’s ten
leaps ahead by being in 3D and five leaps ahead in the Indian horror genre.” He believes the
film’s themes are a far cry from the blood and guts of Bollywood’s Old School horror, which
had earlier populated Bollywood. “Haunted is very eerie, there are a lot of silences and it
thrives on the emptiness of horror, leaving the audience guessing ‘what’s going to happen
next’,” he describes.
Also on the horizon is Ragini MMS, featuring a couple on a romantic getaway that is terror-
ized by a supernatural spirit. The producer, Ekta Kapoor, had described its original presenta-
tion, “the way the film was run is a grabbed footage feed.” This style means the footage ap -
pears like an amateur home video. The method, which involved 24 cameras positioned at var-
ious angles in the house, is pioneering in Bollywood. The appearance of the footage as raw
makes the story more believable because it downplays the presence of a movie crew and sug-
gests it had happened in real life. Kapoor had further stoked these fires saying, “The footage
is based on a true story.”
Though novel to Bollywood, Ragini’s has drawn comparisons with the Hollywood counter-
partParanormal Activity because it was filmed in a similar format and even has the same sto-
ryline. Although admitting Ragini was inspired by the way Paranormal Activity was filmed,
Kapoor had denied any further likenesses.
Ragini is another example of Bollywood filmmakers revolutionizing the horror genre by
adopting innovative practices and Kapoor was reportedly optimistic for success, stating confi-
dently, “Ragini MMS will be the scariest movie to date in India.” Trade analyst Komal Nahta
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Manipal University, MBA in Media & Entertainment 2012
believes Haunted 3D will benefit from the novelty factor of being the first Indian film shot in
3D, but says horror films cannot count on technology alone for frights. “Everyone is relying
on technology to add to the horror but first and foremost the subject of the film must be horri-
fying, it needs a good story.”
Also, the Hollywood movies do not lose touch from reality which Bollywood movies do
very easily. Hollywood movies have good actors and mostly that is why the actors don’t need
too much make up because the acting does wonders whereas in Bollywood movies too much
make up and the urge to prove to be better actor than the other spoils the soup. More than just
making a big budgeted horror movie the west tries to make small budget movies with strong
scripts and new talent so that the movie feels fresh. In Bollywood however the actors are
repetitive and major actors are roped in or movies to make an effect on the box-office but the
story and script are very weak!
Hollywood movies are preferred any day rather than Bollywood movies because there
are not much clichés and most of them are based on original script and real life situation and
has something different to offer in every movie, whereas Bollywood continues with its love
story and singing behind the trees and its USP that is melodrama which Indian audience is
tired of watching. In spite of an apt with new technologies like 3D, better sound effects and
VFXs Bollywood horror movies have failed to create an impact on Indian audiences.
“Everyone is relying on technology to add to the horror, but first and foremost the subject
of the film must be horrifying, it needs to have a good story.”
For references please visit:
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http://movies.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Hindi_Horror_Movies
http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2011/vikram-bhatt-dub-voice-haunted-
220211-aid0097.html
http://www.weknowfunny.com/HorrorBusinessPlan.pdf
http://www.phalanx.in/pages/article_i006_nation_and_transgression.html
http://www.jmionline.org/jmi6_8.html
http://money.cnn.com/2005/09/30/news/fortune500/horror/index.htm
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