distance based speed control of induction motorl293d motor driver ic the l293d device is a h bridge...

e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

Volume:02/Issue:09/September -2020 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

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www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

DISTANCE BASED SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR

Aakash S.*1, Bhanu Prakash R*2, Dinesh T.H.*3, Hemanth Kumar B.*4, Shobana D.*5

*1, *2,*3,*4Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Panimalar Institute of Technology,

No.391, Bangalore Trunk Road, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600123 *5Professor, Department of Electronics and Electronics Engineering, Panimalar Institute of

Technology, No.391, Bangalore Trunk Road, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai,

Tamil Nadu 600123.

ABSTRACT

The speed control in train involves caution, because it must controlled based on the Caution Order issued by

the Railway authority. Our idea makes to control the speed of train automatically using the caution order

loaded SD card, interfaced to a controller for the automation of the above purpose. The idea of automation is

to minimize the job burden of Loco Pilots, instead of completely replacing them. We have proposed the proto

type model of the actual one, which controls the speed of Induction motor (instead of train) with respect to

the distance moved.

Keywords: Caution order, automation, Loco Pilots, proto type, train.

I. INTRODUCTION

The Caution Order makes the Loco Pilot to control the speed of train according to it. It is manual and very

cautious. The little deviation of the train speed from the Caution Order leads to enquiry / punishment.

In order to overcome the above difficulty, our team has proposed a project for automating the speed control

of train which works in accordance to the Caution Order. The original project is done as a prototype at this

moment, to overcome the huge budget.

The stored Caution Order – speed data in a microSD card enables the microcontroller to control the speed of

a Induction motor, using a l293D motor driver, an high torque DC motor and the TRIAC based AC voltage

regulator. This reduces the work pressure of the Loco Pilots while controlling the speed of the train in

accordance to Caution Order.

II. CONCEPTS INVOLVED

EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing system uses a manual verification of the distance travelled by a train and the consequent speed

control of the train, as mentioned in Caution Order. This method involves more caution. If any Loco Pilot

misses the distance / signal, they will be enquired / punished severely.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system automates the work of speed control in trains, in which the Loco Pilots are free from the

verification of train speed accordance with the Caution Order.

DISTANCE BASED SPEED CONTROL

The Caution Order holds the data of maintaining the constant speed for the specified regions, in a row

manner. The specified regions are mentioned in it, in the form of pole number. But, we are going to replace

the pole number with the distance of journey.

Here, the rotations of the motor shaft are measured using a photoelectric speed sensor. This data is sent to an

Arduino microcontroller. Based on the rotations of the motor and the Caution Order stored data in SD card

the speed control of motor, by Arduino microcontroller, is obtained in our prototype model developed.



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DESCRIPTION

Speed sensor

IR Proximity sensor is a simple Infrared Sensor. It can be used to detect the obstacles in its way.

It can also be used to measure the distance and the speed of a rotating shaft of a motor which is close to it.

Its working principle is given below.

Figure1: IR based speed sensor

The IR bases speed sensor sends out the Infra Red (IR) rays from the IR LED (Light Emitting Diode). After

hitting the obstacle, this IR rays are returned back to the IR rays absorbing diode. This increases the voltage

on the OUT pin as a pulsed +5 V. When there is no IR ray falling on the IR receiver, the OUT pin gives out only

a 0 V. This pulse is necessary to identify it as the distance travelled by the motor. It also used to measure the

speed of the motor.

Thus, the distance travelled and the speed of induction motor is identified using this IR based speed sensor.

Micro SD card module

The micro SD card module is used for reading and writing the files. This SD card module uses SPI protocol to

communicate with the microcontroller. We have used the 16 GB SD card in it. The SD card has the Caution

order – speed data.

Figure2: Micro SD card module

In our project, the SPI functionality is obtained by attaching the SD card library. It is because; the SD card

library is used to internally implement the SPI library for processing its operation. It is done by adding

“#include ” to the source code.

Power adapter

The power adapter used here is to supply the power to Arduino, L293D driver, push to lock switch, IR based

speed sensor and SD card module.

The power supply voltage and the corresponding connected components are shown below.

+5 V –SD card module, push to lock switch, IR based speed sensor.

+12 V – Arduino UNO board, L293D driver.

https://www.factoryforward.com/product/ir-proximity-sensor/



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Figure3: Power adapter

L293D motor driver IC

The L293D device is a H bridge type driver. It is suitable for driving the DC motors in both the directions. Its

maximum current limit is 0.6 A and the input voltage range is 4.5 to 36 V It can supply the voltage to relays,

solenoid, high current or high voltage demanding components.

The totempole drive circuit is used for the output. Two DC motors can be attached and driven using it. The

first motor can be attached to 1, 2 and EN1 pins, while the second motor can be attached to 3,4 and EN 2 pins.

Here we are going to drive only one high torque DC motor.

This IC is suitable for working in 0°C to 70°C.

Figure4: Pin configuration of L293D IC

The L293D IC in our project, used as controller to control the high torque motor. The input pulses to the

L293D IC determine the output speed and direction of the connected DC motor. The input voltage is given to

the L293D IC, by the power supply board.

Its features are given below:

• It has the input - logic supply separately

• It has the ESD protection internally

• The inputs are highly noise immune

• For a channel 600 mA can be delivered by it.

• It can suppress the inductive transient using the output clamped diode.

It can drive the Stepper Motors, D.C. Motors and Latching Relays.

TRIAC based AC Voltage Regulator

The 220 V AC input is given to the regulator. The output voltage can be controlled by varying the

potentiometer.



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Figure5: TRIAC based Voltage Regulator

It has reverse polarity protection, high current protection. It can also perform well in high temperature. It

can deliver a maximum power: 2000w with AC voltage of 110-220v. Its voltage regulation is Ac 50-220 V

The high power thyristor can adjust the current of load upto 25 A to solve the the overcurrent problem and

also the heating. The wire resistance is too small, which makes the circuit to be cooled in a easy manner. The

output voltage can be adjusted between 90 to 220 volts while using the electric motor.

Its features are

Voltage regulation is of AC 50-220 V

No working during DC operation

Bta16 TRIAC is employed

1 HP is the maximum power delivered by it.

Arduino UNO development board

The Arduino UNO development board is the brain of this project. This board can do automated works by

writing the sketches in Arduino IDE and uploading it to the development board.

In our project, we have included the libraries like SD.h which are useful to implement the SD card read and

write.

Figure-6: Arduino UNO development board

It is powered up by the power adapter. It reads the Caution Order stored in the SD card using the SPI

protocol of the SD card module. The interrupt pin in it is used to read the pulse output of the speed sensor.

The board also uses the signals to drive the DC motor, using the L293D driver. The initializing push to lock

switch will also be interfaced with it.



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Single phase induction motor

Figure-7: Single phase induction motor

The Induction motor used here represents the motor of a train. Its speed is controlled by varying the

resistance of TRIAC based voltage regulator. The shaft of the induction motor has an attachment of gear with

a foldable bracket, in a way for the speed and distance measurement by the IR based speed sensor.

Push to lock switch

The push to lock switch is used to initialize the Arduino board. This enables all the functions of the

microcontroller with its peripherals. Without it, only the induction motor runs, due to the switched ON power

supply of the TRIAC based AC voltage regulator.

Figure-8: Push to lock switch

HIGH TORQUE DC MOTOR

The high torque motor is used to vary the resistance of potentiometer of TRIAC based voltage regulator. This

motor is coupled with the resistance of potentiometer. The motor operates on +12 V and it has 3.5 rpm

This motor is controlled by the power given out by L293D driver.

Figure-9: High torque DC motor



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BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure-10: Block diagram

The Caution Order speed data given to the Loco Pilot will be stored in the micro SD card, which will be read

by an Arduino board (Microcontroller) using a micro SD card module. The above action happens after the

press of push to lock switch. The files in the SD card are read one by one, after the passing of required region.

The motor speed and the distance travelled is measured using the counts given out by the Infra Red based

photoelectric speed sensor.

The microcontroller here will check for the crossing of the current region to the next region. If, the

microcontroller finds out so, the next region speed data will be read from another file. Then, the

microcontroller gives the signal to L293D IC to control the speed of high torque DC motor. This will in turn

change the potentiometer of the TRIAC based AC voltage regulator. This process will change the speed of

induction motor, in accordance with the region speed data. Again the above process repeats until all the

regions data are read and implemented.

The power supply for the Arduino board is given using a power adapter. The single phase A.C. 230 V will be

converted into 12 V, 5 V and 3.3 V DC, using the power adapter.. AC voltage is fed as the input power to the

TRIAC based AC voltage regulator. L293D IC is also powered by the power adapter. The power adapter has

+12 V DC input.

III. WORKING AND OUTPUT

The Caution Order contains the data of speed control required for a given region. The below given files has

the speed data loaded twice in each of it. But, the microcontroller consider it as one data.

MICRO SD CARD

MODULE

IR BASED SPEED

SENSOR

AC TO

DCPOWER

ADAPTER

HIGH TORQUE DC

MOTOR

TRIAC BASED AC

VOLTAGE

REGULATOR

SINGLE PHASE AC

SUPPLY MICROCONTROLLER

SINGLE

PHASE

INDUCTION

MOTOR

INITIALIZE

button

L293D DRIVER

MODULE

COUPLING



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Figure-11: The files in SD card representing the speed data in caution order

1. Memory card contains the Caution Order. In our case, it has three files representing the three speed data

in Caution Order. The memory card is interfaced to Arduino using SPI protocol.

2. After pressing the push to lock switch, the Arduino board is initialized. The files in the SD card are read

one by one base on the regions using Arduino microcontroller, to retrieve the speed. The region -range

data is written in the source code of program.

3. Simultaneously, the photoelectric sensor interfaced with the Arduino microcontroller is used to measure

the rotations of the motor shaft; are used for measuring both the speed and the distance of the shaft.

4. Based on the region data, the speed of the high torque motor is controlled using the L293D driver. L293D

driver operates as a voltage controller to vary the potentiometer resistance in the TRIAC based voltage

regulator.

5. The above step controls the voltage of power supply to the induction machine.

6. The motor speed changes to the required speed. The above process continues, until the change in region

occurs.

7. The change in region makes the Arduino UNO to retrieve the next file in the SD card, representing the

speed required to be maintained in the next region.

8. For Arduino, the power adaptor provides the power to it.

Thus, the motor automatically controls the speed of motor, in accordance to the Caution Order stored in

SDcard.

The following images show the kit developed by us.

Figure-12: Photo electric sensor coupled with motor



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Figure-13: The complete circuit

Figure-14: Initializing, counting and the speed output in correspondence with the caution order speed output



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Figure-15: Graphical output for distance based speed control

IV. CONCLUSION

The project developed by us provides an easy and automated speed control of induction motor which can be

used in trains. This will surely help the Loco Pilot in reducing their burden while driving the engine. The

project developed can be improved by adding the open, short circuit, over and under voltage condition along

with high cost and heavy power semiconductor switches having harmonic filtered power supply circuits,

while implementing it in a train. In future, this project can be implemented in trams, automobiles, and other

rail related transportation services, with an advanced input systems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank my College, the HoD, the teachers, the project guide and finally the other friends for supporting us in

this project. I also thank our parents for providing the fund required for this project.

V. REFERENCES [1] R. Dharmaprakash and Joseph Henry, “Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor Using Three Level

Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter”, 3rd IEEE Sponsored International Conference on Computation of

Power, Energy, Instrumentation and Communication, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College,

Melmaruvathur, 16th & 17th April 2014.

[2] Dr. S. Deepa, N. Anipriya, R. Subbulakshmy(2015) “Design of Controllers for Continuous Stirred Tank

Reactor” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS) Vol. 5, No. 4, April 2015,

pp. 576~582

[3] Lavanya Dhanesh and Dr. P. Murugesan , “Smart Scheduling of the Real-Time Tasks Using the Cyclic

Priority Preemptive Pipeline Scheduling Algorithm” in the International Journal named “Journal of

Computational and Theoretical Nano Science” ISSN 1546 - 1955 Volume 14,Number 3, pp.1-8.

[4] R. Dharmaprakash and Joseph Henry, “Switching Table Based 2-Level Inverter and 3- Level Diode

Clamped Inverter”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol. 60, No. 2, Feb.

2014, pp.380-389.

[5] R. Dharmaprakash and Joseph Henry, “Investigation of Three Level Diode Clamped Inverter Switching

Tables without Using Medium Vectors for Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor", Middle-East

Journal of Scientific Research Vol. 23, 89-96, 2015, DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2015.23.ssps.23

[6] Deepa S., Samuel rajesh babu., Ranjani(2014) “A Robust Statcom Controller Using Particle Swarm

Optimization” , IJE TRANSACTIONS B: Applications. Vol. 27, No. 5 pp.731-738.

[7] Mr. V. Sudharsan, “Hardware efficient realization of an autonomous robot with UART based control for

navigating static and dynamic obstacles”, International Journal of Mechanical and Production

Engineering Research and Development, Vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 837-845 & 2018



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[8] Deepa S. Rajapandian.S., (2010), “Implementation of DVR for voltage sag mitigation”, International

journal of Engineering science and technology, Vol.2 No.10, pp.5825-5830.

[9] arduino.cc/en/guide/environment

[10] https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/SD

[11] https://www.elprocus.com/h-bridge-motor-control-circuit-using-l293d-ic/

[12] https://www.factoryforward.com/ir-proximity-sensor-

arduino/#:~:text=IR%20Proximity%20sensor%20is%20a,any%20other%20obstacle%20detection%

20projects.

[13] https://lastminuteengineers.com/l293d-dc-motor-arduino-tutorial/

[14] https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/reverendfuzzy/simple-on-off-pushbutton-f637a7

[15] https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/power/diac.html
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/SDhttps://www.elprocus.com/h-bridge-motor-control-circuit-using-l293d-ic/https://www.factoryforward.com/ir-proximity-sensor-arduino/#:~:text=IR%20Proximity%20sensor%20is%20a,any%20other%20obstacle%20detection%20projectshttps://www.factoryforward.com/ir-proximity-sensor-arduino/#:~:text=IR%20Proximity%20sensor%20is%20a,any%20other%20obstacle%20detection%20projectshttps://www.factoryforward.com/ir-proximity-sensor-arduino/#:~:text=IR%20Proximity%20sensor%20is%20a,any%20other%20obstacle%20detection%20projectshttps://lastminuteengineers.com/l293d-dc-motor-arduino-tutorial/https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/reverendfuzzy/simple-on-off-pushbutton-f637a7

distance based speed control of induction motorl293d motor driver ic the l293d device is a h bridge...

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