distributed conected generation
TRANSCRIPT
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Distributed Generation (DG)
Ehab El-SaadanyProfessor
Canada Research Chair in Energy Systems
ECE Department, University of Waterloo
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Overview of Different DG
Technologies
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Outlines
Introduction
Renewable Distributed Generation
Non Renewable Distributed Generation
Storage Devices
Demand Side Management
Smart Grid Concept
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Distributed Generation
Technologies
Renewables Non-Renewables StorageDevices
- Wind Power
- Solar Photovoltaic
- Small Hydro Power
- Biomass
- Tidal Energy
- Waver Energy- Geothermal
- Reciprocating Engine
- Micro-turbine
- Fuel Cell
- Super-conductingmagnetic energy
storage (SMES)
- Battery energy
storage system
(BESS)
- Flywheel- Ultra-capacitors
- Modular pumped
hydro
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Outlines
Introduction
Renewable Distributed Generation
Non Renewable Distributed Generation
Storage Devices
Demand Side Management
Smart Grid Concept
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Wind Power
Wind: Large scale movement of air masses in
the atmosphere
Wind speed increase with height
Modern wind turbine hub height > 100 m
Cost become comparable to traditionalgeneration
Increased mass production
Matured Technology
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Global wind power generation progress and
prediction
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Quantify the World
The goal of this study is to quantify the worlds wind power potential. Wind
speeds are calculated at 80 m; the hub height of modern, 77-m diameter, 1500kW turbines
Europe North America
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Africa Asia
Conclusions
Approximately 13% of all stations worldwide belong to class 3 or greater (i.e., annual
mean wind speed 6.9 m/s at 80 m) and are therefore suitable for wind powergeneration.
The average calculated 80-m wind speed was 4.59 m/s (class 1) when all stations areincluded; if only stations in class 3 or higher are counted, the average was 8.44 m/s (class5).
Offshore stations experience mean wind speeds at 80 m that are ~90% greater thanover land on average
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General Characteristics of Wind Power
Performance is very site specific
Generally not building integrated
Cost effectiveness improves with turbine size Turbine output increases with height
Structure must consider vibration
Maintenance required (1 to 2/ KWh)
Installed cost $1K-$22K / kW
Wind farms: 5to 8/KWh
Small turbines: 20to 30/KWh
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Advantages
Wind energy offers many advantages such as:
Wind energy is a clean fuel source that doesn't pollute the
environment.
Wind turbines don't produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain or
greenhouse gasses.
Wind energy relies on the renewable power of the wind that
can't be used up.
Wind energy is the lowest-priced renewable energytechnologies available today, costing between 5 and 8 cents
per kilowatt-hour.
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Disadvantages
In additions to the offered advantages by wind power, there are someassociated disadvantages such as:
Wind power must compete with conventional generation sources on a cost basis.
Wind is irregular and it does not always blow when electricity is needed.
Not all winds can be harnessed to meet the timing of electricity demands.
High level of uncertainty in production (un-dispatchable)
Wind energy cannot be stored (unless batteries or other storage devices are used).
Good wind sites are often located in remote locations, far from cities where the
electricity is needed.
Wind resource development may compete with other uses for the land and those
alternative uses may be more valued than electricity generation.
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Wind Variability
SynopticDiurnal,turbulence
Largevariabilityoverlongertimeframe
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Frequency Distribution of Wind (Wind PDF)
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Power Curve ( Function of Wind Speed)
istheairdensity,Aistherotorsweptarea,UisthewindspeedandCp isthepowercoefficientthatrepresentstheaerodynamicefficiencyoftherotor.
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Result
Wind Speed Variability Power Variability
Wind farms can smooth the second to second variability
If second to second variability smoothed, 10 minute averagewill be smoothed as well
Wind in non-dispatchable un-predictable need extra
fast acting dispatching units to dance with the wind Gas Turbine
Large Hydro Units with large reservoir
Storage
Long term variability is large.
Week correlation between power output and load demand
Stress on system operator
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Solar Power
Solar power refers to converting sunlight, directly or
indirectly, to electricity or heat energy.
Types:
Concentrating Solar Power Systems (CSP)
Photovoltaic systems (PV)
Silicon
Thin Film
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Location Dependency
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Technology Barriers Low Conversion Efficiency
High cost ( it costs about 8-10 times the cost ofproducing power from wind)
Extensive Land Use (150kW/Acre)
Require technology break through to preserve future
market share, can not compete with other generationresources.
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Small Hydro Power Small size ( 5- 30 MW per site)
Classification
Dammed ( small dam, small storage capacity) (Dispatchable) Run of River ( Non Dispatchable)
River Flow change significantly during the year
Flow is high during Summer and Spring Flow is low or doesnt exist in Winter season
Correlation with Winter Peaking load in Canada is low
Who is building in Canada ! Plutonic Power & GE 1000 MW of run of river across multiple
sites on British Colombia
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Dammed Hydro Power
Powerisdispatchable
Power proportional: TheHeadofwater Quantityofwater
Providesomeflexibilitytodancewithwind
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Run of River: Concept
http://www.plutonic.ca/s/RunofRiver.asp
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Power House Construction
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GreenPowerCorridor
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Biomass Generation Dispatchable similar to the fossil fuel based generation
Large Capacity Factor ( around 0.85)
Biomass, a renewable energy source, is biological material derivedfrom living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, andalcohol fuels.
Energy density is low. Need more fuel to generate same amount of
power Cost of transportation may exceed cost of generated electricity
itself
Fuel must be produced and consumed on site
This put limits on the size of biomass plant
Most Biopower plants use direct-fired systems.
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Generation Capacity Factor The net capacity factor of a power plant is the ratio of the actual output of
a power plant over a period of time and its output if it had operated at fullnameplate capacity the entire time.
Base-load power plant A base load power plant with a capacity of 1,000 (MW) might produce 648,000 (MWh) in a
30-day month
Wind Farm The Burton Wold Wind Farm consists of ten Enercon E70-E4 wind turbines @ 2 MW
nameplate capacity for a total installed capacity of 20 MW. In 2008 the wind farm generated43,416 MWh of electricity. (Note 2008 was a leap year.)
29
%909.01000)/24()30(
000,648
MWdayhoursday
MWhCF
%25247.020)/24()366(
416,43
MWdayhoursday
MWhCF
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Direct-Fired Systems
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In direct-fired systems Biomass is burned directly to produce steam.This steam is captured by a turbine, and a generator then converts itinto electricity.
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What is Biogas
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Biogas is the mixture of methane, carbon
dioxide and other minor gases formed
from decomposition of organic materials
From livestockoperations
From wastewatertreatment plants
From landfills
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Advantages of Biogas
Electricity Benefits
Up to 185 MW in new capacity
Up to 1.3 billion kwhr/yr of delivered electricity
May be in electricity constrained areas
Environmental Benefits
Reduced groundwater pollution
Reduced methane emissions: over 150,000 tons per year
Reduced NOx emissions: up to 170 tons per year
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Biogas Barriers
Health and Safety Issues
Explosion and fire hazards Increased exposure to vectors (fungal & bacterial)
Odors
Environmental Impacts
Global climate change (CH4, CO2)
Emissions from disposal practices (NOx, SOx, etc)
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Biogas Electricity in Canada
Total: ~ 300 MW of biogas facilities
Landfill gas to electricity (LFGTE)
58 facilities: ~260 MW
220 kW - 40 MW in capacity
Wastewater treatment plant to electricity (WTPE)
23 facilities: ~ 40 MW
50 kW - 15 MW in capacity
Livestock digester gas to electricity (LDGTE)
5 facilities: < 400 kW
all less than 200 kW
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Tidal Energy
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Tidal Power Where in Canada: Bay of Fundy
Potential for 600 MW development by 2020
Annapolis 30 MW, low capacity factor
Non-Disptachable but Predictable
Pulsed power output
Large generation would require Investigation
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Geothermal
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The heat from the earth is known as
Geothermal Energy.
Use the steam produced fromreservoirs of hot water found below theEarth's surface to rotates a turbine thatactivates a generator, which produceselectricity.
Most common types of Geothermalpower plants:
Dry steam power plants Flash steam power plants
Binary cycle power plants
GeothermalpowerplantinCalifornia(402.8MW)Credit:
WarrenGretz
Credit:SierraPacific
G h l P Pl
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Geothermal Power PlantsDry Steam Power Plant
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Source:GeothermalTechnologiesProgram,EnergyefficiencyandRenewableEnergy,
USDepartmentofEnergy
The steam goes
directly to a
turbine, whichdrives a generator
that produces
electricity
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Geothermal Power Plants
Flash Steam Power Plant
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Source:GeothermalTechnologiesProgram,EnergyefficiencyandRenewableEnergy,
USDepartmentofEnergy
Flash Steam
Power Plants are the
most common form
of geothermal power
plant. The hot water
at temp. above 182
C0 is pumped under
great pressure to the
surface. When it
reaches the surface
the pressure is
reduced and as a
result some of the
water changes to
steam
G
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Geothermal Power Plants
Binary Cycle Power Plant
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Source:GeothermalTechnologiesProgram,EnergyefficiencyandRenewableEnergy,
USDepartmentofEnergy
Used with water at
temperature less than170C0. The hot water is
passed through a heat
exchanger in
conjunction with a
secondary fluid whichvaporizes and turns the
turbines.
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Outlines
Introduction
Renewable Distributed Generation
Non Renewable Distributed Generation
Storage Devices
Demand Side Management
Smart Grid Concept
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Reciprocating Engine Most Mature Technology
Suitable for CHP Application
Fuelled by Natural Gas or Diesel
Diesel Engine is the dominant for applications 1-5 MW
Could be used as a stand-by power source
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Application CHP plants
Standby generators
Supply for remote areas, with no access for transmission
grid
Difficulties
Fuel transportation for remote areas Cost more than utility supply
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Micro-Turbine
Size less than 200 kW
Output high frequency AC
Power
Power Electronic interface isrequired
Turbineoutputpower
PowerSuppliedtotheload
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Fuel Cell Electro-chemical device.
Convert chemical energy of fueldirectly to electricity.
Expensive compared to other DGtechnology limit technologymarket share.
Difficulty dealing with fuel ( Ex.Natural Gas, Hydrogen)
O li
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Outlines
Introduction
Renewable Distributed Generation
Non Renewable Distributed Generation
Storage Devices
Demand Side Management
Smart Grid Concept
Ad
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Advantage
storing and moving low-cost powerinto higher price markets, reducingpeak power prices.
Arbitrage
voltage regulation, black start,frequency control, emergency power.
Security andassurance
reducing the cycling and dispatch oflarge fossil units meant for base load
Assetoptimization
transforming take it when you can getit into scheduled power.
Enhancingrenewable
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Advantage
Depending on location, it could be
used for transmission asset deferral
Transmission
asset deferrals
Provide security and reliability for DG
operationSupport DG
Charging when wind is high, load is low
Discharging when wind is low, load ishigh
Support Large
Scale WindFarms Operation
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Storage Advantage
A li ti
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Applications
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World Energy Storage Installations
S I ll d C
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Storage Installed Capacity
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Lowcorrelationbetweenpeakloadandmaximumwindgeneration.
Winddevelopenergywhenthereislowdemandandfailtoproduce
energyunderhighdemandcondition.
Impliesdiminishvalueofwindwithincreasedpenetration
SimilardiscussionforSolarWind.
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DG Storage FirmCapacity& Energy
S T h l
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Storage Technology
ElectricityStorageAssociation
VRB:Vanadium Redox, ZnBr: Zinc Bromine; NaS: sodium-sulfur
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Pumped Storage Pumped hydro storage is a conventional energy storage technology
utilized by the electrical industry. Water in a basin at the top of amountain is used to drive a generator in a reservoir at a lowerlevel. When surplus energy is available, the water is pumped backup again. The power output and the cost efficiency of pumpedhydro storage depends on the difference in height.
S M ti E St
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Super Magnetic Energy Storage
SMES store energy in the magnetic field of a coil made from
special alloys.
By cooling the conducting wires to - 269C the resistanceof the material to electrical current disappears, allowing it to
conduct very high currents without electrical losses.
Considerable energy requirement for refrigeration. Also, the
current has to flow through non-super-conducting
components and solid-state switches, which cause resistivelosses.
Despite this, the overall efficiency in commercial applicationsis very high.
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Flywheel The energy is stored as kinetic energy in a rotating
mass. The amount of energy stored increases with the
square of the rotational speed, which is limited by thetensile strength of the material used.
Applicable mainly for power quality applications
H d E S
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Hydrogen Energy Storage
OPPORTUNITY
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BENEFITS
Match intermittentrenewable energy
supply with demand
Enable renewableenergy to be used for
base load powereliminating high costand carbon emitting
power plants
Enable load profilingincluding grid
optimization and peakshaving opportunities
OPPORTUNITY
Hydrogen can be produced andstored economically forinstantaneous electricity
production
Fuel cells can be used aselectricity generators and over
time replace conventionalcombustion power plants and
diesel generators
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Example
Compressed Air Energy Storage
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Compressed Air Energy Storage
Wind power can be
used to run motorsto compress airduring
off peak operation
Compressed air usedto generate electricity
during peaks
Large scale
implementation notproven yet
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CAES + WIND
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Storage and CAES Can balance fluctuating wind power for a limited
period of time
Limit the need for fossil reserve power plants
Avoid shut down of wind converters in case of grid lowload and high wind
Reduce need for additional grid capacity
Outlines
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Introduction
Renewable Distributed Generation
Non Renewable Distributed Generation
Storage Devices
Demand Side Management
Smart Grid Concept
Demand Side Management
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Demand Side Management
Actions and programs that influence the patterns or
the quantity of energy consumed by end users
The program can be designed to Minimize the peak demand
Improve load factor ( ratio between Average and
Maximum Load) Shift peak demand ( ex. Time of Use Tariff)
Electrification programs are kind of DSM whichpromote the use of more energy and electricity in
rural areas. ( Tend to increase energy demand)
Some definitions include DSM as a DG technology
Load Shapes
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DSM Examples
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p
Load Curtailment programs that pay the customer forreducing peak load during critical time.
Dynamic pricing programs that give customers an
incentive to lower peak loads to reduce electricity bill.
Outlines
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Introduction
Renewable Distributed Generation
Non Renewable Distributed Generation
Storage Devices
Demand Side Management
Smart Grid Concept
Drivers for the Smart Grid
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Drivers for the Smart Grid
Global increasing demand and decreasing resources
Integration of renewable generation and DG
Urbanization
Global Warming
Open markets
Need for more efficient operation, more reliability, andsecurity
The Smart Grid
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Smart Grid Technology
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Distributed Generation & Renewable Energy
Smart Metering & Sensing
Power electronic controllers ( HVDC & FACTS)
Condition based Predictive Maintenance & Self Healing
Wide Area Monitoring
Energy Storage
Advanced Protection & Distributed Control
Two way communication
Superconducting materials
Smart Appliances
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http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/publish/alexzhen/National_Grid_Launches_57M_Pilot_in_Worcester_MA-557.html