distribution for test 2 (%) statistics: graded out of: 100.0 number of records: 73 highest grade:...
TRANSCRIPT
Distribution for Test 2 (%)Statistics:
Graded out of: 100.0
Number of records: 73 Highest grade: 99.0Lowest grade: 42.0 Mean grade: 64.7
Median grade: 63.0Score Range Frequency
[ 0, 6.7 )
[ 6.7, 13.3 )
[ 13.3, 20 )
[ 20, 26.7 )
[ 26.7, 33.3 )
[ 33.3, 40 )
[ 40, 46.7 ) 3
[ 46.7, 53.3 ) 13
[ 53.3, 60 ) 13
[ 60, 66.7 ) 15
[ 66.7, 73.3 ) 11
[ 73.3, 80 ) 8
[ 80, 86.7 ) 5
[ 86.7, 93.3 ) 2
[ 93.3, 100 ) 3
[ 100 ]
Social Development and Gender
Attachment
Bowlby emotional connection encourages continued contact between
infant and caregivers adaptive
if infant shows attachment behaviours, more likely to survive and therefore more likely to pass on his/her genes
Attachment (Imprinting)_
Nina Leen/Life Magazine © Time Inc. from Westen.
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Behaviour is controlled by reward or punishment
Attachment leads to what reward? Food
So … mother (caregiver) valued as a result of secondary reinforcement due to role as provider of food
Attachment - Behaviourism
Harlow’s Monkeys
Carlson’s Romanian Orphans
Attachment - Orphans
Institutional orphanagesphysical care only
1 caretaker for 20 infants3rd to 10th percentile for growth motor delayscognitive delayssocially inappropriate
Attachment - Orphans
inappropriate behaviours rocking self-grasping behaviours resembled those seen in
Harlow’s monkeyscontinued as children aged
homeless secret police
W. W. Norton
Strange Situation Test
Types of Child Attachment
Secure AttachmentAvoidant AttachmentAnxious-Ambivalent Attachment
Child Attachment
Parental style emotionally or behaviourally inconsistent
child with anxious-ambivalent attachment
rejectingchild with avoidant attachment style
Interactions though are a two-way street
Biological Basis for Attachment
Hormone oxytoxin
Biological Basis for Non-Attachment
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis stress activates hypothalamus which
releases excess corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
excessive CRH leads to excessive release of glucocorticoids by adrenal gland
excessive glucocorticoids associated with damage to neurons in hippocampus
hippocampus - learning and memory
Biological Basis for Non-Attachment
Carlson - Romanian Orphans found elevated levels of stress hormone
(glucocorticoids) in orphans orphans with greatest abnormalities in
levels of glucocorticoids scored lowest on motor and mental development tests
Biological Basis for Non-Attachment
animal research tactile stimulation reduces levels of
glucocorticoids tactile stimulation associated with more
brain growth/connections
Social Development
Who influences behaviours the most: parents or peers?
Why?
Moral Development
Moral development: how people decide between behaviours
that have competing social outcomesmoral reasoning
cognitive process does not always lead to moral behaviour
moral emotions
Kohlberg’s Stage Theory
Analyzing Moral Reasoning
Criticisms of Kohlberg
individuals may be at different levels depending on the situation moral reasoning is “fluid”
too much emphasis on specific dilemmas devised by Kohlberg and not about real-life judgement
cultural disparities - value judgements reflect Western cultural bias
Criticisms of Kohlberg
cultural disparities - value judgements reflect Western cultural bias
What was wrong with option #1 in the analyzing moral reasoning task?
Criticisms of Kohlberg
“Although it’s wrong to kill, there’s a greater good that can be realized through the research.” bias in thinking - could have easily read
“Although good can be realized through the research, it does not justify the sacrifice of a human ova.”
Moral Dilemmas
What are the current moral dilemmas facing Canadian society? cheating
Chapter 12 indicates that morality develops in response to the environment and challenges. Has morality changed over the past 40 years?
Do Kohlberg’s stages apply to current moral dilemmas?
Gender Identity
There are sex differences between males and females
gender - refers to differences that result from socialization
To what extent are sex differences a reflection of innate versus acquired behaviours?
Statistical vs Clinical
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
W. W. Norton
Expansion of Identity (Stage 5) by Marcia
Marcia’s Version of Identity
Identity is a dynamic constructtheory developed for social identity
but can also apply to gender identity and ethnic identity