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Distribution for Test 2 (%)Statistics:
Graded out of: 100.0
Number of records: 73 Highest grade: 99.0Lowest grade: 42.0 Mean grade: 64.7
Median grade: 63.0Score Range Frequency
[ 0, 6.7 )
[ 6.7, 13.3 )
[ 13.3, 20 )
[ 20, 26.7 )
[ 26.7, 33.3 )
[ 33.3, 40 )
[ 40, 46.7 ) 3
[ 46.7, 53.3 ) 13
[ 53.3, 60 ) 13
[ 60, 66.7 ) 15
[ 66.7, 73.3 ) 11
[ 73.3, 80 ) 8
[ 80, 86.7 ) 5
[ 86.7, 93.3 ) 2
[ 93.3, 100 ) 3
[ 100 ]
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Social Development and Gender
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Attachment
Bowlby emotional connection encourages continued contact between
infant and caregivers adaptive
if infant shows attachment behaviours, more likely to survive and therefore more likely to pass on his/her genes
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Attachment (Imprinting)_
Nina Leen/Life Magazine © Time Inc. from Westen.
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Behaviour is controlled by reward or punishment
Attachment leads to what reward? Food
So … mother (caregiver) valued as a result of secondary reinforcement due to role as provider of food
Attachment - Behaviourism
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Harlow’s Monkeys
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Carlson’s Romanian Orphans
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Attachment - Orphans
Institutional orphanagesphysical care only
1 caretaker for 20 infants3rd to 10th percentile for growth motor delayscognitive delayssocially inappropriate
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Attachment - Orphans
inappropriate behaviours rocking self-grasping behaviours resembled those seen in
Harlow’s monkeyscontinued as children aged
homeless secret police
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W. W. Norton
Strange Situation Test
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Types of Child Attachment
Secure AttachmentAvoidant AttachmentAnxious-Ambivalent Attachment
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Child Attachment
Parental style emotionally or behaviourally inconsistent
child with anxious-ambivalent attachment
rejectingchild with avoidant attachment style
Interactions though are a two-way street
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Biological Basis for Attachment
Hormone oxytoxin
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Biological Basis for Non-Attachment
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis stress activates hypothalamus which
releases excess corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
excessive CRH leads to excessive release of glucocorticoids by adrenal gland
excessive glucocorticoids associated with damage to neurons in hippocampus
hippocampus - learning and memory
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Biological Basis for Non-Attachment
Carlson - Romanian Orphans found elevated levels of stress hormone
(glucocorticoids) in orphans orphans with greatest abnormalities in
levels of glucocorticoids scored lowest on motor and mental development tests
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Biological Basis for Non-Attachment
animal research tactile stimulation reduces levels of
glucocorticoids tactile stimulation associated with more
brain growth/connections
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Social Development
Who influences behaviours the most: parents or peers?
Why?
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Moral Development
Moral development: how people decide between behaviours
that have competing social outcomesmoral reasoning
cognitive process does not always lead to moral behaviour
moral emotions
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Kohlberg’s Stage Theory
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Analyzing Moral Reasoning
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Criticisms of Kohlberg
individuals may be at different levels depending on the situation moral reasoning is “fluid”
too much emphasis on specific dilemmas devised by Kohlberg and not about real-life judgement
cultural disparities - value judgements reflect Western cultural bias
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Criticisms of Kohlberg
cultural disparities - value judgements reflect Western cultural bias
What was wrong with option #1 in the analyzing moral reasoning task?
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Criticisms of Kohlberg
“Although it’s wrong to kill, there’s a greater good that can be realized through the research.” bias in thinking - could have easily read
“Although good can be realized through the research, it does not justify the sacrifice of a human ova.”
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Moral Dilemmas
What are the current moral dilemmas facing Canadian society? cheating
Chapter 12 indicates that morality develops in response to the environment and challenges. Has morality changed over the past 40 years?
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Do Kohlberg’s stages apply to current moral dilemmas?
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Gender Identity
There are sex differences between males and females
gender - refers to differences that result from socialization
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To what extent are sex differences a reflection of innate versus acquired behaviours?
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Statistical vs Clinical
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
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W. W. Norton
Expansion of Identity (Stage 5) by Marcia
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Marcia’s Version of Identity
Identity is a dynamic constructtheory developed for social identity
but can also apply to gender identity and ethnic identity