Diversity of Life- Eukaryotic Microbes

Diversity of Life

Kingdom

Uni- or multi-cellular

Marine are mostly microscopic

Like bacteria, are important decomposers

Cell walls made of chitin

http://www.uni-bonn.de/www/Pharmazeutische_Biologie/Forschung/Koenig/Marine_Microorganisms/bilder/Bild1.jpg

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Protista

Three groups: Animal-like, microscopic, unicellular(protozoans) Plant-like, microscopic, unicellular(microalgae, phytoplankton) Plant-like, macro, mostly multicellular(macroalgae, seaweeds)

Animal-like protists Heterotrophs – must

eat Single cell

(unicellular) 50,000+ species,

difficult to classify Some parasitic

Protozoans

Ameboid organism inside calcareous (CaCO3) shell

Pseudopodia extend through pores in shell

Planktonic or benthic

Foraminifera

http://www.bio.umass.edu/oeb/files/foraminifera.jpg http://discovermagazine.com/2009/mar/05-what-is-this-a-windshields-worst-nightmare/foraminifera.jpg

Shells become large part of sediment and beach sand

Foraminifera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2085f_Japon_Hatoma.jpg

http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/randerson/Marine%20Invertebrates/Foraminifera.jpg http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgapr00/dwslide5.jpg

http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2191/2385069810_c99c8fa0f0_o.jpg http://www.foraminifera.eu/

Shells become large part of sediment and beach sand

Foraminifera

http://www.bios.edu/media_publications/currents/2012/images/pink_sands_lg.jpghttp://i1.trekearth.com/photos/30568/bermudabeach1.jpg

Collecting deep sea sediment for forams

Foraminifera

Important indicators of past climate Cold vs. warm species present Chemical composition of shells

Foraminifera

Calendar year (C. E.)

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Inst

rum

enta

l tem

pera

ture

SS

T (

°C)

25

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1

8O-estim

ated temperature (°C

)

25

26

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Instrumental temperature18O temperatureR

elat

ive

abun

danc

e (%

)

20

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60

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G. bulloides

G. quinqueloba G. rubescens

G. ruberN. pachyderma

N. dutertrei Other

El Niñonon-El Niño

Wat

er d

epth

(m

)

1995 1996 1997 1998

0

20

40

60

80 Tem

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(°C

)20

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J MFSO DN J MAM JJ ASOF DN J SO DNMAM JJ AF

Also ameboid, with pseudopodia

But have silica (SiO2) shell (like glass)

Mostly planktonic Shells also become

part of the sediment

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/radiolarians/radiohead.jpg

Radiolarians

Hair-like cilia for locomotion and feeding

Tintinnids form vase-like shell

Important part of the microbial loop

http://server1.fandm.edu/Departments/Biology/People/Shimeta/research/tin2.JPGhttp://www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images/roberts-uk-euplotes-wl.JPG

Ciliates

Autotrophs are “primary producers”

The synthesis of organic matter from carbon dioxide (CO2)

CO2 + H2O + light → C6H12O6 + O2

(sugar)

Primary Productivity

Primary Productivity

Measured as grams of carbon bound into organic matter per square meter of ocean surface per year

g C / m2 / yr Entire oceans: 2.5x1016 gC/yr (25 billion tons!)

Multicellular benthic are more productive per unit area Pelagic phytoplankton (photosynthesizing microorganisms in water) are most important (>98%) in total production

Primary Productivity

Primary Productivity

Geographic variation Seasonal variation Photosynthesis requires light and nutrients

Primary Productivity

Primary Productivity

Upwelling

Upwelling

NASA

Deep nutrient-rich waters return to surface

Phytoplankton (microalgae) blooms More food for animals

Primary Producers Prokaryotes (photosynthetic & chemosynthetic)

Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea

Eukaryotes (photosynthetic) Kingdom Protista

Unicellular algae (diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids)

Multicellular algae (green, brown, red) Kingdom Plantae

Seagrasses Salt marsh plants Mangroves

Diatoms

http://www.daviddarling.info/images/diatoms.jpg

Variety of shapes Can form chains Mostly planktonic Cooler waters (temperate, polar)

Diatoms

Silica (SiO2) glass cell walls, spines Oil droplets, air vacuoles for buoyancy Chlorophyll a & c, carotenoid pigments

Diatoms Asexual reproduction in phytoplankton and protozans:

Single cells divide rapidly in good conditions, form blooms Offspring are genetic clones of parent

Diatoms Shells become large part of sediment Fossilized diatom shells – many uses

http://ace.imageg.net/graphics/product_images/pACEBW-1150700dt.jpg

http://www.spadiggitydog.com/media/fossilforce1.jpg

http://www.lesliespool.com/lesliespoolimages/large/14316.jpg&t=1

Dinoflagellates

Two flagella for movement Cellulose cell wall plates Chl. a & c, carotenoids Warmer waters (tropics)

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/protozoa/ceratiumdic2.jpg

Dinoflagellates

http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/dinos.jpg

Bioluminescence

http://www.elyunque.com/adven/biolady.jpg

Dinoflagellates

Zooxanthellae – symbiotic dinoflagellates inside sponges, jellyfish, anemones, corals, giant clams

http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/units/symbiosis/images/coralbleach.jpg

Dinoflagellates

“Red tides” – harmful phytoplankton blooms Red, orange, brown, green Increase with nutrient pollution Neurotoxins:

Brevetoxin Saxitoxin (paralytic shellfish poisoning) Ciguatoxin (ciguatera fish poisoning)

http://content1.eol.org/content/2008/12/10/21/66859_large.jpg

Coccolithophorids

http://microscope.mbl.edu/baypaul/microscope/images/t_imgAZ/emiliana_bgw.jpg

Coccoliths – calcareous (CaCO3) Chl. a & c, carotenoid pigments Emiliania huxleyi – most important species globally

http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/soes/staff/tt/eh/pics/cocco9tn.jpg

Coccolithophorids Coccolith bloom as seen from space Plates become large part of sediment

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/9/94/Bloom_summer_off_cornwall.jpghttp://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/southeast/i/white_cliffs_320.jpg

White chalk cliffs of Dover, England