Division and UnificationDivision and Unification

Multistate system Multistate system emerged in the Eastern emerged in the Eastern ZhouZhou– The Spring and Autumn The Spring and Autumn

PeriodPeriod– The Warring States PeriodThe Warring States Period

Reasons for warsReasons for wars– Scramble for power to Scramble for power to

secure the status of secure the status of “hegemony”“hegemony”

– Maintain a balance of powerMaintain a balance of power– Attack from northern tribes Attack from northern tribes

deemed as “barbarians” deemed as “barbarians” – Succession disputeSuccession dispute

WarfareWarfare Large Infantry armies Large Infantry armies

became potent military became potent military forceforce– Large corps of crack Large corps of crack

troopstroops– Powerful crossbowsPowerful crossbows– Armor and helmetsArmor and helmets– Portable ladders used Portable ladders used

to scale the wallto scale the wall– Tunnel ambushTunnel ambush– ChariotChariot– Cavalry Cavalry

Economy and SocietyEconomy and Society

Agricultural output increasedAgricultural output increased

Iron technology developedIron technology developed

Wall cities appearedWall cities appeared

Social classes formedSocial classes formed– Shi: scholarsShi: scholars– Nong: peasantsNong: peasants– Gong: artisansGong: artisans– Shang: merchantsShang: merchants

Historical MaHistorical Maps of Chinaps of China

Qin Unification of China—(211-206 BCE)

The First Chinese Dynasty

The First Emperor, by

Yan Liben, Tang Dynasty

• Ying Zheng and His Highly centralized government

•Confiscated weaponsConfiscated weapons• Melted down iron to Melted down iron to cast bell hangerscast bell hangers• Melted down bronze Melted down bronze objects and turned them objects and turned them into a dozen massive into a dozen massive statues in capitalstatues in capital

Monopolized salt, Monopolized salt, iron, and alcohol iron, and alcohol

Standardized Qin Standardized Qin coinage and unit of coinage and unit of gold, along with gold, along with weights and weights and measures, axle measures, axle length of cartslength of carts

Unified scriptsUnified scripts—”Small Seal” —”Small Seal” scriptscript

Lunched large public Lunched large public work projectswork projects– WallsWalls– Canals Canals – Roads Roads – The Mausoleum The Mausoleum

Qin Law: characterized Qin Law: characterized by harsh capital by harsh capital punishmentpunishment– Hard labor, mutilation, Hard labor, mutilation,

banishment, slavery, banishment, slavery, execution execution

– Cruel forms of mutilation Cruel forms of mutilation and executionand execution

Ruin of Qin Wall

Gaozu, Han Wudi, Han

孔子畫像

Confucians and ConfucianismConfucians and Confucianism The meaning of “Confucian”The meaning of “Confucian”

– Latinization of Master Kong (K’ung Fu-tzu, 551-Latinization of Master Kong (K’ung Fu-tzu, 551-479 BCE) resulted in “Confucius”479 BCE) resulted in “Confucius”

– From Confucius comes “Confucian” and From Confucius comes “Confucian” and “Confucianism”“Confucianism”

Confucians: translation of Confucians: translation of RRúú ( (JuJu))– learned persons, scholarslearned persons, scholars– Men who demonstrated good learning, cultural Men who demonstrated good learning, cultural

refinement, moral and decorous conductrefinement, moral and decorous conduct Exemplary Exemplary RRúú before Confucius before Confucius

– The Duke of Zhou (Chou)The Duke of Zhou (Chou)

Confucius and His Lecture

By Ma Yuan, Song Dynasty

Mencius

Sources of Confucianism Sources of Confucianism

The The Six ClassicsSix Classics– The Classic of Changes (Yijing, I-ching)The Classic of Changes (Yijing, I-ching)– The Classic of History (Shujing, Shu-ching)The Classic of History (Shujing, Shu-ching)– The Classic of Odes (or Poetry) (Shijing, Shih-The Classic of Odes (or Poetry) (Shijing, Shih-

ching)ching)– The RitesThe Rites

Contains the Record of Rites (Liji or Li-chi)Contains the Record of Rites (Liji or Li-chi) and and the the Rites of ZhouRites of Zhou (Chou) (Chou)

– The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu or The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu or Chun-ch’iu)Chun-ch’iu)

– The Music (Yue, Yueh)The Music (Yue, Yueh)

The The Four BooksFour Books::– The AnalectsThe Analects

Collection of Confucius’ sayingsCollection of Confucius’ sayings

– The MenciusThe Mencius– The MeanThe Mean– The Great LearningThe Great Learning

Other sources:Other sources:– The XunziThe Xunzi (Hsun-tzu) (Hsun-tzu)

ConfuciusConfucius andand the Analects the AnalectsConfucius (Master Kong):Confucius (Master Kong):– Perpetuator of the classical Perpetuator of the classical

tradition, i.e., the culture of tradition, i.e., the culture of the the HistoryHistory, the , the OdesOdes….….

– The greatest teacher and The greatest teacher and educator who taught how to educator who taught how to perfect human conduct, or perfect human conduct, or how to make one an how to make one an “honorable person” (“honorable person” (Junzi, Junzi, chun-tzuchun-tzu))

One who is possessed of One who is possessed of humanityhumanity and has no and has no anxieties, is anxieties, is wisewise and has no and has no doubts, and is doubts, and is strongstrong ((CourageousCourageous) and has no ) and has no fearsfears

Main themes of the text:Main themes of the text:Interpersonal relationshipsInterpersonal relationshipsPersonal cultivation Personal cultivation The proper human conduct and The proper human conduct and

disposition of the disposition of the JunziJunzi (chun-tzu(chun-tzu))Moral cultivation and integrityMoral cultivation and integrityFilial devotion Filial devotion (xiao, hsiao(xiao, hsiao), humaneness ), humaneness (ren, (ren,

jenjen) and ritual decorum () and ritual decorum (lili))Virtues and heaven (the mandate of) Virtues and heaven (the mandate of) Ritual, sacrifice, and spiritsRitual, sacrifice, and spiritsThe Way: humaneness, righteousnessThe Way: humaneness, righteousness

Filiality (Filial Piety) Filiality (Filial Piety) ““Nowadays, filial piety is considered to be Nowadays, filial piety is considered to be

the ability to nourish one’s parents. But the ability to nourish one’s parents. But this obligation to nourish even extends this obligation to nourish even extends down to the dogs and horses. Unless we down to the dogs and horses. Unless we have reverence for our parents, what have reverence for our parents, what makes us any different?”makes us any different?”

““When your father is alive, observe his When your father is alive, observe his intentions. When he is deceased, model intentions. When he is deceased, model yourself on the memory of his behavior. If yourself on the memory of his behavior. If in three years after his death your have in three years after his death your have not deviated from your father’s ways, then not deviated from your father’s ways, then you may be considered a filial child.”you may be considered a filial child.”

““Do not offend your parents” Do not offend your parents” ““When your parents are alive, serve them When your parents are alive, serve them

according to the rules of ritual and decorum. according to the rules of ritual and decorum. When they are deceased, give them a funeral When they are deceased, give them a funeral and offer sacrifices to them according to the and offer sacrifices to them according to the rules of ritual and decorum”rules of ritual and decorum”

““When your father and mother are alive, do not When your father and mother are alive, do not go rambling around far away. If you must go rambling around far away. If you must travel, make sure you have a set destination.” travel, make sure you have a set destination.”

““It is unacceptable not to be aware of your It is unacceptable not to be aware of your parents’ ages. Their advancing years are a parents’ ages. Their advancing years are a cause for your joy and at the same time a cause cause for your joy and at the same time a cause for sorrow.”for sorrow.”

““You can be of service to your father and You can be of service to your father and mother by remonstrating with them tactfully. If mother by remonstrating with them tactfully. If you perceive that they do not wish to follow you perceive that they do not wish to follow your advice, then continue to be reverent your advice, then continue to be reverent toward them without offending or disobeying toward them without offending or disobeying them; work hard and do not murmur against them; work hard and do not murmur against them.them.

The Honorable Person The Honorable Person ““Isn’t one truly an honorable person if one is not Isn’t one truly an honorable person if one is not

acknowledged by others yet still does not resent acknowledged by others yet still does not resent it?”it?”

““Honorable people are modest in what they say Honorable people are modest in what they say but surpassing in what they do.”but surpassing in what they do.”

““There are three aspects to the way of the There are three aspects to the way of the honorable person, but I am incapable of them: to honorable person, but I am incapable of them: to be possessed of humanity and have no anxieties, be possessed of humanity and have no anxieties, to be wise and have no doubts, and to be strong to be wise and have no doubts, and to be strong and have no fears.”and have no fears.”

The Honorable PersonThe Honorable Person The honorable person must exert caution in three The honorable person must exert caution in three

areas. When he is a youth and his blood and areas. When he is a youth and his blood and spirit have not yet settled down, he must be on spirit have not yet settled down, he must be on his guard lest he fall into lusting. When he his guard lest he fall into lusting. When he reaches the full vigor of his manhood in his reaches the full vigor of his manhood in his thirties and his blood and spirit are strong, he thirties and his blood and spirit are strong, he must guard against getting into quarrels. When must guard against getting into quarrels. When he reaches old age and his blood and spirit have he reaches old age and his blood and spirit have begun to weaken, he must guard against envy.begun to weaken, he must guard against envy.

Ritual--Ritual--lili ““when you go out, treat everyone as if your were when you go out, treat everyone as if your were

welcoming a great guest. Employ people as welcoming a great guest. Employ people as thought you were conducting a great sacrifice. Do thought you were conducting a great sacrifice. Do not do unto others what your would not have them not do unto others what your would not have them do unto you. Then neither in your country nor in do unto you. Then neither in your country nor in your family will there be complaints against you.”your family will there be complaints against you.”

““respect without ritual is tiresome; caution without respect without ritual is tiresome; caution without ritual is timidity; boldness without ritual is ritual is timidity; boldness without ritual is insubordination; straightforwardness without ritual insubordination; straightforwardness without ritual is rudeness.”is rudeness.”

““Ritual performed without reverence and Ritual performed without reverence and mourning performed without grief are things I mourning performed without grief are things I cannot bear”cannot bear”

Evolution of Confucianism: Evolution of Confucianism: MenciusMencius

Mencius (385?-312? BCE), Mencius (385?-312? BCE), Master Meng (Mengzi, Master Meng (Mengzi, Meng-tzu), first successor Meng-tzu), first successor to Confuciusto ConfuciusThe MenciusThe Mencius– A record of A record of

conversations between conversations between Mencius and rulers of Mencius and rulers of the contending feudal the contending feudal states, disciples, and states, disciples, and philosophical adversariesphilosophical adversaries

Main themes: Main themes: •Humaneness and righteousness (rightness); Humaneness and righteousness (rightness); human nature; heart & mind, moral effort human nature; heart & mind, moral effort and and qi (ch’i); qi (ch’i); self-cultivation; ruler, self-cultivation; ruler, governance, and societygovernance, and society•Human’s ability to develop innate Human’s ability to develop innate predispositions; all the qualities necessary to predispositions; all the qualities necessary to perfect human beings are complete within perfect human beings are complete within oneself; one has to seek for and realize these oneself; one has to seek for and realize these lost qualitieslost qualities

Ideas that inspired and influenced later intellectuals Ideas that inspired and influenced later intellectuals the mostthe most– Kingly way based on humaneness vs. hegemonic Kingly way based on humaneness vs. hegemonic

way based on power and forceway based on power and force– Everyone is potential Yao and Shun—everyone can Everyone is potential Yao and Shun—everyone can

attain sagehoodattain sagehood– Ruler, if humane, is called “king”; otherwise, he is Ruler, if humane, is called “king”; otherwise, he is

“tyranny”; tyranny can be deposed“tyranny”; tyranny can be deposed– Righteousness takes precedence over profitsRighteousness takes precedence over profits– Theory of moralism based on the four minds: the Theory of moralism based on the four minds: the

mind of commiseration, of shame, of mind of commiseration, of shame, of respect/reverence, and that distinguishes right and respect/reverence, and that distinguishes right and wrongwrong

– The people are of greatest importance, the altars of The people are of greatest importance, the altars of the soil are next, and the ruler is of least the soil are next, and the ruler is of least importanceimportance

Evolution of Confucianism: Evolution of Confucianism: XunziXunzi

Xunzi, Master Xun (ca. 310BCE; Hsun-tzu)Xunzi, Master Xun (ca. 310BCE; Hsun-tzu)The XunziThe Xunzi– A collection of coherent and systematic essaysA collection of coherent and systematic essays– Topics cover learning,self-cultivation, government, military Topics cover learning,self-cultivation, government, military

affairs, Heaven or Nature, ritual, language, human nature…affairs, Heaven or Nature, ritual, language, human nature…

Challenged Mencius’ conception of human nature as Challenged Mencius’ conception of human nature as fundamentally goodfundamentally goodReaffirmed Confucian values: learning, human Reaffirmed Confucian values: learning, human refinement, culture, and self perfectionrefinement, culture, and self perfection– Making conscious effort to become goodMaking conscious effort to become good

Emphasized social order and hierarchy; ritual-based Emphasized social order and hierarchy; ritual-based community organizationcommunity organization

The Confucian TraditionThe Confucian TraditionPrincipal elements:Principal elements:– Junzi (Chun-tzu), noble person,Junzi (Chun-tzu), noble person,– Human relationshipHuman relationship– Filial pietyFilial piety– HumanenessHumaneness– Government serviceGovernment service– Mandate of Heaven Mandate of Heaven – Rightness (righteousness) takes precedence Rightness (righteousness) takes precedence

over profitsover profits– Human potential for goodness/badnessHuman potential for goodness/badness– Learning, education, and ritualLearning, education, and ritual

Sage kings and ordered worldSage kings and ordered worldBenevolent governmentBenevolent governmentTyrants can be deposedTyrants can be deposedPeople has right to revoltPeople has right to revolt

Hierarchical societyHierarchical societyEconomical livelihoodEconomical livelihoodPublic servicePublic serviceLearning and self-cultivation Learning and self-cultivation