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Disaster Nursing

Introduction to Philippine Geography

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Philippine Disaster Situation

� The Philippines is considered as one of themost vulnerable country in the worldconsidering its numerous hazards present inthe country.

� The country lies between 2 of the world¶smajor tectonic plates (Pacific Plate and

Eurasian Plate) resulting to:

± An average of 16 perceptible earthquakes in a year ± An average of 3 ± 5 non perceptible to perceptible

earthquakes in a day.

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� Located in the Pacific Ring of Fire

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� Secondary hazards such as floods,

landslides, tsunami, and storm surges,

liquefaction and tornado had become

normal occurrence affecting the lives of thousands of Filipinos.

� Also not spared from other disasterseither brought about by insurgency,

bombing and terrorism known as

Complex Emergencies.

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Tsunami

� Literally means ³(great) harbor wave´ in

Japanese.

� Series of huge waves generated in the

sea by some large earthquakes.

� Series of big waves can travel great

distances at high speed.

� Due to displacement of sea bed when

earthquake occurs.

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Tsunami

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Recent Tsunami in the Philippines

Mindoro - 15 November 1994 - An earthquake with

magnitude of 7.1- centered 11 km N22°W of Baco, Mindoro,

near Verde Island - generated a local destructive tsunami. In

oriental Mindoro, the combined effects of the earthquake and

the tsunami killed a total of 78 people, injured 430, damagedor destroyed 7566 houses in 13 out of 15 municipalities,

damaged roads, destroyed or damaged 24 bridges, and sunk

numerous fishing boats. There was no time to issue a

warning. Approximately five minutes after the tremor, tsunami

waves struck along a 40 km stretch of the northern andeastern shoreline of Mindoro island, from Puerto Galera up to

Pinamalayan. Also affected were Verde and Baco Islands,

north of Mindoro. Waves with a maximum run up of 8.5 meters

occurred at Pulong Malaki (Baco Island). Minor waves were

also reported at Batangas Bay

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Landslides

� Shaking that affects hilly or mountainous

areas, materials in a state of precarious

equilibrium to slide down the slope (main

quake).

� Strong aftershocks may trigger the loosened

materials to slide down.

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Landslide

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Leyte, February 17, 2006

� In Southern Leyte mudslides destroyedthe mountain village (Barangay)Guinsaugon. During school time between9 a.m. and 10 a.m., an elementary school

was completely buried under the mudlayer of up to 10 meters thickness. All the246 children and the 7 teachers wereburied in a few seconds. It is reported thatonly one child and one adult woman havebeen rescued. The total loss of lives inGuinsaugon and buried under the mud isestimated to be at least 1000.

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Floods

� An overflowing of water onto land thatis normally dry.

� Major Types of Floods± Flash floods - caused by high intensity

rainfall, collapse of dams, storm surges.

± Coastal floods- mainly due to stormsurges.

± Overflowing river floods

± Dam spill flood

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� Filipino passengers wait atop a bus after beingstranded by flash floods caused by typhoon Winnie in

Gapan Nueva Ecija province, north of Manila,November 30, 2004. About 200 people died after flashfloods and landslides devastated several coastaltowns and left swathes of the northern Philippinesunder water, officials said on Tuesday.

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Volcanoes

� An opening, or rupture, in a planet's

surface or crust, which allows hot,

molten rock, ash, and gases to escape

from below the surface.

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Things Associated with Volcanoes

� Lava flows ± HOT slow flowingincandescent materials (1000 degreesCelsius)

� Pyroclastic flow ± flows of fragmentalmaterials from slope of volcano.

� Lahar flow ± a type of mudflow or landslide composed of pyroclastic material

and water that flows down from a volcano.� Ash Fall ± showers of fine grained

volcanic debris, usually carries toxicsubstances.

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Mayon Volcano in Albay,

Philippines

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Typhoons

� A Pacific typhoon or tropical storm is a

tropical cyclone that forms in the

northwestern Pacific Ocean.

± Average of 20 typhoon/year

± 95% originate in the Pacific Ocean

± Eastern part as the most affected

± July-November as typhoon season

± Northern Luzon having highest landfall

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Earthquakes

� An earthquake (also known as a

tremor or temblor ) is the result of a

sudden release of energy in the Earth's

crust that creates seismic waves.

� The country is surrounded by two main

tectonic plates (Pacific and Eurasian)

� Most seismically active part is Samar,Leyte and Eastern Mindanao.

� Average of 5 quakes everyday.

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Baguio City Earthquake

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� Exactly 4:26 p.m. on Monday, 16 July 1990, that a killer

earthquake unexpectedly hit and extensively devastated

the City of Baguio. It was a major earthquake that hit the

City of Baguio. It measured 7.7 on Richter scale and

lasted for 45 seconds. It was estimated that as many as

1,000 people were trapped and killed in damaged

buildings.

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Liquefaction

� Soil liquefaction describes the behavior

of soils that, when loaded, suddenly go

from a solid state to a liquefied state, or

having the consistency of a heavy liquid.

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Drought

� Extended period of months or years

when a region notes a deficiency in its

water supply.

� Associated with El Niño

� 1987, a total of 183,600

hectares were affected.

� 1989, total of 31,587

were affected.

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Thank you very much and

Good Day

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