dna compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes with your groupmates put away everything but a...
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DNACompare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes with your groupmates
Put away everything but a pen or pencil
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When Finished with Quiz…Grab a computer for you and the person sitting next to you
Log in – if it says you can’t shut off the computer, turn it on and try again
Google “PHET simulations” and play around with one of the simulations until everyone is done
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Crossing the Membrane
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Osmosis/Diffusion ActivityWork as partners – we’ll begin as a class
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Activity 1Start in one cornerTry to move randomly- when you (Carefully) bump into somebody “bounce” the other direction
What happens?
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DiffusionWe call this phenomenon diffusion
Things naturally bounce off each other and spread apart – if they can
We say things move from “high concentration” to “low concentration”
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What does this have to do with cells?Lots of things enter and exit this cell
by this processHowever, they must be able to
somehow cross the membraneCytosol
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General Membrane StructurePhospholipids with proteins embedded in
the membraneDifferent membranes have different
proteins
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Phospholipid Bilayer
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Observation 1Watch the water and oil, do they
mix?
What happens when we drop food coloring into the oil layer?
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Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Don’t MixThe inside of the membrane is hydrophobic
(oily)Which means polar things will not mix well
with itIons will definitely not mix well
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Membranes Keeps Cells SeparateMost things are either too big to cross the membrane
OR they are polar and won’t mix with the membrane
Creates an internal environment different from the outside world(i.e. it has enzymes, proteins, sugars, ATP, NADH, FADH etc. floating around)
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Simple DiffusionVery small hydrophobic (non-polar) molecules
can simply slip between the membranes and cross the hydrophobic layer
Water is small enough that some of it can slip through
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Facilitated DiffusionOther small molecules need to move
through a protein channel (small, polar or ionic compounds)
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Observe the Facilitated DiffusionWhat will happen when we put a channel in
the membrane?
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Concentration Gradient
High Concentration
Low Concentration
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Equilibrium / No Concentration GradientNo net change in concentration. Molecules
still move but on average the concentrations stay the same
Medium Concentration
Medium Concentration
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Facilitated Diffusion – 2 molecules
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What if We Want to Move Things Against the Gradient?Active Transport!We must invest energy to “pump”
molecules
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ReviewSmall, non-charged
molecules can simply diffuse
Small, polar or charged molecules can pass through a protein
Energy must be invested to move things against the gradient
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Endo/ExocytosisBig things must
enter through endocytosis and form a vesicle
Big things must exit by exocytosis, where the vesicle becomes part of the plasma membrane
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Selective PermeabilityMembranes control what gets in and what gets out of the cell
Protein channels or pumps can be opened and closed
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OsmosisSpecial name for
diffusion of waterWhen molecules can’t
diffuse, water doesWater diffuses
towards the more concentrated side until the concentrations are balanced*
*or another force is applied