dna history/structure
DESCRIPTION
DNA ◦ Made up of units (nucleotides) which have 3 parts ◦ 1) Deoxyribose (sugar) ◦ 2) Phosphate group ◦ 3) Nitrogenous base ◦ Adenine (A) ◦ Cytosine (C) ◦ Guanine (G) ◦ Thymine (T) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy8dk5iS1f0TRANSCRIPT
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DNAHistory/Structure
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY
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DNA◦Nucleic Acid that stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next.
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DNA◦Made up of units (nucleotides) which have 3 parts◦1) Deoxyribose (sugar)◦2) Phosphate group ◦3) Nitrogenous base ◦Adenine (A)◦Cytosine (C)◦Guanine (G)◦Thymine (T)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy8dk5iS1f0
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DNA◦Hydrogen bonds form to hold the nitrogenous bases together◦Double Helix- shape of DNA◦Base pairing (Chargaff’s Rule)- Adenine/Thymine; Cytosine/Guanine◦C and T =pyrimidines◦A and G= purines◦DNA is located in the nucleus
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ChromosomesDraw and label the this diagram on your own paper
Chromosomes contain genes which is DNA that contain instructions for assembling proteins.
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ChromosomesChromosomes contain DNA and protein which together is called chromatin.
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Genes, DNA and Chromosomes◦As you watch this video clip take notes on Genes, DNA and Chromosomes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8OL1MTbGpU
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DNA replication Process of copying DNA
1.Involves original DNA (unzipping)enzyme called DNA polymerase2. New base pairs join to fit missing bases3. End result is 2 DNA strands that match.
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As you watch this video clip answer the following questions…◦What is the replication fork?
◦What is the leading strand of DNA replication? The lagging strand?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnuspQG0Jd0
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Mutations◦Any change in the DNA/gene/chromosome format from its original/intended form.
◦NOT always bad
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19_LxQmW0mw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flGCik0MMKo
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Gene mutations◦A. Point Mutations- occur at one single nucleotide in the DNA. - Substitution B. Frameshift Mutation- shift the entire DNA sequence- Deletion - Addition
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Chromosomal Mutations◦Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes◦Relocation of chromosomes (oops)◦Part of the chromosome broken (oops)◦Extra copies (oops)
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Mutations can affect any living organism. ◦ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSqXjqIclAI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLBu57ayA8Q
Zac found this video clip
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_5WfI9YCqk
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Mutation movie poster
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RNA/Protein Synthesis3 main differences between DNA and RNA
1)Sugar (Deoxyribose in DNA, Ribose in RNA)
2)RNA single stranded (DNA double stranded)
3)Uracil base in RNA (DNA thymine)
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RNADisposable copy of DNA
3 types of RNA
1)mRNA (Messenger)- carries copies of instructions to build proteins
2)rRNA (Ribosomal)- found in ribosomes, proteins are assembled3)tRNA (Transfer)- transfers amino acids to ribosomes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Elo-zX1k8M
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Protein SynthesisRNA assists in the process of translating the DNA code into RNA code and eventually into amino acids--proteins. These proteins help to determine genetic traits!
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◦Process of coding DNA into RNA using RNA polymerase (mRNA)◦RNA copies DNA into a corresponding RNA strand (mRNA)◦Codes tell the RNA where to begin/end the process.
Transcription
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Cracking the Code◦mRNA code has to be broken (genetic code)◦Codon- 3 nucleotides in a row that equal the code to make an amino acid◦There are 20 amino acids but 64 possible 3 letter (codon) combinations so there are repeats.
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Codon chartAUG is a start codon
Translation decodes the mRNA message
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◦Ribosomes help “translate” the mRNA code in the ribosome of the cell.◦tRNA has an anticodon who is looking for its codon pair◦Codons and anticodons find each other until a “stop” code is read which breaks off the polypeptide chain.
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Protein Synthesis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5mJbP23Buo
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Meiosis◦2 phase process◦Creates new organism◦Requires half of chromosomes from each parent◦Gametes (sex cells- sperm/egg)◦Not an exact copy◦Results in 4 haploid (2N) cells which are genetically different
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCLmR9-YY7oAs you watch this video listen and define
Homologous Chromosomes-
Crossing Over-
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Let’s draw and simplify this…
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◦Diploid= double (2 sets of chromosomes) 2N=8 Humans have 46 chromosomes, this is the diploid number.
◦Haploid= half (1 set of chromosomes) (N) Human sex cells have 23 chromosomes each. This is the haploid number.
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Meiosis I◦Chromosomes duplicate (prior) to Meiosis I◦Looks like mitosis phases (P,M,A,T)◦Chromosomes pair with their copy, this is called a tetrad (4 chromatids)
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Crossing Over◦Exchange of alleles between chromosomes= results in new combinations of genes
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Meiosis II◦2 cells split again resulting in 4 haploid cells
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Polar bodies◦Not all of gametes become fertilized, some are basically “dumped” or reabsorbed into the body, these are polar bodies.
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Multiple births◦Fraternal twins- two separate eggs, two separate sperm cells◦Identical twins- 1 egg, 1 sperm then the egg splits
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NROLGzrAZv0
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Conjoined twins◦Egg doesn’t completely split, yet continues to grow/develop in other areas.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNQc4NziUWc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQgTwH6ijp8