DNA

"The Blueprint of Life"

DNA stands for...

  D_________N_______ A____

DNA FACTS

• established by _________ and ________ 

     • Shape of a ______

________

• codes for your _________  (traits)• made of repeating subunits called

_____________

What is a nucleotide?

Has three parts:   

__________________________________ (sugar)_________________  (A,T,G,C)

Base-Pair Rule

________ <==> Thymine

Guanine <==> ________

The sides (_________) of the DNA ladder are ____________ & ______

held together by  _________________

Base Pair Rule

One side:     A   T   A      T   C   A      T   G   C      G   G   G

Other side:

How the Code Works

The combination of A,T,G,C determines what traits you might have, for example

C A T C A T   =  purple hair

T A C T A C  =  yellow hair

Let's Review What We Know About DNA1.  DNA stands for:   De _____ ribo ______  acid2.  What is the shape of DNA? _______________3.  Who established the structure of DNA?  ____________4.  Adenine always pairs with _______________5.  The sides of the DNA ladder are deoxyribose and _____6.  Guanine always pairs with _____________7.  What is the complimentary sequence:   A A T  G  C A8.  The two sides of DNA are held together by _______ bonds.9.  DNA is composed of repeating subunits called ______________________10.  What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? _______________________________________

DNA REPLICATION

the process by which DNA makes a ________ of itself (_____ ______________)

SEMI-_______________ - _____ of the old strand is saved and ________ is new

RNA - _____________________ *___________ strand*______________ sugar*contains no _________, ________ instead*3 types: ______, ______, and ______*follows base pair rule

DNA:   A  T  A   G  C  GRNA:  

mRNA carries the “_______________" to the ___________, where proteins are made

tRNA carries the ______ _________ to the ___________, where proteins are made

rRNA and ______ build a __________

DNA -->  RNA -->  Protein

Proteins are the building blocks of the organism (traits)

Transcription -  process where RNA is made from DNA

Translation - process where proteins are made from RNA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr_O8aJKHnI

Transcription and Translation: How Proteins are made by the cell

TRANSCRIPTION

1. One of the strands of DNA is used as a _________________ to create a strand of ____________

2. Requires the ___________________ RNA polymerase

3. Transcription always starts at a region called the _________________.

4. _______________ are segments of DNA that do not contain ________________. ___________ are segments that contain genes.

5. Each ____ bases on mRNA is a _______________, it corresponds to an __________ acid

Transcription of mRNA from DNA

TRANSLATION

1.Takes the _____________________ on mRNA and converts it into an _____________ acid chain

2. Individual amino acids will join to form a _______________.

Shapes and composition of protein determine its functionality (hair, enzymes, skin, muscles etc)

The steps in translation are:

1. The ________________________ binds to _____________ at a specific area.

2. The ribosome starts matching ____________ ______________ sequences to the mRNA ___________ sequence.

3. Each time a new tRNA comes into the ribosome, the amino acid that it was carrying gets _______________ to the elongating ______________________ chain.

4. The ribosome continues until it hits a ______________ sequence, then it releases the polypeptide and the mRNA.

5. The polypeptide forms into its native shape and starts acting as a functional ___________ in the cell.

Steps of Translation

Genetic Mutations: _________ in the genetic __________

______________ mutation: a single point in the sequence is changed. For instance a G is changed to an A. Compare this to reading a sentence

Cats eat big rat. --> point mutation --> Cats eat big hatThe sentence is still almost recognizable, the ___________________ changed in this case might still function.

______________________ MUTATION - a point mutation that involves a __________________ or deletion, which results in a shift in the reading frame.Cats eat big rat --> add an additional letter A, and the reading frame changesAca tse atb igr at - this protein does not resemble the original and will probably not be _____________