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DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 3. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the way scientists viewed life?

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Page 1: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

DO NOW:

1. Describe the early earth.

2. What was the first type of life like?

3. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the way scientists viewed life?

Page 2: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Evolution: How species have changed over time

Page 3: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

First a Perspective of Time

Page 4: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Those who influenced Darwin

Page 5: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

GEOLOGYHutton and Lyell (geologists

James Hutton (1785) hypothesized earth to be very old when he examined

geologic features such as rock layers and erosion Charles Lyell (1833)

Hypothesized that complex geologic processes like erosion, volcanoes, etc. shaped the earth as we currently see it.

CONCLUSIONS: EARTH IS VERY VERY OLD! Today’s best guess??? 4.6 Billion Years

Page 6: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

1809:Lamarck’s Theory

Use and Disuse:Body parts that are used more grow

stronger and bigger.Body parts not used will deteriorate.

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics:Physical changes that occur in an

organism are inherited by its offspring.

Page 7: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the
Page 8: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Thomas Malthus (1798)

Observed human population growth will eventually hit a limit due to living space and available food. Darwin would later apply this to all organisms where these limits result in competition.

While Lamarck's reasoning behind why change happened was flawed, Lamarck and Malthus both greatly influenced the thinking of Mr. Charles Darwin.

Page 9: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Charles Darwin-1800’sWas a Naturalist – mostly observed

organisms in their natural habitats rather than conducting experiments.

Made most of his observations on the Galapagos Islands

Page 10: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the
Page 11: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Charles Darwin

Did much of his work in the Mid-1800’s

** Keep in mind this is BEFORE Mendel, Watson and Crick***

Page 12: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Charles Darwin

Introduced the idea of Natural Selection as a way for new species to form (speciation).

Published The origin of Species in 1859

Page 13: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

The Theory of Natural SelectionAssumptions:

There are not enough resources for all to survive

genetic variation exits in all populations.

Results:

1. Competition

2. Survival of the fittest

3. Descent with modification

Page 14: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Assumption 1: Not enough resources

What resources are we talking about?

Are there enough for everyone?

Food ShelterSuitable Mates

Page 15: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Assumption 2: Genetic variation exists

Where do these differences come from?

Remember it doesn’t have to be a NEW gene, just a new combination of genes

Mutations Genetic Recombination

Sexual reproduction

Migration

Page 16: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Result 1. Competition

Individuals will compete for the limited resources.

Goal is to survive and pass on genes

“winner” gets to pass genes on at higher rate.

Page 17: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Result 2. Survival of the FittestNot all variations are equal. Some are

better at competing in their environment than others.

These individuals are more likely to “win” and survive to pass on their genes.

Fitness: an organisms ability to survive and reproduce.

Page 18: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Result 3. Descent with ModificationDescent – To come fromModification – With changes

More of the “fit” genes will be passed on than “unfit”

In future generations, the frequency of fit genes increases, while the frequency of unfit genes decreases.

Page 19: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

3. Descent with ModificationNew generations will resemble

previous generations (descent) BUT

more individuals will have the “best” variation PLUS new mutations and combinations (with modification)

Page 20: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

An Example

Page 21: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Example:

What is the genetic variation? What is the selective pressure? Who has the advantage? What would we predict for the next

generation? Why might the “unfit” phenotype stick

around?

Page 22: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Rules of EvolutionMutations and their phenotypes are

random. Meaning?

Variation must exist in the population BEFORE selective pressure occurs

If no “fit” variation exists when pressure begins, entire population dies = Extinction

Page 23: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Rules of EvolutionIndividuals can not evolve, only

species

A fit trait in one environment might be eliminated as a weakness in another

Page 24: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Types of Selection

Natural SelectionWhat determines which variation gets passed on?What is the outcome?

Artificial Selection (a.k.a. selective breeding)What determines which variation gets passed on?What is the outcome?

Page 25: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Types of Selection

Directional Selection: One extreme or the other is “favored” and increases in frequency while midrange and other extreme decrease

Page 26: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Types of Selection

Stabilizing Selection: Midrange is favored and increases in frequency while both extremes decrease.

Page 27: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Types of Selection

Diversifying/disruptive Selection: Both extremes are favored and increase while midrange decreases.

Page 28: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

At what point is a new species formed?

Evolution – change in allele frequency

Speciation – such change that new population is a different species

– two organisms that can successfully reproduce and produce viable, fertile offspring

Page 29: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Examples:

Cross between a Pug and a Beagle - different breeds but SAME species

Page 30: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Examples:

Offspring: Puggle! Both viable (obviously) and fertile

Page 31: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Examples:

Cross between a Horse and Donkey - different species

Page 32: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Examples:

Offspring: Mule! Viable but infertile

Page 33: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Gene Pool Isolation

Two populations become separated so their genes are no longer mixed

Mutations appear independently in each population

Selection happens independently in each population

Page 34: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Mechanisms of IsolationGeographic – Physical barrier separates two

populations

Behavioral – mating behaviors of some are not attractive to others.

Temporal – fertility occurs at different times

Mechanical – different physical means of reproduction

Page 35: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Principle of a Common Ancestor

Descent with Modification – over generations descendents can look quite different from ancestors.

Thus, organisms that seem very different might share a common ancestor

Suggests if you go far enough back, we are all related!

Page 36: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Phylogenetic tree: Family Tree of Life

Page 37: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Phylogeny

the connections between all groups of organisms as understood by ancestor/descendant relationships.

Express relationships using a CLADOGRAM

Page 38: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the
Page 39: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Common ancestor

Humans and chimps have a common ancestor.

THAT IS NOT THE SAME AS SAYING WE WERE ONCE CHIMPS!!!

Think about it: Do you and your cousin share a common ancestor? Does that mean you are your cousin? Does that mean that either of you are that ancestor?

Page 40: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Evidence of Common ancestry

Comparative Anatomy – examining body partsHomologous structures – similar in

form, but not necessarily function; suggests common ancestorResults from divergent evolution

Page 41: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Evidence of Common ancestry

Page 42: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Evidence of Common ancestryComparative Embryology – examining

developmental patterns

Similar organisms follow similar developmental patterns

We all start off the same – a single egg

BUT the series of steps that follows is most similar between closely related organisms

Page 43: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Evidence of Common Ancestry

Page 44: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Evidence of Common ancestry

Comparative Biochemistry – examining DNA and protein sequences

Remember: DNA contains info to make proteins. Proteins are responsible for our traits.

Organisms with close ancestors share a large percentage of DNA.

Page 45: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Evidence of Common ancestry

Page 46: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Evidence of a Universal Common Ancestor

All life is cellular

All life encodes its information in nucleic acids(DNA/RNA)

All life shares the same genetic code (AUG = Met)

Page 47: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Evidence of a Universal Common Ancestor

All Life uses ATP as its energy molecule

Suggests we are all derived from the same thing and that thing had all these traits!

Page 48: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Additional Evidence of Evolution (but not necessarily common ancestry)

Fossil RecordVestigial organsBiogeography

Analogous traitsConvergent evolution

Page 49: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Additional Evidence of Evolution (but not necessarily common ancestry)

Fossil RecordPreserved

remains of ancient life in sedimentary rock

Even of species no longer in existence (most!)

Page 50: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Fossils

Fossils are often found in the layers of sedimentary rock.

See changes in fossils over time

Page 51: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Dating FossilsAbsolute Dating: Using radioactive

organic material in a sample we can get a more accurate age of a fossil

Page 52: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Dating FossilsRelative Dating: Fossils found in

lower levels are older than upper levels.

Can’t provide exact age, just which is older

Page 53: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Dating FossilsAbsolute Dating: Radioactive

organic material is used to get a more accurate age of a specimen.

Page 54: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Geographic DistributionBiogeography – study of the distribution

of plants and animals throughout the world and their climates

Convergent Evolution: Unrelated organisms exposed to same environmental pressures may develop similar traits to cope with those pressures

Page 55: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Analogous Structures

May serve same function, but are structurally different and did NOT come from a common ancestor

Evolved independently

Page 56: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Vestigial Organs

Structures that serve little to no purpose NOWSnake skeletons with leg bones and

pelvisBlind, cave-dwelling fish have eye-

sockets but no eyes.

Page 57: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the
Page 58: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the
Page 59: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Vestigial OrgansGives insight into PAST needs of

organism as well as where this organism has come from

What happens first: Need for organ disappears? Or mutated organ appears?

Page 60: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Genetics in EvolutionDarwin did his work before Mendel

and didn’t understand genes or how inheritance worked.

Thanks to Mendel we know how/why traits get passed from parent to offspring

Page 61: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Phenotypes NOT genotypesNatural selection acts on phenotypes

NOT genotypes

But in turn will influence allele frequency.

Why aren’t all bad alleles eliminated??

Page 62: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Mechanisms of Evolution

Remember, it is variation that proposes and selection that disposes

Page 63: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Mechanisms of Evolution

Genetic DriftEvolution without natural selection

Chance occurrences change allele frequency

More common in small populations

What if more of the “unfit” survive?

Page 64: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Genetic Drift Founder Effect

Founding Population B

DescendantsSample of

Original Population

Page 65: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Mechanisms of Evolution

Endosymbiotic theory• Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved

from free living prokaryotic organisms

• A larger cell engulfed them

• A symbiotic relationship formed

Page 66: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Endosymbiotic theory

Page 67: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Evidence of endosymbiosisBoth have their own DNA and produce

their own proteins

Both reproduce independently from the cell through a process like binary fission (bacterial reproduction)

Double membranes of both are similar to prokaryotic membranes

Page 68: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the
Page 69: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Patterns of EvolutionMass Extinction

Periodic large-scale extinction events

Dramatically changes landscape eliminating or creating selective pressures

Page 70: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Patterns of Evolution

Adaptive RadiationSingle species evolves into

several different species that live in different ways (adaptations)

Page 71: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the
Page 72: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Patterns of EvolutionCo-evolution

Due to close relationship two species share with each other, change in one organism results in a change with the other.

Page 73: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Patterns of Evolution

GradualismWhat Darwin subscribed toTiny changes accumulate over

huge period of time to yield large changes.Think Grand Canyon only organisms

Page 74: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Patterns of Evolution

Punctuated EquilibriumMore modern theory proposed by Gould

and Eldridge

Proposed change occurs in spurts followed by periods of stasis

More support in fossils!

Page 75: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the
Page 76: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Are organisms always evolving?Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium – suggests no!

Under certain conditions, populations won’t evolveConditions:

1. Large population

2. No migration in or out

3. No natural selection

4. Random Mating

5. No net mutations

Page 77: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

How do we tell?

Determine allele frequencies over different generations.

If they are static no evolution, equilibriumIf they change evolution

Page 78: DO NOW: 1. Describe the early earth. 2. What was the first type of life like? 1. How did the experiments of Spanallzani, Pasteur, and Redi influence the

Genetic EquilibriumCan it really exist? For long?

Why?


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