Do-Now Do-Now

Identify and explain the reasons why Americans had become more receptive to Civil Rights changes by the 1960’s

E.g. WWII

Thursday, June 4Thursday, June 4thth

AgendaAgendaDo now Do now Notes on the Civil Rights Notes on the Civil Rights movementmovement““I have a dream” speechI have a dream” speech

HomeworkHomeworkRead Chapter 28-Section 5Read Chapter 28-Section 5

The rise of African American CultureThe rise of African American Culture African American MigrationAfrican American Migration

Northward movement following the Civil War, rise of prominent Northward movement following the Civil War, rise of prominent urban African Americansurban African Americans

The New DealThe New Deal Number of African Americans working in the government Number of African Americans working in the government

significantly increased, FDR campaigned for black votes to significantly increased, FDR campaigned for black votes to support his policiessupport his policies

World War IIWorld War II Maybe the most compelling stimulus to the CRM, the idea of Maybe the most compelling stimulus to the CRM, the idea of

domestic discrimination and racism lost support after the horrors domestic discrimination and racism lost support after the horrors of the holocaustof the holocaust

Rise of the NAACPRise of the NAACP Association worked hard to challenge countrywide segregation Association worked hard to challenge countrywide segregation

laws; Oliver Hill, Thurgood Marshall; higher pay, better facilities, laws; Oliver Hill, Thurgood Marshall; higher pay, better facilities, finally integrationfinally integration

The rise of African American CultureThe rise of African American Culture

Not all events which contributed to the rise of Not all events which contributed to the rise of African American culture are described here.African American culture are described here.

Thinking question…Thinking question… Brainstorm and list:Brainstorm and list:

Other historic instances which contributed to rise of Other historic instances which contributed to rise of the Civil Rights movementthe Civil Rights movement

The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights MovementThe Political ResponseThe Political Response

A few notable CR events, by administrationA few notable CR events, by administration

Harry S. Truman in office (1945-1953)Harry S. Truman in office (1945-1953) 1947-1947- Jackie Robinson’s breakthroughJackie Robinson’s breakthrough 1948-1948- Desegregation of the militaryDesegregation of the military

Dwight D. Eisenhower in office (1953-1961)Dwight D. Eisenhower in office (1953-1961) 1954-1954- In an unanimous decision, the Supreme Court rules that segregation in public In an unanimous decision, the Supreme Court rules that segregation in public

schools is unconstitutional in schools is unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. 1955-1955- Thousands of African Americans participate in the Montgomery, AL bus Thousands of African Americans participate in the Montgomery, AL bus

boycott to protest discrimination in public transportationboycott to protest discrimination in public transportation 1957-1957- Eisenhower sends troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, to facilitate integration at Eisenhower sends troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, to facilitate integration at

Central High SchoolCentral High School

John F. Kennedy in office (1961-1963)John F. Kennedy in office (1961-1963) 1961-1961- Freedom Riders challenge segregation on interstate bussesFreedom Riders challenge segregation on interstate busses 19621962 – – Integration of Ole’ MissIntegration of Ole’ Miss

Lyndon B. Johnson in office (1963-1969)Lyndon B. Johnson in office (1963-1969) 1964-1964- Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964 1968-1968- The assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy mark a The assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy mark a

tragic turning point in the civil rights movementtragic turning point in the civil rights movement

Political Response to the Civil Political Response to the Civil Rights MovementRights Movement

LEGISLATION DESCRIPTION OF LEGISLATION

Civil Rights Act 1964Civil Rights Act 1964Law that made discrimination illegal in a Law that made discrimination illegal in a number of areas, including voting, number of areas, including voting, schools, and jobsschools, and jobs

2424thth Amendment AmendmentRight to vote in federal elections, Right to vote in federal elections, outlawed the payment of any tax as a outlawed the payment of any tax as a condition for taking part in the nomination condition for taking part in the nomination or election of any federal officeholder. or election of any federal officeholder. The “Anti- Poll Tax” amendment.The “Anti- Poll Tax” amendment.

Voting Rights Act of Voting Rights Act of 19651965

Law aimed at reducing the barriers that Law aimed at reducing the barriers that prevented African Americans from voting, prevented African Americans from voting, in part by increasing the federal in part by increasing the federal government’s authority to register votersgovernment’s authority to register voters

What was president Kennedy’s What was president Kennedy’s approach to Civil Rights?approach to Civil Rights?

Both John and Robert Kennedy played key roles in the Both John and Robert Kennedy played key roles in the CRMCRM

African American community helped JFK get elected in 1960African American community helped JFK get elected in 1960

““If the president does not himself wage the struggle for If the president does not himself wage the struggle for equal rights—if he stands above the battle—then the equal rights—if he stands above the battle—then the battle will inevitably be lost.” battle will inevitably be lost.” -John F. Kennedy, 1960-John F. Kennedy, 1960

Once in office:Once in office: Moved slowly, trying not to anger Southern Democratic senatorsMoved slowly, trying not to anger Southern Democratic senators Appoint African Americans to prominent positionsAppoint African Americans to prominent positions

• E.g. Thurgood Marshall joined U.S. Circuid CourtE.g. Thurgood Marshall joined U.S. Circuid Court Appointed also a number of segregationists to federal courtsAppointed also a number of segregationists to federal courts

What was president Kennedy’s What was president Kennedy’s approach to Civil Rights?approach to Civil Rights?

Forced to face the issue when violence spread and the Forced to face the issue when violence spread and the movement gained widespread supportmovement gained widespread support

E.g. bloody race riots that surrounded the freedom ridesE.g. bloody race riots that surrounded the freedom rides

How would these issues make us look to the outside world?How would these issues make us look to the outside world?

““We preach freedom around the world, and we mean it, and We preach freedom around the world, and we mean it, and we cherish our freedom, here at home, but are we to say to we cherish our freedom, here at home, but are we to say to the world, and much more importantly, to each other that the world, and much more importantly, to each other that this is the land of the free except for Negroes?... The time this is the land of the free except for Negroes?... The time has come for this nation to fulfill its promise.”has come for this nation to fulfill its promise.”

- President John F. Kennedy, June 1963 television address- President John F. Kennedy, June 1963 television address

What was president Kennedy’s What was president Kennedy’s approach to Civil Rights?approach to Civil Rights?

Immediately after his broadcast, Medgar Evers, a prominent NAACP Immediately after his broadcast, Medgar Evers, a prominent NAACP field secretary and activist for black voting rights, was gunned downfield secretary and activist for black voting rights, was gunned down

2 hung juries, failed to convict Byron de la Beckwith, set free 19642 hung juries, failed to convict Byron de la Beckwith, set free 1964

Events like this one and scenes like the riots surrounding the freedom Events like this one and scenes like the riots surrounding the freedom rides and the violence in Birmingham, Alabama caused Kennedy to rides and the violence in Birmingham, Alabama caused Kennedy to revise his CR goalsrevise his CR goals

He introduced a far stronger bill, which would He introduced a far stronger bill, which would prohibit segregation in public placesprohibit segregation in public places ban discrimination where ever federal funding was involvedban discrimination where ever federal funding was involved advance school desegregationadvance school desegregation

Powerful southern congressmen kept the bill from coming up for a votePowerful southern congressmen kept the bill from coming up for a vote

Why did Civil Rights leaders Why did Civil Rights leaders propose a march on Washington?propose a march on Washington?

To focus national attention on Kennedy’s billTo focus national attention on Kennedy’s bill Kennedy feared racial violence and angered Congressmen, but Kennedy feared racial violence and angered Congressmen, but

could not persuade them to call it offcould not persuade them to call it off

The March on Washington, August 1963The March on Washington, August 1963 More than 200,000 people came from around the countryMore than 200,000 people came from around the country Called for “Jobs and Freedom”Called for “Jobs and Freedom” Directed by labor leader A. Phillip RandolphDirected by labor leader A. Phillip Randolph Celebrities religious leaders, etc. were presentCelebrities religious leaders, etc. were present

The march was peaceful and orderlyThe march was peaceful and orderly Musical performances, moving speechesMusical performances, moving speeches ““I have a dream” speech, August 28, 1963I have a dream” speech, August 28, 1963

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEMXaTktUfA

Do-Now Do-Now

Describe in as much detail as possible what President John F. Kennedy’s policy was toward Civil Rights.

How did it change from the time when he was running for president to his time in office?

Friday, June 5Friday, June 5thth

AgendaAgendaDo now Do now Notes on the Civil Rights Notes on the Civil Rights Legislations and changes in Legislations and changes in tacticstactics

HomeworkHomeworkEnjoy your weekend…Enjoy your weekend… Review Chapter 28 (Civil Rights!)

Find your textbook!!! Find your textbook!!! Don’t forget to bring in your textbook by Tuesday for sign-in

Political Response to the Civil Political Response to the Civil Rights MovementRights Movement

LEGISLATION DESCRIPTION OF LEGISLATION

Civil Rights Act 1964Civil Rights Act 1964Law that made discrimination illegal in a Law that made discrimination illegal in a number of areas, including voting, number of areas, including voting, schools, and jobsschools, and jobs

2424thth Amendment AmendmentRight to vote in federal elections, Right to vote in federal elections, outlawed the payment of any tax as a outlawed the payment of any tax as a condition for taking part in the nomination condition for taking part in the nomination or election of any federal officeholder. or election of any federal officeholder. The “Anti- Poll Tax” amendment.The “Anti- Poll Tax” amendment.

Voting Rights Act of Voting Rights Act of 19651965

Law aimed at reducing the barriers that Law aimed at reducing the barriers that prevented African Americans from voting, prevented African Americans from voting, in part by increasing the federal in part by increasing the federal government’s authority to register votersgovernment’s authority to register voters

The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights MovementThe Political Response & The Political Response &

The movement takes a new turnThe movement takes a new turn

REVIEW: Some Civil Rights MeasuresREVIEW: Some Civil Rights MeasuresMeasureMeasure PurposePurpose

Truman’s Executive Truman’s Executive Orders, 1948Orders, 1948

Required equality in the armed forcesEstablished the Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed ServicesBanned discrimination in hiring of federal employees

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19571957

Established a federal Civil Rights CommissionEst. Civil Rights Division in Department of JusticeIncreased efforts to protect voting rights

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19601960

Strengthened the 1957 act by giving courts more power to enforce fair voting practicesEst. criminal penalties for bombing / bomb threats

Kennedy’s Kennedy’s Executive Orders, Executive Orders, 19621962

Increased enforcement of previous acts and the Brown v. Board of Education rulingProhibited racial and religious discrimination in housing built or purchased with federal aid

REVIEW: More Civil Rights MeasuresREVIEW: More Civil Rights MeasuresMeasureMeasure PurposePurpose

Twenty-fourth Twenty-fourth Amendment, 1964Amendment, 1964

Eliminated the poll tax as a voting requirement

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19641964

Banned discrimination in public accommodations Authorized the attorney general to institute suits to desegregate schoolsOutlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of race, sex, or religion

Voting Rights Act of Voting Rights Act of 19651965

Eliminated literacy tests as a voting requirementGave federal officials the power to supervise voter registration

Open Housing Law, Open Housing Law, 19681968

Prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental of most housing

The Civil Rights Act of 1964The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Kennedy was assassinated 3 months later, his civil rights Kennedy was assassinated 3 months later, his civil rights bill no closer to passage, its fait in the hands of L.B.J.bill no closer to passage, its fait in the hands of L.B.J.

Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson former member of Congress from Texasformer member of Congress from Texas voted against CR measures during the Truman administrationvoted against CR measures during the Truman administration Once president, was eager to build support for Kennedy’s billOnce president, was eager to build support for Kennedy’s bill““Nothing could more eloquently honor President Kennedy’s memory Nothing could more eloquently honor President Kennedy’s memory

than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill.”than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill.” Let congress know he would not accept a compromiseLet congress know he would not accept a compromise

• Filibuster-Filibuster- tactic where senators prevent a vote by taking the floor and tactic where senators prevent a vote by taking the floor and refusing to stop talkingrefusing to stop talking

• ClotureCloture- procedure that may be used to limit or end debate and call for a - procedure that may be used to limit or end debate and call for a votevote

Finally, bill passed with support of both Republicans & DemocratsFinally, bill passed with support of both Republicans & Democrats

Goals of the Civil Rights Act of 1964Goals of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Authorized the justice department to act vigorously in Authorized the justice department to act vigorously in

school desegregation and voting rights casesschool desegregation and voting rights cases Impacted on many areasImpacted on many areas Voting, schools, jobsVoting, schools, jobs

Titles:Titles:I.I. Banned the use of different voting registration standards for Banned the use of different voting registration standards for

blacks and whitesblacks and whitesII.II. Prohibited discrimination in public accommodations such as Prohibited discrimination in public accommodations such as

motels, restaurants, gas stations, theaters, and sports arenasmotels, restaurants, gas stations, theaters, and sports arenasIII.III.Allowed the withholding of federal funds from public or private Allowed the withholding of federal funds from public or private

programs that practice discriminationprograms that practice discriminationIV. Banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or IV. Banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or

national origin by employers and unions and created the national origin by employers and unions and created the • Created the (EEOC) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to Created the (EEOC) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to

investigate changes of job discriminationinvestigate changes of job discrimination

How did African Americans fight to How did African Americans fight to gain voting rights?gain voting rights?

Freedom SummerFreedom Summer 1964, voter registration drive in Mississippi1964, voter registration drive in Mississippi Angered many, instigated KKKAngered many, instigated KKK 3 civil rights workers go missing, later found murdered3 civil rights workers go missing, later found murdered Volunteers endured beatings, gunfire, mob attacks, arrestsVolunteers endured beatings, gunfire, mob attacks, arrests Churches and homes were firebombedChurches and homes were firebombed

Democratic ConventionDemocratic Convention Organized the MFDP, Mississippi Freedom Democratic PartyOrganized the MFDP, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

• Sent delegates to the Democratic National ConventionSent delegates to the Democratic National Convention• Argued for representationArgued for representation• Spoke of their experience in the voter registration drivesSpoke of their experience in the voter registration drives

Earned a compromise from President JohnsonEarned a compromise from President Johnson• 2 delegates among the 68 seats from Mississippi2 delegates among the 68 seats from Mississippi• Promised an end to discrimination in future conventionsPromised an end to discrimination in future conventions

How did African Americans fight to gain How did African Americans fight to gain voting rights?voting rights?

Selma March (1965)Selma March (1965) Selma, Alabama; blacks arrested for trying to register to voteSelma, Alabama; blacks arrested for trying to register to vote ML King jr. & other leaders organize a protest march from Selma to ML King jr. & other leaders organize a protest march from Selma to

Montgomery Montgomery Televised violence and hate attacks, drove president Johnson to Televised violence and hate attacks, drove president Johnson to

send in support for the demonstrators, ranks grew to 25,000send in support for the demonstrators, ranks grew to 25,000

Voting Rights Act (1965)Voting Rights Act (1965) On TV, LBJ promised a strong new lawOn TV, LBJ promised a strong new law Federal officials could register voters in places where local officials Federal officials could register voters in places where local officials

were blocking registration of minoritieswere blocking registration of minorities

Legal LandmarksLegal Landmarks CRA of 1964, VRA of 1965, and 24CRA of 1964, VRA of 1965, and 24thth amendment created an entirely amendment created an entirely

new voting population in the southnew voting population in the south More African Americans elected to officeMore African Americans elected to office

Not everyone was happy with the slow progress of Not everyone was happy with the slow progress of the civil rights movement… wanting more the civil rights movement… wanting more remarkable change at a faster pace, many remarkable change at a faster pace, many criticized the non-violence philosophy and criticized the non-violence philosophy and turned toward more militant leaders…turned toward more militant leaders…

Turning toward more Turning toward more militant leadersmilitant leaders

Malcolm XMalcolm X Poor, criminal childhood, imprisonedPoor, criminal childhood, imprisoned Turns toward the “Nation of Islam”Turns toward the “Nation of Islam”

• A group often called the Black Muslims, viewed white society A group often called the Black Muslims, viewed white society as oppressive and preached black separation and self-helpas oppressive and preached black separation and self-help

• Lead by Elijah Muhammed, it taught that Allah would bring Lead by Elijah Muhammed, it taught that Allah would bring about a “Black Nation” of unity among all non-whitesabout a “Black Nation” of unity among all non-whites

Changes his name from “Little” to “X”Changes his name from “Little” to “X” Once released, he spent 12 years as a ministerOnce released, he spent 12 years as a minister Won followers with fiery speeches, spread ideas of :Won followers with fiery speeches, spread ideas of :

• Black Nationalism-Black Nationalism- belief in the separate identity and racial belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American communityunity of the African American community

““Of all our Of all our studies, history studies, history is best qualified is best qualified to reward our to reward our research.”research.”

- Malcolm X- Malcolm X

Black NationalismBlack Nationalism

Malcolm XMalcolm X Opposed integrationOpposed integration Criticized the tactics and goals of the early CRMCriticized the tactics and goals of the early CRM

• Was irritated by “all of this non-violent, begging-the-white-man kind of Was irritated by “all of this non-violent, begging-the-white-man kind of dying… all of this sitting-in, sliding-in, wading-in… and all the rest”dying… all of this sitting-in, sliding-in, wading-in… and all the rest”

Disagreed with Elijah Muhammed, and broke awayDisagreed with Elijah Muhammed, and broke away• Formed the “Muslim Mosque, Inc.”Formed the “Muslim Mosque, Inc.”

Ultimately changed his views when he saw members of all races Ultimately changed his views when he saw members of all races worshipping peacefully together at Meccaworshipping peacefully together at Mecca

No longer separatist and anti-whiteNo longer separatist and anti-white• This change of heart brought new enemiesThis change of heart brought new enemies

Assassinated February 1965Assassinated February 1965• 3 members of the Nation of Islam were charged3 members of the Nation of Islam were charged

Gone, but his Black Nationalist teachings lived on…Gone, but his Black Nationalist teachings lived on…

Black Power MovementBlack Power Movement Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael

Heard Malcolm X speakHeard Malcolm X speak Rose to SNCC leadershipRose to SNCC leadership Grew tired of peaceful protest, urged SNCC members Grew tired of peaceful protest, urged SNCC members

to carry gunsto carry guns

1966 Greenwood, Mississippi protest march1966 Greenwood, Mississippi protest march ““We Shall Overcome!” –sung by King supportersWe Shall Overcome!” –sung by King supporters ““We Shall Overrun!” –sung by Carmichael followersWe Shall Overrun!” –sung by Carmichael followers

Carmichael challenges moderate leadersCarmichael challenges moderate leaders

““This is the twenty-seventh time I have This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested, and I ain’t going to jail been arrested, and I ain’t going to jail no more!... The only wan we gonna no more!... The only wan we gonna stop them white men from whippin’ stop them white men from whippin’ us is to take over. We been saying us is to take over. We been saying freedom for six years– and we ain’t freedom for six years– and we ain’t got nothin’. What we gonna start got nothin’. What we gonna start saying now is ‘black power!’”saying now is ‘black power!’”

-Stokely Carmichael, June 1966-Stokely Carmichael, June 1966

Black Power MovementBlack Power Movement The idea resonated with many African AmericansThe idea resonated with many African Americans A call to A call to

““unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community… to begin to define their own goals, to lead their own community… to begin to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations and support those organizations”organizations and support those organizations”

Black PanthersBlack Panthers Fall 1966, new militant party formsFall 1966, new militant party forms Bobby Seale and Huey NewtonBobby Seale and Huey Newton ““Power flows from the barrel of a gun.”Power flows from the barrel of a gun.”

• Repeated violent encounters with the policeRepeated violent encounters with the police Demands for reparations from the federal governmentDemands for reparations from the federal government Challenged police brutalityChallenged police brutality

Shifts in the movementShifts in the movement

Early CRM focused on battling Early CRM focused on battling De Jure SegregationDe Jure Segregation Racial separation created by lawRacial separation created by law

This did not address the issue of This did not address the issue of De Facto SegregationDe Facto Segregation Separation caused by social conditions such as povertySeparation caused by social conditions such as poverty De Facto Segregation tended to be the “rule” in locations across De Facto Segregation tended to be the “rule” in locations across

the country, not exclusively in the Souththe country, not exclusively in the South

Discrimination continued in education, housing, Discrimination continued in education, housing, employment, etc.employment, etc.

Kept from well-paying jobs, training, suburban housing, etc.Kept from well-paying jobs, training, suburban housing, etc. Inner city schools poorly run, ill-equippedInner city schools poorly run, ill-equipped

Test YourselfTest Yourself

Write your responses:Write your responses:1.1. What isWhat is Black Nationalism? Black Nationalism?

2.2. Who is Malcolm X?Who is Malcolm X?

3.3. How does the philosophy of Malcolm X differ from How does the philosophy of Malcolm X differ from that of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.?that of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.?

4.4. How did the Civil Rights Movement seem to fail?How did the Civil Rights Movement seem to fail?

5.5. Do continued issues of racial inequality continue to Do continued issues of racial inequality continue to exist today?exist today?

I. Why Did the Civil Rights I. Why Did the Civil Rights Movement Take Off After 1945?Movement Take Off After 1945?

Black equality became a significant political issue for the Black equality became a significant political issue for the Democratic PartyDemocratic Party

WWII had been fought against racism abroadWWII had been fought against racism abroad hard to justify harboring it at home!hard to justify harboring it at home!

Black veterans came home dedicated to changeBlack veterans came home dedicated to change

Increasing number of White Americans condemned Increasing number of White Americans condemned segregationsegregation

Discrimination in the United States hurt our propaganda Discrimination in the United States hurt our propaganda battle against the Communistsbattle against the Communists

II. The Truman YearsII. The Truman Years

No significant Civil Rights No significant Civil Rights congressional legislationcongressional legislation

Truman moves on his Truman moves on his own to do what he can for own to do what he can for Civil RightsCivil Rights--Desegregation of the --Desegregation of the military (1948)military (1948)

Jackie Robinson’s Jackie Robinson’s breakthrough (1947) breakthrough (1947)

II. The Truman Years (cont.)II. The Truman Years (cont.)

Split at the 1948 Split at the 1948 Democratic conventionDemocratic convention

Energized Truman hits Energized Truman hits the campaign trail hardthe campaign trail hard

Republican Dewey runs a Republican Dewey runs a boring, conservative boring, conservative campaigncampaign

Truman’s stunning Truman’s stunning electionelection

Truman’s “Fair Deal” Truman’s “Fair Deal” (1949)(1949)

III. The Battle in the CourtsIII. The Battle in the Courts Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson (1896) (1896)

““separate but equal” facilities are separate but equal” facilities are legallegal

unfortunately seldom (if ever) trueunfortunately seldom (if ever) true

Smith v. AllwrightSmith v. Allwright (1944) (1944) First attack = “separate is not equal”First attack = “separate is not equal”

Brown v. Board of Education of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KansasTopeka, Kansas (1954) (1954)

Chief Justice Earl Warren said to Chief Justice Earl Warren said to have the political skill to align all the have the political skill to align all the other justices to unanimity other justices to unanimity

III. Battle in the Courts (cont.)III. Battle in the Courts (cont.)

Eisenhower disapproves of Eisenhower disapproves of Brown decisionBrown decision

Desegregation “with all Desegregation “with all deliberate speed”deliberate speed”

Other Warren Court Civil Other Warren Court Civil Rights decisions are madeRights decisions are made

Popular opposition to the Popular opposition to the Brown decisionBrown decision

No real progress on No real progress on desegregation at firstdesegregation at first

IV. The Eisenhower YearsIV. The Eisenhower Years

Eisenhower’s philosophy Eisenhower’s philosophy related to Civil Rights lawsrelated to Civil Rights laws

First Civil Rights Acts First Civil Rights Acts passed since the Civil War passed since the Civil War (1957 and 1960)(1957 and 1960)

Opposition to the Opposition to the integration of Little Rock integration of Little Rock Central High School Central High School (1957)(1957)

--Governor Orville Faubus--Governor Orville Faubus

V. Out of the schools & into the busesV. Out of the schools & into the buses

The arrest of Rosa Parks The arrest of Rosa Parks (December, 1955)(December, 1955)

The Montgomery, Ala. The Montgomery, Ala. Bus BoycottBus Boycott

The leadership of Martin The leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.Luther King, Jr.

The “Montgomery” model The “Montgomery” model for Civil Rights activism: for Civil Rights activism: boycott, publicity, courtsboycott, publicity, courts

SCLC formed (1957)SCLC formed (1957)

VI. A Mass Movement Takes ShapeVI. A Mass Movement Takes Shape

Lunch counter “sit-ins” Lunch counter “sit-ins” begin in Greensboro, NC begin in Greensboro, NC (February, 1960)(February, 1960)

SNCC created (April, SNCC created (April, 1960)1960)

CORE “Freedom Ride” CORE “Freedom Ride” (May, 1961)(May, 1961)

VI. A Mass Movement Takes Shape VI. A Mass Movement Takes Shape (cont.)(cont.)

Demonstrations in Demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham, Alabama (April, 1963)(April, 1963)

Eugene “Bull” ConnorEugene “Bull” Connor

MLK jr.’s “Letter from MLK jr.’s “Letter from Birmingham City Jail”Birmingham City Jail”

Governor George Wallace Governor George Wallace tries to block integration of tries to block integration of the University of Alabama the University of Alabama (Fall, 1963)(Fall, 1963)

VI. A Mass Movement Takes ShapeVI. A Mass Movement Takes Shape

JFK finally begins to campaign for Civil Rights legislationJFK finally begins to campaign for Civil Rights legislation Continued violence in the face of some progressContinued violence in the face of some progress Martin Luther King, Jr. and the March on Washington Martin Luther King, Jr. and the March on Washington

(August, 1963)(August, 1963) ““I Have a Dream” speechI Have a Dream” speech

VI. A Mass Movement Takes ShapeVI. A Mass Movement Takes Shape

Mississippi Freedom Mississippi Freedom Summer Project (1964)Summer Project (1964)

MFDP Protests at the 1964 MFDP Protests at the 1964 Democratic conventionDemocratic convention

Voter registration in Selma, Voter registration in Selma, Alabama (1965)Alabama (1965)

Sheriff Jim ClarkSheriff Jim Clark

By the mid-1960’s, By the mid-1960’s, substantial success in the substantial success in the South had been achievedSouth had been achieved

VII. The Kennedy & Johnson YearsVII. The Kennedy & Johnson Years

JFK’s initial reluctance to JFK’s initial reluctance to push for Civil Rights lawspush for Civil Rights laws

The integration of Ole’ Miss The integration of Ole’ Miss (1962)(1962)

--James Meredith--James Meredith

JFK finally decides to push JFK finally decides to push for new congressional Civil for new congressional Civil Rights legislationRights legislation

VII. The Johnson Years (cont.)VII. The Johnson Years (cont.)

The role of Kennedy’s The role of Kennedy’s assassination in the Civil assassination in the Civil Rights movementRights movement

Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964

Anti-poll tax Amendment Anti-poll tax Amendment (24(24thth—1964)—1964)

Voting Rights Act (1965)Voting Rights Act (1965)

Impact of the Voting Impact of the Voting Rights ActRights Act

VII. The Johnson Years (cont.)VII. The Johnson Years (cont.)

The tone of public The tone of public political discourse political discourse changed after 1965changed after 1965

Johnson appoints first Johnson appoints first Black cabinet secretary: Black cabinet secretary: Robert Weaver of HUD Robert Weaver of HUD (1966)(1966)

Much more needed to be Much more needed to be done for Civil Rights done for Civil Rights outside of the South, so outside of the South, so 22ndnd phase began phase began

VIII. The Era of Disillusionment: VIII. The Era of Disillusionment: 1965 On1965 On

Early to mid-1960’s Early to mid-1960’s were a hopeful time were a hopeful time for Civil Rights for Civil Rights advocatesadvocates

Goal of AssimilationGoal of Assimilation A “Spoiled Utopia” A “Spoiled Utopia”

after 1965—things after 1965—things would not be that would not be that simplesimple

A. New ProblemsA. New Problems

Residential DiscriminationResidential Discrimination-- “Red Lining”-- “Red Lining”

The Challenges of School The Challenges of School integration in the Northintegration in the North

The historical, traditional The historical, traditional segregation of northern segregation of northern citiescities

The resurrection of the The resurrection of the KKK once againKKK once again

More effective White More effective White opponents in the Northopponents in the North

B. Race RiotsB. Race Riots

Watts Riots in Los Watts Riots in Los Angeles (Summer, 1965)Angeles (Summer, 1965)

Riots each summer from Riots each summer from 1965-19691965-1969

--Chicago and Cleveland --Chicago and Cleveland (1966)(1966)

--Newark and Detroit --Newark and Detroit (1967)(1967)

--Washington, D.C. --Washington, D.C. (1968)(1968)

B. Race Riots (cont.)B. Race Riots (cont.)

Riots as an expression of Riots as an expression of grievance against the grievance against the White American White American consumer societyconsumer society

Riots shocked the White Riots shocked the White American publicAmerican public

Frustration and self-Frustration and self-destruction expressed in destruction expressed in these riotsthese riots

Unlike earlier race riots, Unlike earlier race riots, these riots were not these riots were not started by White mobsstarted by White mobs

C. “Black Power”C. “Black Power”

Growing tension Growing tension between SNCC and between SNCC and Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr.--Stokely Carmichael--Stokely Carmichael

““Black Power”Black Power” Carmichael Carmichael

succeeded by H. Rap succeeded by H. Rap Brown as head of Brown as head of SNCC (1967)SNCC (1967)

C. “Black Power” (cont.)C. “Black Power” (cont.)

The formation of the The formation of the Black Panther Party Black Panther Party in Oakland, CA in Oakland, CA (1966)(1966)

--Huey Newton--Huey Newton

--Eldridge Cleaver--Eldridge Cleaver Resurrection of the Resurrection of the

philosophy of Marcus philosophy of Marcus GarveyGarvey

C. “Black Power” (cont.)C. “Black Power” (cont.)

The leadership of The leadership of Malcolm XMalcolm X--Black Muslims--Black Muslims--Assassinated in 1965--Assassinated in 1965

Cultural expressions of Cultural expressions of “Black Power”:“Black Power”:--Afro Hairstyles--Afro Hairstyles--Black-studies programs--Black-studies programs-- “Negro” no longer used-- “Negro” no longer used--1968 Olympics--1968 Olympics

D. Decline of the Civil Rights D. Decline of the Civil Rights MovementMovement

Economic contraction Economic contraction works against Civil Rights works against Civil Rights concessionsconcessions

Northern phase not as Northern phase not as successfulsuccessful

Resistance from White Resistance from White UnionsUnions

Vietnam replaces Civil Vietnam replaces Civil Rights as the liberal Rights as the liberal crusadecrusade

Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. loses influence with LBJloses influence with LBJ