Documenting your sources of information . . .

shows the foundation on which your work is built.

Documentation takes two forms

Reference List at end of documentCan be alphabetical list or numbered list

In-Text citationsUse some system to map to references

described more thoroughly at end of document.

In-Text Citations

If numbered list will be used, use superscript or bracketed numbers at end of sentence: One researcher has reported that air quality is

declining in most U.S. cities [1].

If alphabetical list will be used, put author and date in parentheses: One researcher has reported that air quality is

declining in most U.S. cities (Turnbull 1998). Most common in engineering.

Put citation as close as possible to quotation or cited information.

Documenting quotations and paraphrases

• “An alternative to the common drain field is the

Seepage Pit (Dry Well). In this type, liquid flows to

a pre-cast tank with sidewall holes, surrounded by

gravel” (Miller 2004).

• P. Miller (2004) describes the Seepage Pit (Dry

Well) as an alternative to the drain field. “In this

type, liquid flows to a pre-cast tank with sidewall

holes, surrounded by gravel.”

In-Text Citations: Three TypesReferencing ideas or facts found in the source: RDX has been used in a mixture with other explosives

to produce bursting charges for bombs (Rizk 1996).

Quoting directly from the source: Research has shown that RDX “has long been used in

a mixture with other explosives” (Rizk 1996, 24).

Giving credit to the author as part of the flow of your sentence: Rizk (1996) reviewed the uses of RDX and found they

included being used in a mixture with other explosives.

In-Text Citations (con.)Citing two or more sources written by the same author and published in the same year: (Rizk 1996a) (Rizk 1996b)

Citing work by more than one author: Two or three authors -- give all their names:

(Hart and Kinnas 1998) (Hart, Kinnas, and Hardjanto 1998)

More than three authors – first author’s name, followed by “et al.”:

(Hart et al. 1998)

In-Text Citations (con.)If source does not name the author, give name of sponsoring or publishing organization: (National Cancer Institute 1993).

When naming two or more sources in one place, separate them with semicolons: (Justin 1994; Skol 1972; Wiess 1986).

If your citation refers to material found in several sentences, place it in a topic sentence: A much different account of the goals of risk communication is

found in the seminal work published by the National Research Council (1989).

In-text citations map to Reference List at end of document.

ABET (2005), “Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs,” Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, ABET, Inc., Baltimore Md. American Psychological Association (2002). http://www.apa.org/ethics/homepage.html. Reprinted from December 2002 issue of the American Psychologist (Vol. 57, pp. 1060—1073). Accessed March 2006.Bird, S. J., and Dustira, A.K. (1999). “Misconduct in Science: Controversy and Progress” (Editorial in the Special Issue on Scientific Misconduct). Science and Engineering Ethics 5(2):131-137.Bransford, J. D., Brown, A., and Cocking, R.R., eds. (2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. Cleveland, W.S. (1994). The Elements of Graphing Data. Revised edition. Summit, NJ: Hobart Press.

List of References

Use a style manual common in your field. In social science and engineering, many journals follow the APA (American Psychological Association) style: author/date system.

Check the guidelines published by professional societies in your field: American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE), Transportation Research Board, etc. see the ASCE Web site: http://

www.pubs.asce.org/authors/index.html

(Manuscript Requirements)

Print vs. Online References

Print reference: Beverly, C. 1993. The ethics of technology in

education. Professional Ethics 37:3, 77-81.

Online reference: Beverly, C. 1993. The ethics of technology in

education <http://rgfn.epcc.edu> (30 Aug. 2000). Notice additional two pieces of information in

online reference: pathway date of access

References to Online Publications

Follow the guidelines in the Columbia Guide to Online Style, 1998. New York: Columbia University Press.

See also the Web site: www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos/idx_basic.html

Citing Private Correspondence and Interviews

APA standards allow citation of non-published sources only in the text in parentheses.

Indicate person, affiliation, and detailed date. In several interviews with Mr. Herbert

Watchman, we gathered his expert opinion about time required for these software-development tasks (Motorola, February 2006).