Conus micropunctatus Röckel & Rolán, 2000Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Manolo Tenorio Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Argonauta 8 (2), p. 35, f. 72-76Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Lucira, AngolaType Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 32.5 x 17 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Varioconus Species:-micropunctatus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Equimini to Lucira, AngolaHabitat:-Under rocks buried in sand, 1-2 mDescription:-Source Original descriptionModerately small, moderately solid. Last whorl ventricosely conical, slightly pyriform. Outline convex at adapical half; straight to slightly concave (left side) below. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder rounded. Spire of low to moderate height, outline straight to convex. Teleoconch sutural ramps convex, with fine spiral striae. Last whorl smooth and dull, with 8-10 ribs at base. Periostracum yellow, thin, and smooth.Ground colour white or bluish white. Last whorl with 30-50 spiral rows of minute brown dots; spire whorls and sometimes base with axial hairlines. Aperture white, occasionally with brown flecks.Shell morphometry:L25-35 mmRD 0.63-0.68RSH 0.08-0.17PMD 0.75-0.79RW 0.10-0.15 /mmDiscussion:-There are some Angolan Conus populations, which might be affiliated to C. micropunctatus with respect to their similar shell pattern. One of them, having a smaller size (L < 26 mm) and orange shade, could be an ecotype of C. naranjus or another valid species. Its punctated spiral lines are very dense and often fuse in continuous lines. Tenorio & Monteiro provisionally separate them from C. micropunctatus. C. micropunctatus may be similar to C. neoguttatus and C. fuscolineatus. The relative diameter of similar patterned specimens of C. neoguttatus is usually larger (>0.70), the number of dotted spiral lines is fewer ( <30) and the distance of dots is larger. C. fuscolineatus differs by it brown, sometimes interrupted spiral lines instead of punctated lines and its greenish white ground colour. The radular tooth of C. neoguttatus is very different: without D in S and without F. More similar is that of C. fuscolineatus but F is usually not noticeable.

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Conus mighelsi Kiener, 1845

Pictures:.Picture Link: Figure Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv., pl. 103, f.1

Published in: Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv. 2, p. 352, pl. 103, f. 1Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: East IndiesType Data: Holotype was in collection Largilliert and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus musicus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Harmoniconus Species:-musicus mighelsi formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-E. Indian Ocean; W PacificHabitat:-In 1-18 m, living on rock benches, subtidal reef flats, the reef rim and on lagoon pinnacles. Mostly found on sand-binding algal mats, limestone pavement, dead coral rocks or heads and in crevices of rocks or coral reefs. Somewhat more common in subtidal habitats.Description:- Form mighelsi characterized by a broad pinkish red to orangish red spiral band above centre.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus miguelfiadeiroi Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MMM, Cupra MarittimaPicture Link: Paratype Paul Kersten

Published in: Malacologia 88, p. 3 -4 Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Baia das Gatas, Boavista I., Cape Verde Is.; 2-6 mType Data: Holotype in MMM Type Size: 35.2 x 22 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A synonym of Africonus vulcanus Tenorio & Afonso, 2004: see DiscussionCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-miguelfiadeiroi Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Boavista, Cape Verde IslandsHabitat:-2 – 6 m on rocks

Description:-Source Original descriptionShell of small to medium size (25-40 mm), pyriform, with a low spire which is slightly concave. The whorl tops are lined The protoconch is slightly raised and cup shaped. The reticulate white markings show on the dark brown base colour and are more accentuated in the middle band of the whorl. The shoulder has a rounded shape The profile of the whorl has a convex shape adapically and almost straight in abapical area . The aperture is wide and blue brown internally. A strong characteristic is the pattern of the last whorl described above; the very fine reticulation can be found over the entire surface which has a dark brown base colour often washed over reticulations. The overall colour of shell is greenish brown with fine striae covering the back of the last whorl.Discussion: Personal comment from Manuel Tenorio: this miguelfiadeiroi is just a local form of Africonus vulcanus from Praia Canto, not only according to radula but also according to DNA.

Abalde et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:231

Phylogenetic relationships of cone shells endemic to Cabo Verde based on mitochondrial genomes

New species proposed: Africonus vulcanus Tenorio & Afonso, 2004

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Conus miles Linnaeus, 1758

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in LSL Mike Filmer Picture :Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Systema Naturae 10th ed., 1, p. 713Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: IndiaType Data: Lectotype in LSL deposited and catalogued Type Size: 53 x 31 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rhizoconus Species:-miles Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Indo-W. PacificHabitat:-Intertidal, more common in upper subtidal to about 50 m; on intertidal benches and reefs, in bays, on slightly subtidal reef flats and in deeper subtidal habitats. In shallow water on sand or gravel among rocks, on beachrock, rough truncated reef limestone and lagoon pinnacles.Description:-Source Living Conidae.Moderately large to large, solid to heavy. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical, rarely broadly conical; outline almost straight at right side, convex at left side and concave at basal fourth. Subadult

specimens often with slightly pyriform last whorl. Shoulder angulate, sometimes subangulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline straight to slightly concave. Larval shell of 3 or more whorls, maximum diameter about 0.95 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave in late whorls, with 2 increasing to 3-4 spiral grooves, obsolete in late whorls. Last whorl with widely spaced spiral ribs on basal third and a few spiral threads between; sculpture often obsolete in large specimens.Ground colour white. Last whorl with a variably broad dark brown spiral band above centre, also dark brown on basal fourth to third. Remaining areas clouded with lighter brown or olive, crossed by closely spaced to well separated, fine, brown to orange axial lines that extend to shoulder ramp. In New Caledonia, shells occasionally have almost the entire last whorl black. Larval whorls and adjacent sutural ramps pale yellow. Later sutural ramps white, with fine brown or orange axial lines partly overlying tan or olive blotches. Aperture translucent, even in large specimens.Shell Morphometry L 50-132 mm RW 0.51-1.50 g/mm (L 50-99 mm) RD 0.61-0.75 PMD 0.81-0.91 RSH 0.09-0.15Discussion:-

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Conus milesi Smith, 1887

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Published in: J. Conchol. V, p. 244 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: MuscatType Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 20.7 x 7.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Bathyconus Species:-milesi Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Gulf of Oman; Persian GulfHabitat:-Found at depths of 10-50 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeSmall to moderately small, light. Last whorl conical; outline straight or slightly convex adapically and straight (right side) to concave (left side) below. Shoulder angulate, completely or partly tuberculate. Spire high, outline slightly concave. Larval shell of 1.75-2.0 whorls, maximum diameter 0.8-0.9 mm. Shells of 21-26 mm with 8-9.25 postnuclear whorls, the first 7.5-9.0 tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural

ramps flat to slightly concave, with 1-2 increasing to 2-4 spiral grooves; latest ramps may have additional spiral striae. Entire last whorl with nearly regularly spaced spiral grooves separated by ribs at anterior end and by ribbons above; very large specimens grade to smooth adapically.Ground colour white. Last whorl with largely separate brown axial flecks, streaks and flames. Larval whorls white. Later teleoconch sutural ramps with partially confluent brown radial blotches. Aperture white, suffused with pale violet.Shell Morphometry L 17-27 mm RW 0.02-0.06 g/mm RD 0.49-0.59 PMD 0.88-0.95 RSH 0.29-0.38Discussion:-Moolenbeek & Coomans (1986) considered C. milesi the juvenile stage of C. dictator. Subadult specimens of C. dictator (L 17-28 mm) are similar to C. milesi in shape, weight and sculpture, and small ones may also be so in pattern. However, C. dictator has a generally lower spire (RSH 0.17-0.26), fewer postnuclear whorls (5.75-7.75), and only the first 4.5-7 postnuclear whorls are tuberculate. The periostracum of C. dictator is thinner, smoother and more translucent. Adults and large subadults of C. dictator also differ from C. milesi by their finer colour pattern with numerous spiral rows of dots. C. lentiginosus can be distinguished from C. milesi by its broader and more ventricose last whorl (RD 0.60-0.69; PMD 0.80-0.89), lower spire (RSH 0.18-0.24), and fewer tuberculate spire whorls (3-5) (Röckel, 1988a; Korn, 1990). C. milesi has a higher spire (RSH 0.29-0.38) than C. elegans, a broader and more conical last whorl (RD 0.49-0.59; PMD 0.88-0.95), and its shoulder is tuberculate.

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Conus miliaris Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers. Vol. 1, p. 629Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: ChinaType Data: Lectotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 43 x 27 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Miliariconus Species:-miliaris Synonyms:- fulgetrum Sowerby ii, 1834; granulatus Sowerby ii, 1834; pascuensis Rehder, 1980Geographic Range:-Indo-Pacific, except for Marquesas Is. and Hawaii. C. m. miliaris: S. Africa to Red

Sea and to French Polynesia and Marshall Is.Habitat:-Intertidal to about 10 m. Typical form of C. m. miliaris is more common on intertidal benches of beachrock or truncated reef limestone than on slightly subtidal reef platforms. It can be found at protected or exposed sites, in or on sand, coral rubble or rocks.Description:-Source Living ConidaeSmall to medium-sized, usually moderately light to solid. Last whorl broadly or broadly and ventricosely conical, sometimes conical to ventricosely conical in Lndian Ocean shells; outline slightly to distinctly convex. In large specimens, aperture often with a distinct median pad and an oblique abapical ridge. Shoulder variably tuberculate, angulate (C. m. miliaris) or subangulate to rounded (C. m. pascuensis). Spire of low to moderate height, outline straight to convex (C. m. miliaris) or domeshaped (C. m. pascuensis). Maximum diameter of larval shell about 0.7 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls weakly to strongly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat or faintly concave. with 2 increasing to4-5 spiral grooves. Last whorl with widely spaced granulose spiral ribs basally, smooth or with ribbons separated by grooves adapically. In form fulgetrum, widely set, fine, punctate grooves encircling a variable adapical portion of last whorl.Ground colour white. Last whorl heavily tinged with apricot-tan or greyish rose leaving only blotches, broad axial zigzag lines, and broad arrow-shaped markings. White blotches fusing into a spiral band at centre and a faint band below shoulder. Variously spaced spiral rows of alternating brown and opaque white dots and dashes from base to shoulder. Larval whorls white, beige, pink or violet-red. Postnuclear sutural ramps with broad red-orange to red-brown dashes composed of collabral lines between tubercles. Aperture purplish pink to brownish violet, with paler bands at centre and below shoulder.Shell Morphometry L 22-43 mm RW 0.12-0.48 g/mm RD 0.67-0.83 (0.70 - 0.79 Pacific Ocean) PMD 0.79-0.92 RSH 0.06-0.20 Similar to C. fulgetrum which is usually brighr brown with numerous white obique lines forming axial bands and more developed granulose ridges; C. tiaratus has contrasting zones of brownish bluish, has white midbody and shoulder and distinct large brown dashes;C. encaustus is very finely flecked with brown and white dashes/dots and heavily mottled opaque white;C. m. pascuensis :-lineate variant from Easter Island ;Body is tinged with shades of olive brown and pronounced light color band without dots and dashes below shoulder;dome shaped spire;Pinkish rosy specimens from India;Discussion:-The endemic Hawaiian species C. abbreviatus is closely related to C. miliaris, which is not known from Hawaii and differs in its smaller maximum size (ca. 40 mm), variously granulose surface and intermittent white dashes usually present within the dotted brown lines around the last whorl, and in the colour pattern of its animal.Compared to C. encaustus,C. miliaris tends to have a broader, often ventricosely conical last whorl, lacks the pronounced brown lining of the shoulder edges, and has the white and brown elements

less regularly arranged within the spiral rows. The colour of typical C. miliaris lacks grey, bluish and olive tones.C. m. pascuensis differs from C. m. miliaris in morphometry of the shell and radular teeth, in some ecological characters, and to some extent in colour pattern of both shell and animal. These differences may be explained by geographic separation, perhaps over a period of 1-2.5 my and by adaptation to different environmental conditions. The differences are balanced by striking morphological and ecological similarities, which strongly suggest subspecies status for the population from Easter Island (Rehder, 1980). The name C. fulgetrum (syn. C. scaber) appears to apply to populations from Japan southwards to the Solomons Is. We tentatively consider this nominal species a form of C. m. miliaris. It is not distinct from typical C. m. miliaris in shell morphometry but differs constantly in the colour pattern of the shell without intergrading. More data on additional aspects of morphology, ecology and zoogeography are needed for a conclusive assignment of these populations as valid species or as form of C. m. miliaris. A form from the Indian Ocean often referred to as C. fulgetrum is actually fairly typical of C. m. miliaris and not intermediate between form fulgetrum from the Western Pacific, as described above, and the typical Indo-West Pacific form.

Conus miliaris f. fulgetrum Sowerby ii, 1834

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in NMWC Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Illus., pt. 56-7, f. 82Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: NoneType Data: Lectotype in NMWC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 22 x 14 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus miliaris Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Miliariconus Species:-miliaris fulgetrum formaSynonyms:- scaber Kiener, 1845Geographic Range:-Japan to SolomonsHabitat:-Shallow waterDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. miliarisForm fulgetrum differs from typical C. m. miliaris in the dark orange-brown colouration of its last whorl, with fine brown reticulate lines and narrow crosshatchings, small spots and axial zigzag flames of white. Spiral rows of brown and white dots or dashes are absent. Aperture grey to brown, edged with violet-brown.Discussion:-No Data

Conus miliaris pascuensis Rehder, 1980

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Alan Kohn Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Smithson. Contrib. Zool. no. 289, p. 91, pl. 9, f. 21-22Ocean geography:Indo-PacificType Locality: Hanga Piko, Easter Is.Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 26 x 15 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus miliaris Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Miliariconus Species:-miliaris pascuensis subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Easter Island; ChileHabitat:-Intertidal to about 10 m.Description:- C. m. pascuenisis may be tinged with various shades of olive-brown and has a pronounced light coloured band without dots and dashes below edge of shoulder.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus milneedwardsi Jousseaume, 1894

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris ser 8, Vol. vi, p. 99 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: AdenType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 46 x 14 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Leptoconus Species:-milneedwardsi Synonyms:- clytospira Melvill and Standen, 1899; unsure: kawamurai Habe, 1962; lemuriensis Wils & Delsaerdt, 1989Geographic Range:-KwaZuluNatal, RSA - Red Sea; Typical form

Habitat:-Founds at depths of 50-180 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately large to large, moderately solid to solid; specimens smallest in C. m. kawamurai, largest in C. m. milneedwardsi. Last whorl narrowly conical, also conical in C. m. kawamurai and C. m. lemuriensis; outline nearly straight. Depth of exhalent notch about 1/3 to about 2/5 of maximum diameter. Shoulder angulate to sharply angulate. Spire stepped and usually high, also of moderate height in C. m. kawamurai and C. m. lemuriensis; outline generally straight, also variably concave in C. m. kawamurai. Maximum diameter of larval shell about 0.9 mm. First 6-10 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave to concave, often less so in C. m. kawamurai, with 0-1 increasing to 4-7 spiral grooves; spiral sculpture may be very weak in latest whorls. Last whorl with variably weak, axially striate spiral grooves near base, separated by ribs at anterior end and by ribbons above; spiral grooves weak or obsolete in C. m. lemuriensis, sometimes extending to shoulder in C. m. milneedwardsi and C. m. clytospira.Ground colour white, generally with 2 pink spiral bands on last whorl, just above centre and within basal third; bands most prominent in C. m. clytospira, often weak in C. m. kawamurai; latest sutural ramps sometimes suffused with pink in C. m. milneedwardsi. Last whorl generally with reddish brown reticulated lines forming small to large triangular, quadrangular and round markings, and with similarly coloured triangular spots to variably shaped blotches concentrated in 2-3 spiral bands, within basal third, just above centre and sometimes somewhat below shoulder. Larval shell white to grey. Teleoconch spire matching last whorl in colour pattern. Aperture pink to orangish pink deep within, white to cream in C. m. kawamurai.Shell Morphometry L 60-174 mm RW 0.15-0.53 g/mm (L 60-110 mm) RD - (-C. m. milneedwardsi and C. m. clytospira 0.42 - 0.46;-C. m. kawamurai and C. m. lemuriensis 0.46 - 0.54) PMD 0.86-0.94 RSH - (C. m. milneedwardsi and C. m. clytospira 0.28 - 0.33;-C. m. kawamurai 0.20 - 0.31;-C. m. lemuriensis 0.20 - 0.36)Discussion:-C. milneedwardsi may be similar to C. bengalensis. The latter species has a generally narrower and often narrowly conoid-cylindrical last whorl (RD 0.36-0.46; PMD 0.80-0.96), a less angulate shoulder, a usually lower spire (RSH 0.16-0.24) with fewer tuberculate whorls (4-5 vs. 6-10), and broad axial brown lines within the yellowish brown areas of last whorl and spire. The nominal species-group taxa C. milneedwardsi, C. clytospira, C. kawamurai and C. lemuriensis may be regarded as geographical forms or subspecies of the same species: C. m. milneedwardsi is the largest form (L 80-174 mm). C. m. clytospira is morphologically very close to the former subspecies, differing in its smaller size (L 65-110 mm) and usually more prominent pink background bands around the last whorl. C. m. lemuriensis is similar in size to C. m. clytospira; it is distinguished from C. m. milneedwardsi and C. m. clytospira by its broader last whorl and its more uniformly reticulated pattern with less numerous and larger white markings, mainly below shoulder. C. m. kawamurai is the smallest form (L 60-81 mm), otherwise not separable by shell morphometry from C. m. lemuriensis, and intergrading with C. m. milneedwardsi and C. m. clytospira in shell shape and

sculpture except for the broader last whorl. Its last whorl pattern varies from densely to widely meshed and includes sparse brown spots to prominent axially fused spiral colour bands. Pattern varieties of C. m. milneedwardsi, C. m. clytospira and C. m. lemuriensis fall within the range of variation observed in C. m. kawamurai. Whether the recent populations of C. m. kawamurai and the Pleistocene C. aratispira Pilsbry, 1905 from Kikai, Osumi (Japan), are the same species, as considered by Matsukuma, Okutani & Habe, 1991, cannot be unequivocally determined (Walls, [1979], Yoshiba, 1990); similarities in shape are not sufficient to justify such a hypothesis.

Conus milneedwardsi clytospira Melvill & Standen, 1899

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7, p. 461, 45 f. Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Arabian Sea, about 125 miles W. S-W of Bombay, 45 fathomsType Data: Lectotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 180 x 33 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus milneedwardsi Jousseaume, 1894Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Leptoconus Species:-milneedwardsi clytospira subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Pakistan - Sri LankaHabitat:-Founds at depths of 50-180 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately large to large, moderately solid to solid; Last whorl narrowly conical; outline nearly straight. Shoulder angulate to sharply angulate. Spire stepped and usually high,; outline generally straight. Maximum diameter of larval shell about 0.9 mm. First 6-10 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave to concave, with 0-1 increasing to 4-7 spiral grooves; spiral sculpture may be very weak in latest whorls. Last whorl with variably weak, axially striate spiral grooves near base, separated by ribs at anterior end and by ribbons above; spiral grooves sometimes extending to shoulder in C. m. milneedwardsi and C. m. clytospira.Ground colour white, generally with 2 pink spiral bands on last whorl, just above centre and within basal third; bands most prominent in C. m. clytospira; latest sutural ramps sometimes suffused with pink in C. m. milneedwardsi. Last whorl generally with reddish brown reticulated lines forming small to large triangular, quadrangular and round markings, and with similarly coloured triangular spots to variably shaped blotches concentrated in 2-3 spiral bands, within basal third, just above centre and sometimes somewhat below shoulder. Larval shell white to grey. Teleoconch spire matching last whorl in colour pattern. Aperture pink to orangish pink deep within.Shell Morphometry L 60-174 mm

RW 0.15-0.53 g/mm (L 60-110 mm) RD - (-C. m. milneedwardsi and C. m. clytospira 0.42 - 0.46PMD 0.86-0.94)RSH - (C. m. milneedwardsi and C. m. clytospira 0.28 - 0.33) C. m. clytospira is morphologically very close to the former subspecies, differing in its smaller size (L 65-110 mm) and usually more prominent pink background bands around the last whorl, spiral grooves often extending to shoulder.Discussion:-No Data

Conus milneedwardsi kawamurai Habe, 1961

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NSMT Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Colored Illus. Shells of Japan III, App, p. 45, pl. 37, f. 15Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Amami Islands, JapanType Data: Holotype in NSMT deposited and catalogued Type Size: 80.5 x 33.4 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: According to Filmer a synonym form of Conus milneedwardsi Jousseaume, 1894; we could deal with a valid species in my opinion (PK)Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Leptoconus Species:-milneedwardsi kawamurai formaSynonyms:- aratispira Pilsbry, 1905Geographic Range:-Ryukyu IslandsHabitat:-C. m. kawamurai known from rocky substrate in about 50 mDescription:-Note: There is much debate whether this is a valid species or a geographic form of C. milneedwardsi.Discussion:-C. m. kawamurai is the smallest form (L 60-81 mm) intergrading with C. m. milneedwardsi and C. m. clytospira in shell shape and sculpture except for the broader last whorl. Its last whorl pattern varies from densely to widely meshed and includes sparse brown spots to prominent axially fused spiral colour bands. Pattern varieties of C. m. milneedwardsi, C. m. clytospira fall within the range of variation observed in C. m. kawamurai.

Conus milneedwardsi lemuriensis Wils & Delsaerdt, 1989

Pictures:.Picture Link: Holotype in IRSN Mike Filmer

Published in: Gloria Maris xxviii, no. 6, p. 105 Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific

Type Locality: Reunion Is.Type Data: Holotype in IRSN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 110.4 x 35.3 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus milneedwardsi Jousseaume, 1894Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Leptoconus Species:-milneedwardsi lemuriensis subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Reunion; MauritiusHabitat:-C. m. lemuriensis from sand bottoms in 50-60 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeLast whorl narrowly conical, outline nearly straight. Spire stepped and of moderate height. Shell Morphometry L 60-174 mm RW 0.15-0.53 g/mm (L 60-110 mm) RD - (-0.46 - 0.54) RSH - ( 0.20 - 0.36) C. m. lemuriensis Reunion ; spiral grooves obsolete, spire moderate; broader last whorl more uniform reticulated pattern with less numerous large markings below shoulderDiscussion:-No Data

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Conus mindanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers. Vol. 1, p. 711Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: N. of Nellies Point, South Lake Worth, Florida; 46 mType Data: Lectotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 31 x 17 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-mindanus Synonyms:- elventinus Duclos, 1833; rosaceus Sowerby ii, 1834; cretaceus Kiener, 1845; agassizii Dall, 1886; lymani Clench, 1942; bermudensis Clench, 1942; vanhyningi Rehder, 1944; karinae Nowell-Usticke, 1968; iansa Petuch, 1979; bodarti Coltro, 2004; fluviamaris Petuch & Sargent, 2011; vanhyningi, iansa, bodarti and fluviamaris are here listed as valid species

Geographic Range:-Bermuda - BrazilHabitat:-Normally found at depths of 10 to 30 m where it prefers sandy gravel and broken coral covered with a thin layer of green algae.Description:-Source VinkA moderately heavy shell, 25 to 35 mm (up to 55 mm in specimens from Bermuda) with slightly convex sides of the body whorl and a typical outline of the spire, i.e. strongly concave whorls, while the spire itself is rather straight and producing an angle of 80 to 90deg. Shoulder angled, usually concave above, body whorl with about 10 rather deeply incised spiral lines near the base. In juvenile specimens the grooves may extend to the shoulder. Aperture widened anteriorly. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls, mamillate, early whorls less concave than later whorls, smooth. There are pustulouse forms of C. mindanus which usually have a nodulous shoulder of the body whorl and of one or two penultimate whorls. Also in smooth specimens the shoulder of the body whorl may be somewhat undulate or close to coronate.Most specimens of C. mindanus have a white, pinkish white, pale orange or pale yellow background often with a somewhat lighter band below midbody, and often with large or small clouds of reddish brown, orange or yellow. In addition there are spiral rows of small reddish brown and milk-white dashes (the milk-white quite distinct even against a 'white' background), but there spiral rows and/or clouds may also be absent. Dark reddish brown dashes may be present on the margin of the shoulder and spire whorls, a second row of more close-set reddish brown dots are often distinguished near the suture, furthermore some reddish brown patches may be found on the spire. In some pale specimens distinct rose- pink spots on the shoulder and margin of the spire whorls are the only obvious markings.Discussion:-C. mindanus could be confused with C. pusio (which is smaller with a relatively higher spire and less concave tops of the spire whorls), C. anaglypticus (which has a more convex-sided body whorl, rather flat tops of the spire whorls and much smaller granulations on the body whorl in granulated specimens), C. branhamae (which has rather flat tops of the spire whorls and a distinctive pattern of brown axial patches) and various species traditionally associated with C. jaspideus (which have a straight to concave spire with rather flat tops of the carinated spire whorls).

Conus mindanus agassizii Dall, 1886

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in USNM Mike Filmer

Published in: Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xii, no. 6, pl. 9, f. 8 & 8aOcean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Off St. Croix, Virgin Is.Type Data: Lectotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 24.4 x 11. 3mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus mindanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-mindanus agassizii subsp.

Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-A deepwater species occurring in the Eastern Caribbean and off Brazil with records from off St. Croix, off Barbados and off Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Habitat:-Dredged from sand and shell gravel-rubble bottoms at depths of 50 to 250 m.Description:-Source VinkA moderately heavy shell, 25 to 35 mm (up to 55 mm in specimens from Bermuda) with slightly convex sides of the body whorl and a typical outline of the spire, i.e. strongly concave whorls, while the spire itself is rather straight and producing an angle of 80 to 90 deg. Shoulder angled, usually concave above, body whorl with about 10 rather deeply incised spiral lines near the base. In juvenile specimens the grooves may extend to the shoulder. Aperture widened anteriorly. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls, mamillate, early whorls less concave than later whorls, smooth. There are pustulouse forms of C. mindanus which usually have a nodulous shoulder of the body whorl and of one or two penultimate whorls. Also in smooth specimens the shoulder of the body whorl may be somewhat undulate or close to coronate.C. mindanus agassizii differs from typical C. mindanus in being a less heavy, somewhat larger, and more slender shell. The outer lip is often slightly concave at midbody. Typical specimens from Barbados have a beautiful pink background with darker pink and yellow maculations and with spiral rows of predominantly milk-white dashes. Dead collected specimens from Mustique are white with spiral rows of milk-white dashes. Specimens from Brazil are larger (up to 50 mm) with often brownish maculations and more prominent reddish brown dashes.Discussion:-The shells that are commonly offered as this subspecies are wrongly identified:See here: link

Conus mindanus f. bermudensis Clench, 1942

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MCZ Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Johnsonia 1, p. 34, pl. 13, f. 4Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Dyer Is., BermudaType Data: Holotype in MCZ deposited and catalogued Type Size: 43 x 22.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus mindanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-mindanus bermudensis formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Bermuda, E. FloridaHabitat:-Found at depths of 5 mDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell up to 50 mm in length, heavy and smooth. Colour porcelain white with pinkish irregular

blotches or bands. Aperture tinged with pink. Some specimens have spiral rows of many very fine reddish dots. Whorls tapering and slightly convex. Sculpture of numerous incised lines which are most visible at base.

Conus mindanus f. bodarti Coltro, 2004

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MZUSP Original Description Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Strombus 11, p. 2Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: 125 km NE Abrolhos Arch., off Alcobaça, Bahia State, Brazil (15deg 50' S, 37deg 57' W)Type Data: Holotype in MZUSP deposited and catalogued Type Size: 16 x 8 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus mindanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-mindanus bodarti formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-BrasilHabitat:-On rubble and coral sand bottom at 20-35 metersDescription:-Source Original descriptionLength: 12 to 16 mm, with convex sides of the body whorl in adult specimens, weak deflection in 1/6 anterior body. Straight-sided spire. Shoulder roundly angulated and nodulose. Body whorl with 12- 14 incised lines, starting near the siphonal canal up to middle of the body. Apex yellowish smooth with 2 to 2 1/ 5 whorls. Spire with 6 up 8 whorls, with medium deep suture, angle 80-85deg.Color body red-brown with grey and white marks, 18-20 spiral cords with interrupted brown and white dots, purple mark on the siphonal canal. Some specimens have yellowish marks. White aperture.Discussion:-The shell differs from C. mindanus Hwass, 1792 and Conus iansa Petuch, 1979 in shape, spire angle, aperture and color apex. Conus iansa is more wide, has more spiral cords (22 up to 25), and the aperture is widely open near the siphonal canal. Conus mindanus is more slender and smoother, with fewer incised lines near the siphonal canal. Both species live near the continental area, and have not been found on the offshore reefs.Filmer considers it form of mindanus.Tucker suggests that iansa, bodarti, delucai, schirrmeisteri are a group of synonyms separate from mindanus.

Conus mindanus f. fluviamaris Petuch & Sargent, 2011

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in LACM Bill Fenzan Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Visaya 3 (3), 44 Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Delray Beach, FloridaType Data: Holotype in LACM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 16.2 x 8.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: According To Filmer a synonym colour form of Conus mindanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-mindanus fluviamaris formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-E. FloridaHabitat:-Found at 10 m on sandDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell of average size for genus, subcylindrical, with straight sides; spire elevated, low pyramidal, with slightly stepped whorls. Body whorl smooth and shiny, ornamented with 8-10 deeply-incised spiral grooves around anterior one-half of shell (holotype with 8 grooves ); posterior one-half ornamented with 6- 7 faintly-incised, almost obsolete spiral grooves; faint posterior grooves more prominent on juvenile specimens, almost disappearing on mature specimens; anterior tip with 5-6 small spiral cords; color variable, from pure white, to uniform pale pink, to intense pink with large amorphous dark pink flarnrnules (as in holotype ).Shoulder sharply-angled, edged with large, sharp, smooth raised carina; subsutural area depressed and canaliculate due to strong carina.Spire whorls stepped, moderately scalariform, distinctly canaliculate; spire height variable, from low and subpyramidal to high and elevated; color varying from uniform white to pink (as in holotype); protoconch proportionally large, rounded, mamillate, composed of 2 whorls, white or pink in color. Aperture proportionally wide, becoming wider and more flaring at anterior end; interior color varying from white to bright pink (as in holotype).Discussion:-

Conus mindanus f. iansa Petuch, 1979

Pictures:.Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike FilmerPicture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Rolán Published in: Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. xcii, no. 3, p. 524, f. 4g & hOcean geography:West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Abrolhos Arch., 2 km E. Sta Barbara Is. (17deg 57' S. 38deg 41' W); 25 m

Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 12 x 7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: According to Filmer a synonym form of Conus mindanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-mindanus iansa formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Abrolhos, BrazilHabitat:-Found at depths from 1-25 m.Description:-Source: Original descriptionSmall, shiny squat, with wide, heavily coronated shoulder; anterior half of last whorl with 8-15 deeply impressed spiral sulci, posterior half smooth; spire elevated with mamillate protoconch; color variable, ranging from white to shades of pink and orange; color pattern composed of series of dots and dashes in close-packed spiral rows overlaid with large amorphous patches of darker color; some specimens greyish-white with bright white color pattern; spire with alternating patches of darker color; interior of aperture white; periostracum thin, smooth, transparent yellow, with small shaggy tufts on shoulder.Discussion:-Conus iansa resembles no other known Western Atlantic cone shell. In some aspects. such as shell coloring and the coronated spire. The new species resembles some forms of C. otohimeae Kuroda and Ito, 1961, from Japan and Taiwan. Conus iansa may be allied to the Conus magellanicus Hwass, 1972-Conus speciosissimus Reeve, 1848 species complex of the West Indies; this assumption is based on the small shell size and strongly coronated shoulder, Members of this complex are always associated with hard-bottom communities on Caribbean reefs, and the soft-bottom habitat of C. iansa is unusual.Note that Vink and subsequent reviewers have assigned the name to mindanus complex.Tucker comments: I do not agree with Vink that Jaspidiconus iansa Petuch is a synonym of J. mindanus. These two differ in shape. Specimens of J. mindanus have more of the shell length made up of the spire. In contrast, J. iansa has a longer body and a shorter spire. Most specimens of J. iansa are nodulose. In contrast, most nonpustulose specimens of J. mindanus are not nodulose. Moreover the nodules of J. iansa project more laterally than do those of J. mindanus.Tucker suggests that iansa, bodarti,delucai, schirrmeisteri are a group of synonyms seperate from mindanus.

Conus mindanus f. lymani Clench, 1942

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in FMNH Mike Filmer

Published in: Johnsonia 1, p. 35, pl. 13, f. 3 Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Dredged off Neillies Pt., south of Lake Worth. FloridaType Data: Holotype in FMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 34 x 17.2 mm

Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus mindanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name lymani

Conus mindanus f. vanhyningi Rehder, 1944

Pictures:.Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Nautilus, lvii. no. 3, p. 105Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Off Pompano Beach, FloridaType Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 17 x 10.4 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: according to Filmer a synonym form of Conus mindanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; but I think it is a valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-mindanus vanhyningi formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-FloridaHabitat:-No DataDescription:-.It was described as pinkish in tone with pink lip becoming orange yellow in aperture.Discussion:-Tucker suggests that this is a synonym of C. anaglypticus, Crosse

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Conus miniexcelsus Olivera & Biggs, 2010

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMPM Original Description Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Nautilus 124, 5 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Aliguay, PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in NMPM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 22 x 19.6 mm(Stated width? 9.6mm)Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid species

Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kurodaconus Species:-miniexcelsus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-PhilippinesHabitat:-Trawled at 30-150 mDescription:-Source Original DescriptionA moderately small shell; adult size range, 25-37 mm. High-spired, with both spire and body whorl having a straight outline, making the shell narrowly biconical. The ground color is white, with chestnut-brown spots. On the body whorl there are a series of flat spiral ribbons. Discussion:-No Data

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Conus minimus Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MMM, Cupra Marittima Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Malacologia 87, p. 3 & 4Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Sal Is., Cape Verde Is., Praia do Monte Grande and Ponta do LinguinchoType Data: Holotype in MMM, Cupra Marittima Type Size: 7.2 x 3.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-minimus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Sal, Cape Verde IslandsHabitat:-At 0.3 – 3 m, rock fissures covered with algaeDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell small (5.5 to 9 mm) pyriform, with quite high spire with slightly concave almost linear outline; the whorl tops on the spire are stepped, and concave. The protoconch is wide and cup shaped. Broad white maculations cover the spire and the much of the body whorl; the shoulder has a significant angle; the profile of the last whorl has a slight convexity adapically and is almost straight in the abapical area.

The aperture is wide with brown internal colouring and with two whitish bands. Another characteristic is the pattern of the last whorl; a not too wide band of irregular white crosses in lower part; The overall colour is brownish green. 15 dark spiral grooves characterize the base of the last lap and the space between them is reduced significantly nearing the base. In the siphonal area is a dark brown band.

The aperture is wide with brown internal colouring and with two whitish bands. Another characteristic is the pattern of the last whorl; a not too wide band of irregular white crosses in lower part; The overall colour is brownish green. 15 dark spiral grooves characterize the base of the last lap and the space between them is reduced significantly nearing the base. In the siphonal area is a dark brown band.Discussion:- The new species has some affinity to A. miruchae but has a slightly higher spire; the colours and pattern are fundamentally different and the profile is much slimmer; and overall it is a much smaller species.

----------Conus miniturritus Bozzetti 2017

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Copyrights MNHN Paris, France

Published in: Malacologia 94, p. 18 - 19Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Tolagnaro, South-Eastern MadasgascarType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 29.3 x 13.3 mmNomenclature: An available NameTaxonomy: A form of Conus pennaceusBorn, 1778Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Darioconus Species:-pennaceus f. miniturritusSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-MadagascarHabitat:- Found crabbed, intertidallySmall size shell, profile narrowly conoid-cylindrical, spire stepped, of moderate height with a straight outline, shoulder from sunangulate to indistinct, body whorl uniformly convex on right side of apertural view, very slightly concave at the base and convex above on left side. Protoconch flat, eroded, teleoconch of 5 vwhorls, with convex profile. Sutural ramps covered by thick and thin axial growth lines and spiral striae, the siprals becoming stronger in the basal area. Body whorl ground color dark brown, ramps covered by spiral lines of alternate black and whitish dots, three discontinuous spiral bands of irregular blotches overlap the previous pattern, the blotches are white stained shading into bluish in the left direction, bands positioned at the shoulder, central area and base. The shoulder band is partially visible on the spiral whorl sutural ramps with the exception of the first three ones which are whitish-pink stained as the protoconch. Inside outer lip of aperture light bluish.

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Conus minnamurra Garrard, 1961

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in AMS Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: J. Malacol. Soc. Aust. no. 5, p. 32, pl. 1, f. 4a. bOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: East of Botany Bay, N. S. W., Australia; 60 fathomsType Data: Holotype in AMS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 26 x 14.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Eremiconus Species:-minnamurra Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-New South Wales to Queensland, AustraliaHabitat:-In 50 to 100 m. C. minnamurra seems to be restricted to the warm temperate and subtropical waters of the E. Australian overlap region.Description:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to broadly conical, outline straight to slightly convex; left side concave above base. Shoulder angulate to slightly carinate. Spire of low to moderate height, slightly stepped in later whorls; outline straight to domed. Larval shell of 1.5-1.75 whorls, maximum diameter about 1.1 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, concave in late whorls, with 1 increasing to 5-6 spiral grooves. Last whorl with closely spaced spiral ribs.Ground colour white. Last whorl with 3 variably solid spiral bands of brown axial streaks and flecks, below shoulder, at centre and within abapical third; intervening white bands may have sparse spiral rows of widely set brown dots. Larval shell white. Postnuclear sutural ramps with rather sparse brown radial streaks and blotches extending beyond outer margins, partially reduced to marginal spots. Aperture white to pale brown.Shell Morphometry L 25-36 mm RW 0.06-0.14 g/mm RD 0.64-0.72 PMD 0.86-0.93 RSH 0.07-0.16Discussion:-C. minnamurra differs from C. limpusi, in its usually broader last whorl (RD 0.64-0.72), non-tuberculate early postnuclear whorls and in its generally fewer larval whorls (1.5-1.75 vs. 1.75-2). In addition, its spire outline is convex to straight instead of concave to almost straight.

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Conus miruchae Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMSF Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Cone Shells form Cape Verde Is., p. 89, f. 62-65Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Sal Is., Cape Verde Is.Type Data: Holotype in NMSF deposited and catalogued Type Size: 11.9 x 7.1 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-miruchae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Sal, Cape Verde IslandsHabitat:-Found near high tide line in small ponds in rocks which are exposed during low tide, often inside crevicesDescription:-Source Original descriptionThe shell is small to very small and jet black, although the smaller specimens often present an interrupted light band below midbody. The shell is smooth, except for the usual anterior grooving, which occupies almost one third of the total length of the body whorl. The shoulder is broad and quite rounded, giving the shell, especially in larger specimens, a slightly pyriform aspect. The spire is moderately high, straight to slightly convex-sided and the whorls usually present three clearly marked spiral striae. The inner edge of the fairly thick lip is black, whereas the interior of the aperture is bluish, with some deep violet zones and a slightly lighter band at the shoulder and a second one at about mid-body.The thought that the population under discussion could be formed by juveniles of one of the already known species has crossed our minds, because of the small size of the specimens observed. However, the constancy of their distinctive features (size, colour, pattern and shoulder profile) allowed us to separate it from all other known Cape Verde species, the juveniles of which are always different from C. miruchae.Discussion:-

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Conus mitratus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers. Vol. 1, p. 738Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific

Type Locality: Indian OceanType Data: Lectotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 43 x 15 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Leporiconus Species:-mitratus Synonyms:- pupaeformis Sowerby iii, 1870Geographic Range:-Entire Indo-Pacific; absent from Red Sea and HawaiiHabitat:-In 1-25 m, in sand pockets among corals and seaweed and on lagoon pinnacles.Description:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to medium sized, light to moderately light. Last whorl usually ovate to ventricosely conical; outline convex. Shoulder indistinct. Spire high; outline convex. Larval shell of about 3.5 whorls, maximum diameter 0.70- 0.75 mm. First 3-5 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly convex, with with 1 increasing to 2-6 spiral grooves and some striae; intervening ribs and subsutural ridge pronounced and often granulose. Last whorl with granulose spiral ribs or spiral rows of granules basally or to shoulder.Ground colour cream. Last whorl with light to dark brown blurred axial streaks and blotches and spiral dashes. Pattern elements fusing into a spiral band at centre and a similar but narrower band above base. Apex white to cream; shoulder edges of early postnuclear whorls incl. tubercles sometimes with a light brown band. Later sutural ramps with brown radial blotches. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 28-50 mm RW 0.04-0.10 g/mm (L 29-45 mm) RD 0.49-0.57 PMD 0.62-0.82 RSH 0.28-0.38Discussion:- C. cylindraceus closely resembles C. mitratus in size and shape. The latter species is distinguished by its less glossy and less smooth last whorl with granulose spiral ribs or spiral rows of granules and the stronger spiral ribs on its sutural ramps. The early postnuclear sutural ramps have 1 spiral groove in C. cylindraceus but 1 increasing to 2-3 grooves in C. mitratus.

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Conus molaerivus Dekkers, 2016

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in RMNH A.M. Dekkers Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Basteria 80 (1-3); p. 77-81 (2016); fig. 1-7Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Philippines, Central Visayas, Mactan Island

Type Data: Holotype in RMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 4.6 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid species or a synonym of Conus traillii A. Adams, 1855Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Pseudolilliconus Species:-molaerivusSynonyms:- Geographic Range:-Only known from the Philippines: Central Visayas (Mactan), Samar (Guian) and Mindanao (Surigao)Habitat:-At 10-20 m in rocky environment in rather shallow waterDescription:-shell tiny, almost biconic, with 4.5 convex whorls, well-marked but not very deep sutures. protoconch white. On the first postnuclear whorl a small alternate white and brown line appears just above the suture. On the second postnuclear whorl whitish axially aligned flames on a more cream background; the flames are a little raised and not sharply marked. The whole spire is of the same design including the upper part of the body whorl. On the body whorl the alternate white and brown line proves to be close set lines of which one is apparently covered by the following whorl on the spire. Thereunder about 14-15 similar thin lines which get coarser and broader towards the abapical end of the shell. These lines are a little raised. The alternate white and brown parts on the lines are roughly on the same axial place on the shell which therefore looks like bearing (imaginary) flames. Shoulder rounded, sutural ramp smooth. The part of the ramp that is covered with the white flames is a little bit raised compared to the spaces between them. Mouth slender; widens a little towards the abapical end because of the concavity of the shell.Discussion:-

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Conus moluccensis Küster, 1838

Pictures:Picture Link: Representative figure in Kuster, 1838 Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Syst. Conch. Cab. 2 Lief. 8, p. 121, pl. 23, f. 4Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: MoluccasType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Küster (1838, pl. 23, figs 4, 5)Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Fulgiconus Species:-moluccensis Synonyms:- stainforthii Reeve, 1843; merleti Mayissian, 1974; marielae Rehder & Wilson, 1975; vappereaui Monteiro, 2009 Geographic Range:-W. Pacific; Reunion - Laccadives

Habitat:-In 20-240 m, in or on sand bottom but also reported from coral rubble.Description:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to moderately large, moderately solid. Last whorl conical to ventricosely conical or conoid-cylindrical; outline slightly convex to convex below shoulder, almost straight below; left side may be constricted near base. Columella often deflected to left at siphonal fasciole. Shoulder with 11-17 small to large pointed tubercles. Spire low in C. m. moluccensis , of low to moderate height in C. m. marielae ; slightly stepped; outline straight to concave, sometimes sigmoid. Larval shell of 3 whorls, maximum diameter 0.70-0.85 mm. Postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with 0-1 increasing to 3-8 spiral grooves; spiral sculpture may be obsolete on last 2 ramps. Early postnuclear whorls tuberculate, sometimes domed. In typical form of C. m. moluccensis, last whorl with granulose spiral ribs at base followed adapically by wide ribbons; ribbons weaker toward shoulder and may be obsolete within adapical third. Form stainforthii with variably spaced granulose spiral ribs from base to shoulder; grooves between with an adapical spiral thread. In C. m. marielae, last whorl sculptured with spiral ribs or ribbons, mostly arranged in unequal pairs.Ground colour white, often variably suffused with cream or pink. Colour pattern of last whorl variable in C. m. moluccensis: Last whorl typically with orange to red or reddish brown axial flames and blotches, often fusing into 2-3 spiral bands, on both sides of centre and below shoulder; occasionally with traces of spirally aligned dots. In form stainforthii, smaller orangish to blackish brown flecks and axial blotches forming 3 spiral bands below shoulder, above centre, and on basal third. Rows of brown dots and dashes on spiral ribs and ribbons. C. m. marielae with rows of red to orange bars, spots and dashes on ribs and ribbons of last whorl; similarly coloured axial markings located below shoulder and on both sides of centre, occasionally fusing into 2-3 spiral bands. Larval whorls and first 1-4 postnuclear sutural ramps white. In typical C. m. moluccensis, following sutural ramps sparsely maculated with radial blotches matching last whorl pattern in colour. In form stainforthii, following sutural ramps with light to dark brown radial streaks and blotches. In C. m. marielae, teleoconch spire similar to that of typical C. m. moluccensis or suffused with rose or light red brown. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 40-60 mm RW 0.17-0.32 g/mm (L 40-52 mm) RD 0.51-0.61 PMD 0.81-0.88 RSH - (-C. m. moluccensis 0.06-0.12; -C. m. marielae 0.10-0.18) C. m. merleti applied by dealers to specimens from New CaledoniaDiscussion:-C. sulcocastaneus has less acute shoulder tubercles, a more regular, more prominent and less granulose sculpture of the last whorl, its periostracum is rather thick and opaque, and its colour pattern lacks orange to red shades. C. moluccensis is very similar in shell characters to C. proximus and in the colouration of the animal. It differs from C. proximus mainly in its multispiral (3.5 or more vs. 2 whorls) larval shell and in its larger size (to 60 mm).The original figure of C. moluccensis given by Küster shows the comparatively smooth red variant from New Caledonia or Okinawa. The name C. stainforthii applies to a heavily sculptured variant

from Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Is; we consider it a form of C. m. moluccensis. In Philippines, most populations of C. m. moluccensis are somewhat intermediate in sculpture and colour pattern between the typical form and form stainforthii. All these are so similar in their conchological features that they must be regarded as conspecific. C. merletti is a junior synonym of typical C. moluccensis. Morphological differences between C. moluccensis and C. marielae do not justify separation at the species level. The character states that Rehder and Wilson attributed to C. marielae but not to C. moluccensis - scarlet rather than brown colour markings, more tubercles (12-15) on the shoulder and no granules on the spiral elevations - are all known to occur in C. m. moluccensis. Moreover specimens of C. m. marielae with granulose ribs on the last whorl are known. Because of their allopatric distribution (C. m. moluccensis: Indian Ocean and W. Pacific; C. m. marielae: French Polynesia and Marshall Is.), RKK favour subspecific rank for these taxa.

Conus moluccensis marielae Rehder & Wilson, 1975

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Bill Fenzan Picture Link: Eric Monnier

Published in: Smithson. Contrib. Zool. no. 203, pl. 4, f. 10, frontispiece f. 10 & 11 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Half mile off Baie Motu-Hee, Noku Hiva, MarquesasType Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 40.3 x 19 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid species or a form of Conus moluccensis Küster, 1838Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Fulgiconus Species:-marielae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Marquesas; Tuamotus; Marshall IslandsHabitat:-In 20-240 m, in or on sand bottom but also reported from coral rubbleDescription:- In C. m. marielae, teleoconch spire similar to that of typical C. m. moluccensis or suffused with rose or light red brown. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 40-60 mm RW 0.17-0.32 g/mm (L 40-52 mm) RD 0.51-0.61 PMD 0.81-0.88 RSH - (--C. m. marielae 0.10-0.18)Discussion:-No Data

Conus moluccensis f. merleti Mayissian, 1974

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntypes Original Description Picture Link: Paul KerstenLiving Animal: David Massemin New Caledonia

Published in: Coquillages de Nouvelle-Caledonie et de Melanesie, p.46Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: New CaledoniaType Data: Syntypes (2) in unknown collection and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 68 x 33 mm & 62 x 30 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus moluccensis Küster, 1838Current Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name merleti

Conus moluccensis f. stainforthii Reeve, 1843

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Conch. Icon. (1843, Pl. 1 sp. 1a, b)Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon., I, Conus, pl. 1. sp. 1Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not known.Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus moluccensis Küster, 1838Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Fulgiconus Species:-moluccensis stainforthii formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Is.Habitat:-In 20-240 m, in or on sand bottom but also reported from coral rubbleDescription:- The name C. stainforthii applies to a heavily sculptured variant. Form stainforthii with variably spaced granulose spiral ribs from base to shoulder; grooves between with an adapical spiral thread.Discussion:-No Data

Conus moluccensis vappereaui Monteiro, 2009

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Antonio Monteiro

Published in: Visaya Sept 2009, 88 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Arue, TahitiType Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 47.7 x 26.7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: According to Filmer a subspecies of Conus moluccensis Küster, 1838Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Fulgiconus Species:-moluccensis vappereaui subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-TahitiHabitat:-In 20-240 m, in or on sand bottom but also reported from coral rubble.Description:- A more slender form than the nominate species; higher spire and heavily sculptured body.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus monachus Linnaeus, 1758

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Regenfuss (1758, pl. 12, fig. 68) Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Systema Naturae 10th ed., 1, p. 714 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not knownType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Regenfuss (1758, pl. 12, fig. 68)Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-monachus Synonyms:- nebulosus Gmelin, 1791; maculosus Röding, 1798; cinerarius Röding, 1798; contusus Reeve, 1848; vinctus A. Adams, 1854; frostiana Brazier, 1898; barbara Brazier, 1898Geographic Range:-Indonesia to Philippines and MelanesiaHabitat:-Shallow subtidal; in sand, muddy sand and mudDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to moderately large, moderately solid. Last whorl ventricosely conical, outline variably convex. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder angulate, occasionally subangulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline straight to slightly concave. Larval shell of 2.5-3 whorls. About first 4-5 postnuclear whorls weakly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to faintly concave, with 1-2 increasing to 4-6 spiral grooves; spiral sculpture weak on latest ramps. Last whorl with rather widely set, sometimes granulose spiral ribs on basal fourth or third.

Ground colour white, heavily suffused with various shades of blue-grey or beige. Last whorl with a nebulous pattern of greenish grey to blackish brown axial flames, clouds and flecks often coalescing into a coarse irregular meshwork. On either side of centre, axial markings denser and emphasized by an underlying greenish beige to tan spiral band; a paler spiral band often below shoulder. Spiral rows of brown dots and dashes, with or without intermittent white dashes, cover entire last whorl or are restricted to the basal area. Larval whorls brown. Teleoconch sutural ramps heavily maculated with dark brown radial markings, sometimes with regularly spaced dots at both margins of the ramp. Aperture bluish white.Shell Morphometry L 35-70 mm RW 0.15-0.28 g/mm (L 35-50 mm) RD 0.57-0.65 PMD 0.74-0.85 RSH 0.10-0.16Discussion:-C. monachus is often confused with C. achatinus. C. monachus appears rather uniformly greenish blue, while C. achatinus is more variable in colour and pattern; the latter species has more pronounced dotted spiral lines on its last whorl, more tuberculate postnuclear whorls, a lighter-coloured larval shell, and more prominent spiral sculpture on both last whorl and sutural ramps. Where both species occur together, they apparently do not intergrade, supporting separation at the species level. Compared to C. striolatus, C. monachus is larger, blue clouds and blotches dominate its last whorl, and its larval shell is brown.

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Conus moncuri Filmer, 2005

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Of Sea and Shore 27, p. 59, pls. 1 & 2 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Northern Bohol Island, PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 98.5 x 54 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lithoconus Species:-moncuri Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-S. PhilippinesHabitat:-No Data

Description:-Source Original descriptionThe spire is low with a concave profile and dome shaped apex. There is raised ridge or step on outer edge of later whorls. Later whorls are concave with some spiral cords. The off white ground colour has pink tinges and numerous curved axial brown-black strips. The shoulder is somewhat angulate, croosed by brown strips on spire. Body whorl convex below shoulder then straight. The sculpture consists of axial growth marks and some weak, well seperated grooves at base. The ground colour is whitish with pink tones with black-brown squares and flecks in spiral rows. Often the pattern is missing in sections. Two plae yellowish bands with numerous black brown flecks crossing them. Base with distinctive purple brown stain. The body whorl is smooth and usually shiny. Aperture fairly wide and stright; white with purple stain.Discussion:-Closest to C. litteratus which differs in having a more regular pattern which is consistent. Its purple stain is never on internal side of base in aperture but visible on outer surface and edge of lip on a few specimens.Its apex is not dome shaped.It is generally broader, lighter and normally does not reach the size of C. moncuri.

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Conus monicae Petuch & Berschauer, 2015

Pictures:Picture Link: David Berschauer Picture Link: Paul kersten

Published in: The Festivus, Vol. 47, Issue 3, p. 197 & 198, Figures 1, 3A, B, C; 6C; 7)Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: off Malmok, Aruba, Netherlands AntillesType Data: Holotype in LACM deposited and cataloguedType Size: 48.29 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Tenorioconus Species:-monicae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Aruba Dutch AntillesHabitat:-Found in 6 m depth, exposed on coarse carbonate sand beneath a filamentous green algal mat, Found in 6 m depth, exposed on coarse carbonate sand beneath a filamentous green algal matDescription:-Original descriptionShell of average size for genus, heavy and thickened, proportionally wide across shoulder, inflated and stocky; shoulders of penultimate whorl and body whorl both smooth and rounded, with broad, slightly raised carina, producing shallowly canaliculate spire whorls; spire proportionally high, protracted, elevated, and broadly pyramidal, with stepped, subscalariform whorls; subsutural areas sloping; early whorls of spire heavily ornamented with 18-20 large rounded knobs; concave spire channel sculptured with 3-4 thin, very fine spiral threads; body whorl smooth and shiny, ornamented with 15-18 very thin, low spiral threads, which become more closely-packed toward anterior end;

aperture proportionally narrow, flaring slightly toward anterior end; anterior end of columella with wide, broad cord, producing distinct constriction or narrowing of anterior apertural canal; base shell color pale violet-lavender or bluish-tan, overlaid with variable amounts of amorphous flammules and patches; flammules varying in color from dark reddish-orange (as in holotype), to orange-tan, to dark tannish-yellow, contrasting greatly with the pale violet or blue base color; amorphous flammules and base color overlaid with 52-60 thin, closely-packed lines of dark brown and white dots; edge of spire suture marked with single row of very small, thin, evenly-spaced hairline flammules; spire whorls marked with large, widely-spaced, elongated reddish-brown flammules, which often align in radiating rows; anterior end of body whorl darker purple or purple-tan; interior of aperture lavender-purple or pale lavender-tan; earliest whorls pale orange-tan; periostracum very thin, smooth, pale yellow to transparent.Discussion:-

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Conus monile Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers. Vol. 1, p. 646 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Indian OceanType Data: Lectotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 70 x 36 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Strategoconus Species:-monile Synonyms:- cereolus Röding, 1798; ornatus Röding, 1798Geographic Range:-India and Sri Lanka to W. Thailand; probably also Gulf of OmanHabitat:-Intertidal to about 20 m; on sand bottom with patches of clay and shell rubbleDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to large, moderately solid to heavy. Last whorl conical, outline variably convex at adapical fourth to third and straight below. Shoulder angulate to carinate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline deeply concave with a projecting conical apex of 5-7 postnuclear whorls. Maximum diameter of larval shell about 0.9 mm. First 7-9 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to concave, with obsolete spiral striae. Last whorl with weak to obsolete spiral ribs at base.Ground colour white or cream. Last whorl suffused or spirally banded with pale orange or pink. Spiral rows of brown dots, dashes and variously shaped spots extend from base to shoulder but vary in number and arrangement, often concentrated at both sides of centre. Sometimes dark markings

fuse into axial flames or blotches. Base pale orange or brown. Larval whorls greyish beige. Early postnuclear sutural ramps immaculate; late ramps with a varying number of brown radial markings. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 45-95 mm RW 0.23-1.15 g/mm RD 0.50-0.61 PMD 0.85-0.90 RSH 0.07-0.14 Pattern at one extreme whole whorl is covered with squares or traingles of reddish brown and suffused with salmon;Nearly all white shells with few scattered reddish brown spots and some salmon at base; Commonly axial flammules connect some rows of squares but usually short; uncommon pattern the squares are replaced with irregular blotches and narrow spiral bands of salmon.Discussion:-C. capreolus is easily distinguished by the confluent, fawn axial streaks on its last whorl. C. bayani has a lighter shell with a white base and usually lacks pink bands; brown spiral bands overly its axial pattern elements and the larval whorls are brown. C. generalis has a taller, projecting apex, fewer tuberculate postnuclear whorls, a violet to black base and a pattern of spiral colour bands overlying axial elements that extend over the entire last whorl. C. maldivus has a dark brown to violet-brown base and its pattern consists of continuous to highly divided brown spiral bands with axial extensions into adjacent ground-colour zones.

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Conus monilifer Sowerby in Broderip, 1833

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1833, p. 54 Ocean geography: Eastern PacificType Locality: Salango. Is., EcuadorType Data: Lectotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 50 x 22 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gradiconus Species:-monilifer Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Gulf of California to EcuadorHabitat:-Sand and mud from 20-70 mDescription:-Source Extract IconographyNormal length ranges from 20 to 40 mm. The lectotype of G. monilifer is a large specimen for the

species, measuring 50 x 22 mm. Shell shape is conical with an elevated, slightly concave spire. The spire is slightly scalariform. Sutural ramps may be flat but often they are slightly convex in cross section. The shoulders are angular. Sides are flat except for the shoulder region where they are slightly convex. Cords are absent on the whorl tops. Nodules are present only in the earliest whorls and these are actually flutes along the shoulder angle rather than well-marked hemispherical nodules. They become absent in early whorls. The shoulder is carinate, and the carina can be pronounced in shells that are not worn. The protoconch is paucispiral. Color pattern is variable but rather simple consisting of various shades of brown over a white ground color. These brown markings are exceedingly variable in pattern and color shade. When extensively developed, the bands are solidly brown to tan. Over these brown areas spiral lines of darker colored markings are present. The lines may be interrupted but they are always fairly thick along the longitudinal axis. At the minimum, the brown coloration is reduced to these lines alone with no brown bands or other longitudinal markings. This is the most frequent color pattern observed. Between these extremes, many specimens have the brown bands reduced to longitudinally elongated blotches. These blotches are usually interrupted at midbody. The anterior end is white. The interior of the aperture is white. The spire is often marked by crescent- shaped brown blotches or even nearly all brown colored. In fresh specimens the color shade on the spire is darker than the colar shade on the body whorl. The anal notch is deep. There is no anterior notch. The body whorl is usually smooth except for the anterior third of the shell, which may have spiral ridges.Discussion:-This species superficially resembles Gradiconus scalaris. However, G. monilifer is lower spired than is G. scalaris. Moreover, spire color shade is darker than body color shade in G. monilifer but not in G. scalaris

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Conus montillai Röckel, 1985

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMSF Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Heldia. i. Heft 2, p. 61, pl. 9, f. 1-5Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Coron, Palawan, PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in NMSF deposited and catalogued Type Size: 18.8 x 11.2 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus boeticus Reeve, 1844Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-boeticus montillai formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Palawan, PhilippinesHabitat:-Shallow waterDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. montillai

Small, light to moderately light. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical to broadly or broadly ventricosely conical; outline variably convex, left side often sigmoid. Shoulder angulate, moderately to weakly tuberculate. Spire of moderate height, outline concave. Larval shell of about 1.75 whorls, maximum diameter 1 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 1 increasing to 4-6 spiral grooves. Specimens with granulose spiral ribs from base to shoulder intergrade with specimens with granulose ribs restricted to basal third of last whorl; ribs stronger abapically.Ground colour white. Last whorl with variably sized brown axial blotches, often fusing into 2 smeary spiral bands within adapical and abapical third. Usually with sparse spiral rows of brown dots and dashes, rarely extending from base to shoulder. Larval shell and a few adjacent sutural ramps pink. Later spire whorls crossed by brown streaks, often partially reduced to brown spots between marginal tubercles. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 17-23 mm RW 0.04-0.09 g/mm RD 0.66-0.76 PMD 0.78-0.89 RSH 0.16-0.22Discussion:-C. montillai is closely related to C. boeticus; however, the latter species attains larger size (20-40 mm). Philippine specimens of C. boeticus have generally narrower last whorls (RD 0.54-0.68 vs. 0.66-0.76), smoother, often subangulate shoulders, and pronounced dots around the last whorl. Form ruppellii of C. boeticus is also narrower (RD 0.72 is maximum value in form ruppellii but mean value in C. montillai), has a white larval shell and a largely black-brown, heavily dotted last whorl with a straighter outline. C. boeticus has a somewhat narrower larval shell (max. diameter 0.8 mm) with 2.0 whorls. More detailed information may support the status of C. montillai as either a valid species or a geographic subspecies of C. boeticus.Filmer review adds C. montillai does not have spots on body whorl, well seperated nodulose spiral cords.

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Conus moolenbeeki Filmer, 2011

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN Mike FilmerPicture Link: Paul Kersten Published in: Visaya 3 (3), 39 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: West Negros Island, PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 32.8 x 14.2 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-

Genus:-Conus Species:-moolenbeeki Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines, IndonesiaHabitat:-found in sand and sea weed at depths around three metersDescription:-Source Original descriptionThe holotype of C. moolenbeeki is a medium sized straight sided elongated shell radially aligned and curved pale brown bars on the latter whorls. The shoulder is angulate. The body whorl is very slightly convex below the shoulder and then almost straight before a slight concave outline at the base. The ground color is cream to very pale beige. There are some irregular brown blotches some of which are scimitar shaped. The interior is very pale bluish white with some faint markings on the outer edge repeating the exterior pattern, deeper within the color changes to violetDiscussion:-This species was formerly called Conus subulatus. Revision by Mike Filmer (Visaya) showed that subulatus is another species.

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Conus mordeirae Rolan & Trovao in Rolán, 1990

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Manolo Tenorio Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Iberus Sup. 2 p. 25, pl. 1, f. 11, pl. 2, f. 11, pl. 3Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Bahia de Mordiera, Isla del Sal, Cape Verde Is.; 2-4 mType Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 22.8 x 12.3 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A synonym cuneolus Reeve, 1843; see DiscussionCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-mordeirae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Sal, Cape Verde IslandsHabitat:-Found on rocky zones with small weeds, at times in the cracks of the rocks that have sand, in a depth from 2 to 4 m.Description:-Source Original descriptionDescription: Morphology of the shell. The maximum dimension is typically between 20 and 25 mm. The specimen of greatest size had 30.3 mm. It has a similar profile to that of C. cuneolus Reeve, 1844, perhaps with greater tendency to have the shoulder angled and a prominent little apex. Spire is low, is not stepped and always has spiral grooves; their color is white and brown with irregular spots; those of brown color are darker than the medium tone that appears in the remainder of the seashell. The general color gives a first impression of sienna, yellowish or greenish. With magnification, it is appreciated that, on a background of one of these colors, at times with axial lines,

three bands with white areas are formed in reticulate pattern that almost always has some dark brown color among them. There exists great variability: the reticulate bands which almost can disappear or be very little evident, or form a larger pattern. The aperture, usually has a dark color inside, with two clear lines; at times, the dark color only appears in the upper part; the lip is clear. Columela white. Periostracum yellow, somewhat rough and relatively transparent,Discussion:-The species has been included inside the 'superespecie cuneolus'. But it lives together sympatrically with C. cuneolus Reeve, 1844 without forming intermediates. Thus already it represents, according to Mayr (1963), a specific difference between both. On the other hand their sympatric spread is not uniform and in successive samplings it has been shown that its densities of population are clearly different in the different zones of the bay and its areas of distribution are also different. Finally, in the studies in aquarium with other populations of the island of Sal to explore the existence of reproductive isolation, the existence of a barrier has been able to be shown.

Abalde et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:231

Phylogenetic relationships of cone shells endemic to Cabo Verde based on mitochondrial genomes

New species proposed: Africonus cuneolus Reeve, 1843

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Conus moreleti Crosse, 1858

Pictures:.Picture Link: Figure C. elongatus Conch Ill, pl. 27, f. 157Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Rev. Mag. Zool. 2, p. 122Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not known. (C. elongatus Reeve, 1843)Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: CI, pl. 27, f.157Nomenclature: An available name, a new replacement name (nomen novum) for C. elongatus Reeve, 1843 and C. oblitus Reeve 1849.Taxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Virgiconus Species:-moreleti Synonyms:- oblitus Reeve, 1849Geographic Range:-E. Africa and Maldives to French Polynesia and HawaiiHabitat:-In 1-50 m, mainly encountered in 8-20 m on reef substrataDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to moderately lare, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl conical; outline slightly to moderately convex adapically and straight below, occasionally faintly concave at centre. Shoulder

angulate, tuberculate to strongly tuberculate. Spire low, outline nearly straight; with convex apex. Postnuclear spire whorls with closely spaced tubercles. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to faintly concave, with 2-3 distinct or inconspicuous spiral grooves. Last whorl with weak, smooth or granulose spiral ribs near base.Last whorl almost completely yellowish to dark brown or olive, sometimes with a lighter central spiral band. Background tinged with greyish blue or violet. Base and basal part of columella dark violet. Tip of apex usually purplish blue; Reeve reports a rose-tinted apex. Postnuclear sutural ramps either immaculate bluish grey to white or radially maculated with colour of last whorl; tubercles mostly immaculate. Aperture dark violet behind an orange-brown margin.Shell Morphometry L 30-61 mm RW 0.15-0.40 g/mm (L 35-48 mm) RD 0.52-0.60 PMD 0.85-0.98 RSH 0.03-0.13Discussion:-C. moreleti can only be mistaken for C. lividus or C. sanguinolentus. These species both differ considerably in their broader last whorl (RD: C. lividus 0.59-0.73; C. sanguinolentus 0.60-0.71) and often have a relatively higher spire (RSH: C. lividus up to 0.20; C. sanguinolentus up to 0.16). The tubercles of the spire whorls are more widely spaced in the two latter species. The colour pattern of the body described above occurs neither in C. lividus nor in C. sanguinolentus. C. lividus has a weaker tuberculation of the postnuclear whorls, and C. sanguinolentus often differs in having a slightly pyriform last whorl.

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Conus morrisoni Raybaudi G. (Massilia), 1991

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer

Published in: La Conchiglia xxii, no. 260, p. 20, f, p. 21, 22, f. 5, p. 23, f. 3, pOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Ashmore Reef, NW Australia (12deg 20' S 112deg E)Type Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 27.5 x 16 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus striolatus Kiener, 1845Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-striolatus morrisoni formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Timor Sea, W. AustraliaHabitat:-No DataDescription:- C. morrisoni is considered form of C. catus in RKK.

Red specimens from the Ashmore reef were described as C. morrisoni.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus morroensis Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014

Pictures:.Picture Link: Holotype in MMM, Cupra MarittimaPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Malacologia 83, p. 17 - 18Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Morro da Areia, Ninho do Guincho, Boa Vista, Cape VerdeType Data: Holotype in MMM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 12.2 x 96.8 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A synonym of diminutus Trovão & Rolán, 1986; see Discussion Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-morroensisSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Cape VerdeHabitat:- the specimens studied were found to be 0.5 to 5 meters deep, over and under rockDescription:- Shell very small (around 12mm ) with pear-shaped profile; spire moderately high; spire slightly steps and sutures visible, slightly concave , almost straight , crossed spirally by 3 furrows; the coloring of the spire is mainly white with yellowish brown streaks. The aperture is modestly large and internally reddish brown, characterized by 2 light bands, almost white , one under shoulder and other placed at the 3/5 down whorl. The aperture is almost aligned with the shoulder, forming a slight angle of 7 deg. The coloring of the last whorl is rather peculiar: fawn greenish with white flecks especially concentrated in a central band and more irregular streaks in a band adapically almost imperceptible. The whole whorl is covered by a score of almost reddish spiral lines,interrupted by white streaks mentioned above.Discussion:-

Abalde et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:231

Phylogenetic relationships of cone shells endemic to Cabo Verde based on mitochondrial genomes

New species proposed: Africonus diminutus Trovão & Rolán, 1986

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Conus moylani Delsaerdt, 2000

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Mike Filmer

Published in: Gloria Maris xxxix, no. 2-3, p. 36, pl. 15, figs. 5-8 +3 figs Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Makina Passage, E. Guadalcanal, Marau Sound, Solomon Is. (9deg 48' S. 160deg 49' E); 20-25 mType Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 21.3 x 9.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A synonym form of C. papuensis Coomans & Moolenbeek, 1982Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kioconus Species:-papuensis moylani formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-SolomonsHabitat:-In coarse sand and rubble at 20-25 mDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell moderately small, biconic,shiny; spire of moderate height; outline slightly concave; shoulder angulate; sides almost striaght; aperture narrow of moderate width, outer lip thin, outer edge sharp and translucent; last whorl smooth or finely ridged; ground colour whitish covered with numerous (25-30) light brown spiral lines; light brown axial flecks on spire; sutural ramps with several spiral striae.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus mozambicus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers., Vol. 1, p. 696Ocean geography: South AfricaType Locality: Mozambique, (erroneous), corrected (Kilburn) Table Bay, South AfricaType Data: Lectotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 43 x 20 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE

Genus:-Sciteconus Species:-mozambicus Synonyms:- informis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; lautus Reeve, 1844; caffer Krauss, 1848; macei Crosse, 1865; altispiratus Sowerby iii, 1873; rudis Weinkauff, 1873Geographic Range:-South Africa; Namibia to East LondonHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source IconographyShell thin and light-weight, moderately small to large (normal size between 30 and 80 mm, but specimens of 100 mm are known). Last whorl conoid-cylindrical, with convex sides and a rounded shoulder (subangulate in young specimens). Ground color variable, from pure white to bright orange, pinkish or dark brown. The pattern is also very variable, usually in the form of dark brown spiral broad bands, interrupted spirallines of altemating brown and white bars, and irregular axial streaks. Very often the pattem becomes less dense around the mid-body region, forming an irregular band. Completely white pattemless shells or exhibiting a vivid orange color, are not uncommon. Aperture color variable, frompale violet to white, again depending very much on the pattem present on the last whorl.Discussion:-C. mozambicus, especially the broader specimens with a lower spire, is most similar to C. tinianus. However they are readily separated by the striation and profile of the spire, by the morphology of the respective radular teeth and by the coloration of the animal. For these reasons, Tenorio et. al. consider lautus a mere form of Conus mozambicus and not a geographical subspecies.

Conus mozambicus f. lautus Reeve, 1844

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, pl. 46, f. 255 Ocean geography: UndefinedType Locality: Not known.Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 37 x 19 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus mozambicus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Sciteconus Species:-mozambicus lautus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-South Africa; Indian Ocean Cape Agulhas to E. LondonHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source IconographyShell thin and light-weighted, moderately small to medium-sized, in general smaller than the nominal form. In form lautus the last whorl is broader, rather ovate in shape, with convex sides and a rounded shoulder. The spire is usually lower, with a straight to convex profile. Sutural ramps as in the nominal form, with spiral grooves. Ground color also variable, from pure white to dark brown. The pattem is very variable, with a strong tendency to show interrupted spirallines of altemating

brown and white bars, sometimes contrasting against a reddish brown ground color, providing an attractive appearance to the shell. Aperture most often of a pale violet color.Discussion:-C. mozambicus f. lautus applies to specimens of C. mozambicus having broad, low-spired shells. Specimens belonging to this form occur more frequently in the Indian Ocean, suggesting possibly an extreme clinal variation. However they co-occur with standard C. mozambicus all along its distribution range, ruling out subspecific status.

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Conus mozoii Melvin, 1980 A nomen nudum; listed for reference

Pictures:Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: 1000 World Shells 27 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Arricife Is, Palawan, PhilippinesType Data: There is no known specimenNomenclature: A nomen nudum:- an unavailable name (nomen nudum), described as form after 1960Taxonomy: Not applicableCurrent Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name

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Conus mpenjatiensis Veldsman, 2016

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMSA Original Description Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Malacologis, Mostra Mundiale, Vol. 91, p. 14-17Ocean geography: South AfricaType Locality: Off Trafalgar (31°01.2´S & 30°22.9’E), Southern KwaZulu-Natal Sub-Province, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa

Type Data: Holotype in NMSA deposited and catalogued Type Size: 21.15 x 12.99 mmNomenclature: an available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Sciteconus Species:-mpenjatiensisSynonyms:

Geographic Range:-South AfricaHabitat:- Dredged 120 m on sandDescription:- Original Description

Shell small (between 18-22mm), moderately light. Profile broadly conical. Shoulder convex, round and smooth. Spire low, slightly stepped, with sharp, nipple-like protoconch, with a shallow suture. Thin ridges close to suture on inner part of the spire whorl, evenly spaced orange markings on spire. The basel last third has very fine ribs around body-whorl. Moderately broad aperture, with very rounded convex lip. No markings on shoulder. The background colour is off-white to light cream. Orange markings evenly spaced across the body-whorl slightly banded. In some specimens the orange spots fade. The basal last third has darker spots then rest of the spots on body-whorl, with a thin orange-brown band at the anterior endDiscussion:-

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Conus mucronatus Reeve, 1843

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype (figured ?) in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, pl. 37, sp. 204Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Burias, Siquijor & Penay, [Panay ?] PhilippinesType Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 31.9 x 12.4 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Phasmoconus Species:-mucronatus Synonyms:- segondensis Fenzan, 2008Geographic Range:-Philippines to New Guinea, Solomon Is., Queensland, and VanuatuHabitat:-Usually in 3-50 m, more common below 20 m. In Philippines, in 120-400 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to medium-sized, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to ventricosely conical; outline convex adapically, almost straight below; left side slightly concave at base. Basal part of columella sometimes deflected to left. Shoulder sharply angulate. Spire of moderate height, slightly stepped, outline concave. Larval shell of about 3 whorls, maximum diameter about 0.7 mm. First 2-4 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps almost flat, with 0-1 increasing to 5-9 spiral grooves. In specimens from Philippines, New Guinea and

Solomon Is., last whorl with variably spaced, axially striate to punctate spiral grooves below centre, occasionally to shoulder, separated by ribs at anterior end and by ribbons above; grooves may contain spiral threads and ribbons may be partially subdivided in 2-3 narrower elevations. Specimens from Vanuatu with a more prominent spiral sculpture from base to shoulder.Ground colour white. Last whorl with evenly spaced yellowish to reddish brown dotted, dashed or solid spiral lines. Axial streaks or blotches occasionally form a spiral band above centre and traces of bands at shoulder and near base. Larval whorls white. Early postnuclear sutural ramps white to brownish beige, often immaculate; following sutural ramps with brown radial streaks. Shells heavily patterned on last whorl and spire intergrade with completely white shells. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 33-50 mm RW 0.08-0.18 g/mm (L 34-42 mm) RD 0.52-0.62 PMD 0.82-0.90 RSH 0.13-0.22Discussion:-C. scalptus is a smaller species (to 28 mm), its shoulder is subangulate to rounded, the spiral lines on its last whorl are finer and often dashed, and its early postnuclear whorls are not tuberculate. C. alabaster differs in having a lower spire (RSH 0.10-0.14) that is rather flat in the latest whorls, and in more prominent spiral sculpture on the last whorl, consisting of narrow ribs rather than broad ribbons: its surface is usually immaculate white. Sometimes with small radial marking.

Conus mucronatus segondensis Fenzan, 2008

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN Bill Fenzan Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Vita Malacologica 6, 11-14 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Segond Channel, Luganville, Espiritu Santo, VanuataType Data: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 29.6 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus mucronatus Reeve, 1843Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Phasmoconus Species:-mucronatus segondensis subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-VanuataHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Original descriptionThe protoconch is smooth. Early teleconch whorls are slightly undulate and angular. Shape of the spire, in profile, is concave. The body whorl is conical with axially-striate spiral grooves between 17-

19 angulated spiral ribs reaching to mid-body, and then ribs become flatter and wider to the shoulder. Color pattern of the shell is white to beige with wide, brown articulated bands towards the base. Pattern is interrupted by axial flames and weak tenting, especially near the shoulder. Aperture of the shell is white.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus mulderi Fulton, 1936

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond. xxii, part 1, p. 9, pl. ii, f. 1 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Mindoro Is.Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 28.8 x 13.6 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Phasmoconus Species:- mulderi Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines; Papua New Guinea; SolomonsHabitat:-Shallow waterDescription:- C. mulderi is a small to medium sized (25-40 mm), medium weight (RW 1.03) shell.. The shoulder is angulate. The body whorl is convex below the shoulder then relatively straight until the base where it becomes very slightly concave. It has well cut spiral grooves close together at the base these become more spaced towards the center reaching the shoulder in some specimens and becoming obsolete on the upper half in others. The body whorl has a shiny to waxy surface. It is beige to blue-grey with purple-brown spots, bars and flecks which are quite irregular sometimes forming three broken spiral bands, sometimes forming axial squiggles and sometimes absent or very pale. Discussion:-Filmer 2011 raises C. mulderi to a species, commenting that the true C. mulderi is quite different from that in many collections. The holotype of C. mulderi in the NHMUK has been considered to be a subspecies of C. stramineus which occurs in the Philippines. It has been confused with C. amplus Röckel & Kom from which it is distinguished by its blue-grey coloring. The true C. mulderi has recently been found off the coast of Panay Island in the Philippines (G. Raybaudi in Poppe (2008)). Its range appears to be restricted to the central Philippines. C. mulderi is in this author's opinion a valid species. It is not the same species as formerly called 'C. mulderi' from the Philippines and found under that name in many collections. The former 'C. mulderi' are in this author's opinion C. amplus Röckel & Kom.

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Conus multibandatus Bozzetti, 2017

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN L. Bozzetti

Published in: Malacologia 96, p. 5 – 6, with picturesOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Toliara, Sout West MadagascarType Data: Holotype in MNHN Type Size: 31 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid species, only known from the holotypeCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Virroconus Species:-multibandatusSynonyms:- Geographic Range:- MadagascarHabitat:- Found inside coral at 5 – 10 m deep Description:- Shell moderately small for its genus. Profile ventricosely conical, solid look, spire of moderate height with a straight outline, shoulder mildly carinate, body whorl convex on both sides. Protoconch dome shaped, made up by three embryonic coils, maximum diameter about 1.5 mm, teleoconch of six whorls, on the last four a wide groove separates the subsutural area from the shoulder giving a moderate carinate look at the whorl outline. Suture incised, subsutural ramp flat, aperture narrow, wide at base. Outer lip uniformly convex with sharp edge, inner lip mildly sigmoid, visible on the basal area six spiral grooves that run all around the shell reaching the outer lip. Surface of the body whorl smooth with the exception of the basal spiral grooves. Color white, pale grey and deeper grey arranged in nine equivalent spiral bands, the white ones under the shoulder and on a central area. Fasciole, protoconch and first teleoconch whorls, following coils beige-grey with deeper irregular, alternate blotches. Inside of the mouth whitish on the edge of the outer lip, deep grey within, a spiral white band on the central area.

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Conus muriculatus Sowerby ii, 1833

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Conch. Illus. pt. 24, f. 1 & 1*Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Masbate, PhillipinesType Data: Lectotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 27 x 15 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lividoconus Species:- muriculatus Synonyms:- laevigata Sowerby ii, 1833; sugillatus Reeve, 1844Geographic Range:-Indian Ocean: Madagascar and Reunion to W. Australia; Pacific: Japan to New Caledonia, Fiji, and French PolynesiaHabitat:-Intertidal to about 70 m; living on coarse sand with algae, and on diverse reef substrates. In some areas, found only subtidallyDescription:-Source Living ConidaeSmall to moderately large, moderately solid to solid; shells of form sugillatus larger than those of typical form. Last whorl conical; outline variably convex above centre, straight below. Shoulder angulate, smooth to strongly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline slightly concave to slightly convex. Larval shell of about 3 whorls, maximum diameter 0.7-0.8 mm. Early postnuclear spire whorls smooth, later whorls smooth, undulate or tuberculate; tuberculation weaker in form sugillatus. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to weakly concave, with 1 increasing to 3-4 spiral grooves. Sculpture of last whorl varies from smooth spiral ribs at base to strongly granulose spiral ribs on entire whorl; in form sugillatus sculpture weaker and restricted to base.Ground colour white to greyish white, often suffused with bluish shades. In typical form, last whorl with a variably broad, yellowish brown spiral band on each side of centre; bands sometimes additionally tinged with olive. Distinctly and obsolety banded shells intergrade. Dashed and dotted or solid brown spiral lines extend from base to subshoulder area, varying in number and arrangement. Base, siphonal fasciole and basal part of columella dark bluish to brownish violet. Larval whorls orange. Teleoconch sutural ramps with sparse to numerous brown radial markings, sometimes immaculate. Aperture violet at base; remaining area immaculate or external pattern visible within.Shell Morphometry L 23-31 mm RW 0.10-0.20 g/mm RD 0.59-0.65 PMD 0.86-0.95 RSH 0.10-0.20Discussion:-The typical form of C. muriculatus closely resembles C. floridulus in shell characters and colour pattern of the animal. The latter can be distinguished by its larger size, lighter spiral colour bands, and light violet size, in contrast to the dark bluish or brownish violet base of C. muriculatus.

Conus muriculatus f. sugillatus Reeve, 1844

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Conch. Icon., pl. 45, sp. 247Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. i. Conus pl. 45, sp. 247 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not known.Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Conch. Icon., pl. 45, sp.247Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus muriculatus Sowerby ii, 1833Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lividoconus Species:-muriculatus sugillatus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Indo-PacificHabitat:-Intertidal to about 70 m; living on coarse sand with algae, and on diverse reef substrates.Description:- In form sugillatus, colour bands of last whorl usually darker, often tinged with dark bluish green or greenish brown. Central and subshoulder band may be overlaid with yellowish brown. Brown spiral lines usually solid. Teleoconch sutural ramps often greenish brown toward apex. Aperture dark violet, with a pale band at centre and subshoulder area.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus mus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers., Vol. 1, p. 630Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: GuadeloupeType Data: Lectotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 43 x 26 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gladioconus Species:-mus Synonyms:- barbadensis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Geographic Range:-N Carolina, USA - Venezuela; West Indies; BermudaHabitat:-Rocky shoreDescription:-Source Walls

Moderately heavy, dull; low conical, the upper sides convex rather inflated, then pinched in and rapidly tapering to base; body whorl covered with closely spaced spiral ridges heaviiest at base; shoulder roundly angled with low coronations; spire low,sharply pointed, sides concave/convex; spire concave, the margins with coronations; body whorl bluish grey/brownish grey, dirty white at base, midbody, shoulder; usually many brown and white spiral dashes sometimes forming heavy axial brown/white flammules broken at midbody; shoulder white with heavy brown blotches on top and brown spots between coronations; spire whitish with brown spots and lines; early whorls white/pinkish; aperture moderately narrow, uniform; outer lip thin, concave at middle; mouth white with brown/violet bands; columella internal;Discussion:-Note: the type species of C. barbadensis comprises of one specimen of C. miliaris and one specimen of C. mus.

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Conus musicus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Tableau Enc. (1798, pl. 322, fig. 4) Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers., Vol. 1, p. 629 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: ChinaType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Tableau (1798, pl. 322 fig. 4)Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Harmoniconus Species:-musicus Synonyms:- ceylanensis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; mighelsi Kiener, 1845; acutus Sowerby ii, 1857Geographic Range:-Central Indian Ocean (Sri Lanka, Maldives) to Marshall Is. and Fiji, Ryukyu Is. to W. and E. AustraliaHabitat:-In 1-18 m, living on rock benches, subtidal reef flats, the reef rim and on lagoon pinnacles. Mostly found on sand-binding algal mats, limestone pavement, dead coral rocks or heads and in crevices of rocks or coral reefs. Somewhat more common in subtidal habitats.Description:-Source Living ConidaeSmall, light to moderately light. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical to broadly ventricosely conical; outline faintly to distinctly convex at adapical half and usually straight below. Aperture may have a transverse ridge at centre. Shoulder angulate to occasionally rounded, weakly to distinctly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline slightly concave to slightly convex. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, in later whorls with 2 increasing to 3-4 spiral grooves. Last whorl with weak to distinct, granulose spiral ribs at base; sometimes extending to centre or even to shoulder.Ground colour white to pale grey. Last whorl with a grey, orange or reddish brown spiral band on each side of centre; bands occasionally obsolete or fusing into a single basal colour zone. Spiral rows

of brown dots and dashes extend from base to shoulder, varying in number and arrangement. Dark dots may alternate with white dashes or dots. Base and basal part of columella dark bluish violet. Later sutural ramps crossed by brown markings between shoulder tubercles. Aperture pale violet to dark bluish violet, usually with a ground-colour band at centre and below shoulder.Shell Morphometry L 14-30 mm RW 0.03-0.11 g/mm RD 0.59-0.77 PMD 0.78-0.93 RSH 0.02-0.15 Form mighelsi characterized by a broad pinkish red to orangish red spiral band above centre. Form ceylanensis characterized by variously coalescing brown to reddish brown axial blotches or wavy flames on central area of last whorl, occasionally interrupted by a narrow ground-colour band in the middle; spiral rows of brown dots or dashes restricted to adapical and abapical parts of last whorl.C. musicus (Pacific) Large black spots between coronations on spire and shoulder; body spots in many spiral rows, rather small, regular; often reddish band or row of flammules at midbody and base, often fused into axial bands; spire sides straight; often granulose to midbody/shoulder;C. musicus (Indian) small pale brown spots btween coronations, sometimes absent; body spots large, in few rows vaguely axial alignment; reddish midbody band not developed; spire often with convex sides and flat on top; granules limited to base; Indian Ocean Natal to Sri Lanka;C. m. ceylanensis has variable brown to reddish brown axail blotches or wavy flames on midbody occasionally interrupted by narrow ground color band; spiral rows of dots dashes restricted to shoulder and base; (Srl Lanka to Thailand)Discussion:-No Data

Conus musicus f. ceylanensis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Neotype in Naturalis, Leiden Mike FilmerPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers. Vol. 1, p. 636Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: locality coasts of Ceylon Island, (Sri Lanka), neotype locality, Hikkaduwa, Sri LankaType Data: Neotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 10 x 6.2 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus musicus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Harmoniconus Species:-musicus ceylanensis formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Sri Lanka, Thailand

Habitat:-In 1-18 m, living on rock benches, subtidal reef flats, the reef rim and on lagoon pinnacles. Mostly found on sand-binding algal mats, limestone pavement, dead coral rocks or heads and in crevices of rocks or coral reefs. Somewhat more common in subtidal habitats.Description:-Source Living Conidae C musicusSmall, light to moderately light. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical to broadly ventricosely conical; outline faintly to distinctly convex at adapical half and usually straight below. Aperture may have a transverse ridge at centre. Shoulder angulate to occasionally rounded, weakly to distinctly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline slightly concave to slightly convex. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, in later whorls with 2 increasing to 3-4 spiral grooves. Last whorl with weak to distinct, granulose spiral ribs at base; sometimes extending to centre or even to shoulder.Ground colour white to pale grey. Last whorl with a grey, orange or reddish brown spiral band on each side of centre; bands occasionally obsolete or fusing into a single basal colour zone. Spiral rows of brown dots and dashes extend from base to shoulder, varying in number and arrangement. Dark dots may alternate with white dashes or dots. Base and basal part of columella dark bluish violet. Later sutural ramps crossed by brown markings between shoulder tubercles. Aperture pale violet to dark bluish violet, usually with a ground-colour band at centre and below shoulder.Shell Morphometry L 14-30 mm RW 0.03-0.11 g/mm RD 0.59-0.77 PMD 0.78-0.93 RSH 0.02-0.15 Form ceylanensis characterized by variously coalescing brown to reddish brown axial blotches or wavy flames on central area of last whorl, occasionally interrupted by a narrow ground-colour band in the middle; spiral rows of brown dots or dashes restricted to adapical and abapical parts of last whorl.Discussion:-No Data

Conus musicus f. mighelsi Kiener, 1845

Pictures:Picture Link: Figure Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv., pl..103, f. 1 Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv. 2, p. 352, pl. 103, f. 1Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: East IndiesType Data: Holotype was in collection Largilliert and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus musicus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Harmoniconus Species:-musicus mighelsi forma

Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-E. Indian Ocean; W. PacificHabitat:-In 1-18 m, living on rock benches, subtidal reef flats, the reef rim and on lagoon pinnacles. Mostly found on sand-binding algal mats, limestone pavement, dead coral rocks or heads and in crevices of rocks or coral reefs. Somewhat more common in subtidal habitats.Description:- Form mighelsi characterized by a broad pinkish red to orangish red spiral band above centre.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus musivus Trovão, 1975

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in CPAS A. Monteiro Picture Link: Paul kerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Bol. Cent. Port. Activ. Subaq. iv, ser. 2, p. 11, pl. 1, f. 2-2 b, pl. 2, f. 3. 6Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Angola (12deg 32' E. 13deg 26' S)Type Data: Holotype in CPAS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 33.3 x 18.6 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-musivus Synonyms:- alexandrinus Kaicher, 1977Geographic Range:-AngolaHabitat:-Found on rocky bottom, almost bare of sandDescription:-Source Röckel & Rolán 2000Shell description: Small to moderately small, solid. Last whorl ventricosely conical, outline convex at adapical third, almost straight below. Left side slightly concave near base. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder rounded. Spire of low to moderate height, outline straight to slightly sigmoid. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to convex, with fine spiral striae. Last whorl smooth and dull, with about 8-10 spiral ribs at base.Ground colour white to bluish white. Last whorl with brown axial streaks, branching and coalescing to an irregularly tented pattern. Base may be dark brown. Aperture white or purplish-brown, leaving two light bands at shoulder and centre.Shell morphometry:L 20-33 mmRD 0.60-0.78RSH 0.06-0.15PMD 0.74-0.80

RW 0.09-0.11 g/mmDiscussion:-The name C. musivus was replaced by Trovão (1978), because he assumed pre-occupation by C. musivum Broderip, 1833. Since the spelling is different, the original name maintains validity (Art. 57, 58 ICZN). Some specimens may have an intergrading pattern to C. bulbus, hence some authors supposed synonymity. The radular differences are not significant.Nevertheless we provisionally accept the validity of C.musivus, as near the type locality of C. musivus, typical patterned specimens of C. bulbus have been collected. If C. bulbus and C. musivus are the same species, the distribution of the morphs would be irregular: In the Santa Maria-Limagens area C. musivus predominates, while it does not appear on the coast from Benguela to Limagens.

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Conus mustelinus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Tableau Enc (1798, pl. 327, fig. 6) Picture Link: Paul KerstenPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers., Vol. 1, p. 654Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Indian OceanType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Tableau (1798, pl. 327 fig. 6)Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rhizoconus Species:-mustelinus Synonyms:- australis Schröter, 1803; melinus Shikama, 1964; zukiae Shikama, 1979Geographic Range:-Indian Ocean: Maldive and Chagos Archipelagoes to W. Australia; Pacific: Japan to Philippines, E. Australia and FijiHabitat:-Intertidal and shallow subtidal; on reefs, on sand often beneath dead coral rocks, on rock or in holes and crevices.Description:-Source Living ConidaeModerately large to large, solid to moderately heavy. Last whorl usually conical; outline convex near shoulder, almost straight below. Shoulder angulate, sometimes subangulate. Spire low, outline straight to concave. Larval shell of 3-3.5 whorls, maximum diameter about 0.9 mm. About first 2.25 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, weakly concave in late whorls of some specimens, with 2 increasing to 4-5 weak or strong, often punctate spiral grooves. Last whorl with weak spiral ribs at base; in subadults, ribs strong and followed by rather widely spaced spiral rows of punctations to centre.Ground colour white. Last whorl spirally banded with greenish yellow or orange, leaving a ground-colour band at shoulder and centre. Central band edged but rarely crossed by dark brown to black spots and often shaded with tan; subshoulder band crossed by dark brown axial markings. A few

spiral rows of coarse dark brown dots may occur on subshoulder area and centrally. Base and basal part of columella violet in juveniles; violet colour sometimes persists to adult stage. Larval whorls and about 3 adjacent sutural ramps white or pale yellow. Later sutural ramps white, with greyish olive to black radial blotches that may extend to subshoulder area. Aperture translucent, becoming opaque and white in large adults.Shell Morphometry L 55-107 mm RW 0.35-0.80 g/mm ((L 55-80)) RD 0.56-0.70 PMD 0.84-0.91 RSH 0.06-0.13 Discussion:-C. mustelinus resembles C. vexillum, C. capitaneus and C. namocanus. C. vexillum attains larger size, has more spiral grooves (ca. 10) on the late sutural ramps, and lacks spiral rows of dark brown markings in adult last whorl pattern. Axial rows of minute brown dots are consistently present in C. vexillum but rarely seen in C. mustelinus. C. mustelinus often has a narrower last whorl (RD 0.56-0.70) than C. capitaneus, weakly concave late sutural ramps and a less spirally maculated last whorl pattern. Dark brown markings across the central white band and axial rows of minute brown dots are usually absent in C. mustelinus, spiral rows of coarse brown dots occur only at subshoulder area and centrally, and the spiral colour bands consistently lack dark brown axial streaks.C. melinus refers to a pattern variant of C. mustelinus with spiral rows of dots on the adapical half of the last whorl.C. zukiae represents C. mustelinus with an unusually dark base.

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Conus mutabilis Reeve, 1844

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, pl. 45, sp. 249Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not knownType Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 34 x 20 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus hyaena Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rhizoconus Species:-hyaena mutabilis formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-IndiaHabitat:-Common in intertidal and slightly subtidal habitats, with deeper populations (to 50 m)

known only from S. IndiaDescription:- Form mutabilis represents larger specimens from India. The type specimen has pyriform shape and brown pattern of many spiral bands.Discussion:-No Data

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Last update March 2018