Cost And Benefits Of Land Use Planning

System Of Cities & Land Use Regulations

The Social Construction Of Childhood

Gender Inequality And Domestic Violence

URBAN ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY

GENDER INEQUALITY

& DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

• violent or aggressive behavior within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner.

DEFNITION

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Merriam-webster Dictionary

The inflicting of physical injury by one family or household member on another; also: a repeated / habitual pattern of such behavior.

Government

• "Pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner". •The definition adds that domestic violence "can happen to anyone regardless of race, age, sexual orientation, religion, or gender", and can take many forms, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional, economic, and psychological abuse.

TYPES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Is the use of physical force against another person in a way that ends up injuring the person, or puts the person at risk of being injured.

PHYSICAL ABUSE

EMOTIONAL ABUSE Can be verbal or nonverbal.

FINANCIAL ABUSE

May include withholding resources, stealing from the victim, or using the victims name to incur debt.

SEXUAL ABUSE

Is often linked to physical abuse; they may occur together, or the sexual abuse may occur after a bout of physical abuse

Is anything that comes in the way of you doing something or feeling good about yourself.

SPIRITUAL ABUSE

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES

Domestic violence in India is prevalent in all castes, socioeconomic classes, religious groups and regions except North Sentinel Island and the Jarawa reserve.

WOMEN

Southern Indian States

Northern Indian States

Tend to have relatively less autonomy, limited inheritance/property rights, less individual economic opportunity, and higher rates of domestic abuse

Tend to benefit from relatively less prevalence of disparity in these areas; making gender disparities in these regional differences unmistakably clear

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES

KERALA UTTAR PRADESH

• Kerala, a state located in the southern tip of India, is often viewed as the ideal progressive leader in the women’s rights movement in India among states.

• Kerala maintains very high relative levels of female literacy and women’s health, as well as greater female inheritance and property rights.

• For example, a 1998 study conducted by Bina Agarwal found that while only 13% of all women in India with landowning fathers inherited that land as daughters, 24% of such women were able to do so in the state of Kerala.

• This is important because it has been shown that measures to improve such access to property and economic independence through channels such as education not only directly improve women’s wellbeing and capabilities, but also reduce their risk of exposure to marital or any sort of domestic violence.

• The northern state of Uttar Pradesh experiences relatively high rates of domestic violence and gender disparities.

• Average physical abuse prevalence in Uttar Pradesh ranges from 18% -45%, non-consensual sex rates range from 18% - 40%, and physically forced sex rates range from 4% - 7%.

• The highest of these rates tend to occur in the district of Bandha within Uttar Pradesh, and these rates could likely be underestimates as they are largely the result of surveys of self-reporting by sampled men.

• According to a 1996 survey of 6,902 men in Uttar Pradesh, up to 45% of men acknowledged that they at one point or another had physically abused their wife.

DISTRIBUTION OF PREVALENCE

2000

Multi-site Household Survey (India)

Approximately 50% of women surveyed had experienced some form of domestic violence throughout their married life, the rates varied significantly by specific location as well as overall region.

Domestic violence is known to happen in upper-class families as well as NRI families.

RURAL AREAS AND URBAN SLUMS

URBAN NON-SLUM AREAS

Rate was approximately 55%

The rate was less than 40%.

POLICIES Prosecution shortcomings

Domestic Violence Act of 2005

New sexual violence legislation

FACTORS

PATRIARCHAL STRUCTURE

Dowry

HESITANCY

In all these dimensions, there is a clear relationship between strong patriarchal familial structures (which tend to be stronger in northern India than in southern India) and limited capabilities and agency for women, which are strongly correlated with causal factors for domestic violence such as gender disparities in nutritional deprivation and a lack of women’s role in reproductive decisions.

Three main aspects of the patriarchal household structure in India

Marriage

Active discrimination by means of abuse (marital or extramarital)

Affect women’s agencyLimited economic opportunity through stifled opportunity for independence

Dowry law in India

•Domestic violence often happens in India as a result of dowry demands.• Dowry payments are another manifestation of the patriarchal structure in India. •There are strong links between domestic violence and dowry, a cultural practice deeply rooted in many Indian communities, which is the money, goods, or property the woman/woman’s family brings to a marriage to now become under the ownership of the husband. •This practice continues even today in India although banned by law since 1961, and in recent years dowry amounts have risen dramatically

To report

GENDER INEQUALITY

DEFNITION

Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender.

Arises

•Differences in socially constructed Gender roles.

•Biologically

Chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences.

Gender inequality stems from distinctions, whether empirically grounded or socially constructed

Natural gender differences

Here are natural differences between the sexes based on biological and anatomic factors, most notably differing reproductive roles.

There is a natural difference also in the relative physical strengths (on average) of the sexes.

Hierarchical asymmetries between women and men in terms of distribution of power, material wellbeing, and prestige

GENDER INEQUALITY

DIMENSIONS OF INEQUALITY

Power

Material wellbeing

Prestige

Capacity to impose your will on others, regardless of any resistance

Involves access to economic resources required to pay for necessities of life and other possessions and advantages

Average evaluation of occupational activities and positions arranged in a hierarchy*

Women’s freedom and equality

‘Gender is a Western concept. We don’t need it in India’.

India

•Original home of the mother goddess.

•Ancient history, - we have many instances of women scholars and women rulers. •Stories from mythology and folklore - prove that women in India have always been honored and respected. •India was one of the first countries in the world to give women the right to vote. •The Indian Constitution is one of the most progressive in the world, and guarantees equal rights for men and women. •

All this is cited as evidence to support the contention that Indian women are free and equal

members of society.

The Constitutional Guarantees:

Article 14: Equality before the law.

Article 15(1): No discrimination by the state on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of

birth.

Article 15(3): Special provisions to be made by the state in favour of women and children.

Article 16: Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or

appointment to any office under the state

Article 39(a): State policy to be directed to securing for men and women equally, the right to

an adequate means of livelihood.

Article 39(d): Equal pay for equal work both men and women.

Article 42: Provisions to be made by the state for securing just and humane conditions of work

and for maternity relief.

Article 51(A) (e): To promote harmony and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of

women.

GENDER INEQUALITY

Critical aspects of women’s freedom and equality

How women and men are treated in the society

WOMEN

• Dependent

• More restriction

• Less expose to the society

• No decision making

• Household works

MEN

• Independent

• Free to go

• More expose to the society

• Free to take decision

• Employed

Freedom to lead a long life

Right to health

Right to education

Freedom to work without exploitation

Freedom to participate in

decision making

Freedom from fear

Importance of women

• Sex ratio decline in India

• Correlation between development and sex ratio

• 78% labor force in agriculture is women

• Almost 100%of kitchen work and other households and children care is exclusively taken care by women

Think of the world without women

THE REASON….

A social system

Males are the primary authority figures

Central to social organization, occupying roles of political leadership, moral authority, and control of property, and where fathers hold authority over women and children.

It implies the institutions of male rule and privilege, and entails female subordination.

Property and title are inherited by the male.

PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY Historically, patriarchy has manifested itself in the social, legal, political, and economic organization of a range of different cultures

India's Patriarchal TraditionsDowry Tradition

• Much of the discrimination against women arises from India's dowry tradition, where the bride's family gives the groom's family money and/or gifts.

• Dowries were made illegal in India in 1961, however the law is almost impossible to enforce, and the practice persists for most marriages.

• If a bride unable to give the dowry

• the girl is ill treated

• She faces the domestic violence

WOMEN AS A LIABILITY

•The Indian constitution grants women equal rights to men, but strong patriarchal traditions persist in many different societal parts, with women's lives shaped by customs that are centuries old.

•Where the daughters are often regarded as a liability, and conditioned to believe that they are inferior and subordinate to men, whereas sons might be idolized and celebrated.

COUPLE OF REASONS

Why men might be regarded an asset for a family

Why women might be regarded more of a liability for a family:•

•Considered capable of earning money•Carry on the family line•Able to provide for their aging parents•Bring a wife (and with this a capable domestic helper) into the family•Play an important role in death rituals in Hindu religion, which ensure, that the soul is released from the body and can go to heaven.

•Not considered capable of earning money•Seen as economically and emotionally dependent on men•While they help with domestic duties during childhood and adolescence, they go to live with their husband's family after marriage, which means less help in the household of their originating family, and most importantly loss of money due to the dowry tradition.

Discrimination against Women

India spanning 3.29 million sq. km

Where cultural backgrounds, religions and traditions vary widely

Varies from one societal stratum to another and from state to state

The extend of Discrimination Against Women

Nairs of Kerala, certain Maratha clans, and Bengali families

Matriarchal Tendencies

The head of the family being the oldest woman rather than the oldest man. However, many Indian women face

discrimination throughout all stages of their life, beginning at (or even before) birth, continuing as an infant, child, adolescent and adult.

The stages can be divided in following sections

Before Birth / As an Infant

As a Child

After Marriage

As a Widow

Thank u…….