donat - leaching.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
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CHAPIER
IO
PRINCIPLES,
MECHANISMS
AND
DYNAMICS
OF CIIALCOCITE
HEAP
BIOLEACHING
JOCHEN
PETERSEN]
AND
DAVID
C.
DIXONT
Dqafln.nt
oJ
Ch?
i.at Ensinznihs.
Uni{sitr
of CaP?
To\|
'
Pi
de aas
Ronlebosch
7701
S.u1h
Alrica E
tuil:
iothen.Pete6e
@u.t.a...a
1
Deparh.nt
of
Moktiah
Ensineai
s
u ire$itt
ol
Btitish
Cotunbid
3A9
ds1
Stores
Rand
Vau)upr,
B.C.
V6T
121.
Canadd-
E
nail:
di\an@i
tcrcha\e
ub.
c4
1.
INTRODUCTION
Heap
laching
is
a
well
established
nining
technologv
thal
involves
slacking croshed
ore
inlo
piles
constructed
on
an
imperneable
layer
fitted
with a sohrtion
drainage
syslem,
;r ananged
on
a
slope
to
facilitate
drainage.
In manv
cases
the
ore
is
agglomerated
through
tumbling
with acid
and/or
inigation
solution
prior to stacking
aolution
is
ilTigated
(continuously
or
inlermittenlly)
over
the top surface
of
the
heap
and
left
1o
sep through
the
ore
bed where it
can react
with the targel
minerals
Dissolved
metals
are
then
tnnsported
wilh the flowing
solution
to the
bottom of
the heap
from
wherc
they
are
removed
via
the
drainage
sysiem
into
a
collection
pond
as
the
pregnant
leach
solulion
(PLS).
The
target
metal
js
removed
from
the
PLS
tbrough
a
suitable
lechnology
(by
solYenlextraction.
cementation
oradsorption).
and
ihe
barcn
solution
(usually
refered
to
as
the raffinate)
returned
to the
top
surface
of the
heap'
The
technology
has
been
in
use since
the 1960's
for ihe
acid
leaching
of
copper oxide
minerals,
and since
the
1970's
for the
cyanide leaching
of
gold
and
silver.
A
related
technology.
dump leaching,
is
based
on the
same
principtes
as
beap
leachi.g,
but usuatly
uses
uncrushed
run-of-mine
(ROM) mat'erial. usuallv
coniaining
sulfide mjnerals,
or
spent
residue
from leached
heaps
with
a
mineral
grade
too low
to
war-rant
further
processing.
Anv
additional
metal
liberated
in a
dump
contributes
to addilional
revenue
of
tbe
'nining
operation.
but
dump
leaching
is
rarely
the
primary
method
of
metal
extraction.
It
was in
copper
sulfide
dump
leach
operations
that
the
potential
for
bioleaching
micro-organjsns
was
first
realized
(Bierley. 1997i Olson
e,
dl,
2003). As
the
organisms
inyolved
occur
naturally,
no
extemal
intervention
is
needed
to
sustain
193
E.R.
D.ndi
a
d ll Santl
(etls.),
Miu.bkl
Pnr?s\ks
oJ Mc,a/
s,lrddr'
193
218'
-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
2/18
l9l
rlrl1
R\trN
/\Nt)
rx\(,N
rl(
.:i,wtlr
sUt\.1tr.,Ir.).tr...rt,hi,n,.u.triljr,,li,tIr(r
\uttrt(IIrr.r.,t..r\,rt,r1Irrr)
r'
-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
3/18
196
tlr
RS|.N
,\Nt)
txt()N
l-lh
r,,t..,r .r.r ..
I tL.itr.t
r,,.
,,n
rtn.
,,ltn.r
hrDJ.
r. \t,,u
.,r
.,.,,t{.
lr[,nd
jl,,l
.l"r
il:
,,
J(,, arii,
cnerp\
L
h,sh.r
ru,,
kr/nri
;i;.;;.,;].1';
orumJnc
acceterdrion
of
rhc reaLfion
ar
hict
t::.1,_,l;
::
;;;;;;;,i.,;
i
jii'
:l;.1,'l:;
:I;::1,l;.l,1]:1
:::l
;]
:,i;
".1:,:'T,l::rll.:'":olidation
reaclnn
rrrhd,e
been
qejr
,e,edrcheJ
(see
ror
ct
ot..
2006\.
The
o\)gen
required
ror
rhi.
reacrron
.ome,
rrom
heap
aerarion.
rhe
,equired
Jcrd.
on rhe
orher
han,l.
,^,
t"
*rpr"a
.iii.,
"i
i,
the
feed
sorurion,
or
else
rhrough
the
bio_oxidarion
of py.i
.
"a;i;;;i
i;if*,
'.,
(4)
2FeS,
+
I50,
+2H.O
+
2Fe2(SOr)r
+2H,SO
(s)
2so
+3or
+2H:o
+
2H:soi
-1l,l"lgl
ln:
l":,",*:oncernins
rhe
kinerrL\
or
bioreachins
r\
e\ren\,\e,
mosr
w,
n
,u\,
rncu.m
on
lant
ler(hing
pror
esc,
mrrnrained
under
con.lanr
condilrons.
:l
i,Xp
"i,,Tc.on.rhe
orher
hdnd
man)
pdrdmerer.,uch
J,
remperarure,
oH.
ll"
r,
llg
(9.
","11, ,tiry
dre
nor
wel.onrr.led
.,nd
may
in
ra.r
ri,nr,
.ii"l,.
:::,:)1":,1*
y.o
r rre.
rundJmenrar
nuJy
hr,
been
Jirecied
dr
aer".min,ng
uio-
o\roafton
rrnetrc.
under
hedf
cond
,on.
rOtumu
//
a/. 2000,
3.
FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPI,ES
OF
HIJAP
BIOLEACHING
l"lTj
5:t
].ll
n,*
:ppeffs
ro
be
a
\eo
,impre
proce*
,n
concep,.
rhe
.ub-
prc'esses
riKrng
price
u ilhi
rhe
ore
bed
a, the
,oturion
rnckles
rhrougii
rre
rarher
::ll lin9
rh:rr
Tteraclions
not
yerrully
undersro"a.
o**,
ai",i,gii,h;i*;.;
processes
ranging
from
the
maffo-
to
the
mn.
ioi-*
a
p"i,*i',
zooi;."
-*
"
*
"'c
nxlro-scale
as
is
illustfared
in
Fisure
I
Ar
rhe
macro
scale,
i.e.
at the
scate
of
the
enlire
heap.
teaching
is
govened
primarily
hy
rrirnspon
,,r
muss
und
enerc i
"..,,,..
rvi-.
"p..i,i."ri,';**
,;:,;,j:'"
'|nro'
rhrough.
dnd
ou,
or
rhe
herp
.
Soluriun
flow.
tn
uhflurared.
coJr.et)
granut:r
pdrted
hed,,oturion
senera
v
,,ow\
J,ong
lonuou.
pJthsr)
\
but
remrins:rrgninr
i, p*-
"",t.*, ".,i."*,
Jni.lr,- Thi\
,trong\
rnfluen,es
heap
[,ertormrnce
rn
lerm.
otrex enr detircrv
ano
pro,luct
remo al
fiom
the
reicrion.ires
w
hjn
lhe
ore
pafliclej
.
Hearfllu:He
ot reJcrion.uhrchr.rgnrticJnrin.Ulrrdcteaching.isrr.rn.ported
Ihroutsh
rhe
heap
dotr
nward
asen,ibte-hear
*
rrh
rh. no*i,s,,lrii._
_a ,,,"*,.i
d.
larenr
hezr
\ irh
rhe
.,,s
ot
humid
Jrr.
D.p*.,,g
";;tr;;
,;;;;".i;;;
i"_,i)
h""p.
.r,
,*rr.
.enarn
rempemrure
rror.ire..
""a,"a"i,r.
."rirrl,i;""
u|flc\e
vrflrnre\
ma)
e\en
alloq
a reflain
degree,,tc,,ntrot.
.
Ga,flos.
qtthourh
gi\
flowi.u,uJjtl
qe
drrlbured
inaerrredheno,.en{,nn,
anprc .uppr)
.t
o\)gen
rhruuchi,ut.
rhe.
ppjy
or
CO ,nJy
hr
r,iri,"a,,,.r.i
:crra]n
c?nrlrron\
rn un.rerxr.J
h
.rp.
o
x xrrrhitrr
Iiry,i,,,
r,"
r,,,i,."r.,,,.r
lrr\
or\nrhulr,n
t.rltrrn\,
L
(r
nfl(1
tl N(
lt11\
ol
rr,\rr
{n
lll lll l,lrli)l
r
]\(
rrrN(l t
-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
4/18
l9li
t,l:t t,kst,N
,\Nl)
t)tx()N
.
Brr(Trnl
f,t'$rh.
I{op.rrJIi,
,,nJ
,,\rJ.,lru
Ihr\
rIr, nDJ\.(\
rhr.
(.,,mnt,.
inrerJ.
rror
or
dr,Terenr
r)pc\
or ,nic,o-o,sini\m\
, ,;.-iiil
;;,
;"]:]li;l
mrner l
,urid.e
tr
inrlude.
lhe
gro\^
lh
beh",,"r,
"r
"r.h
,,;,tr..:,';;,;;;',;
temperaiure
and
concentrarion
of
dissotved
constitu"r,"
(".t,r,
i.;";.;;;";;
':":
o:.9
,'
cdrbon.ourLe.
erc.r.
nd
Jn)
.ynersre,
berqee,
;.,;
"-";;;;
onc.m
rnl
rron
ind,uliur
o\idation
rercrion\.
.
Irlrr
anJ
inter-p
rcte
dillu,ion
Drtru\ron
r\ the
main
m,,de
oI Ian.nnrr ,,r
drs,,t\cJ
cohr,uen
.
rrom
and
ro
he mor
ing,ot;;.;,;i";;;.
;";;:
;fi
.;
articles, and inro cracks
and
rissures
within
panicle,
rr,.
"n""
.r p.."
a;ii""i."
on ovemll
kinetics
is
deremined
by
rhe
tengrh
of.th.
,tiff*i.,
p";L_
;;i;il;;
_
b."
\i nilicrnr
tor ,].rem.
$rrh
po,;.otufu,n
di\lrihurion
AI
rhe
]evel
ot
a
qhote
or.
panrcje.
ronoto,ricrt
ettecls
presenr
Jnother
degne
ot
tomple\ny
Topotog)
,ere^
ro
rte
,^ay
in
"ircn
m,nerat
sra,n\
(or.
mure
D,eci,er\
lT.r1:ullfeslTe
re,.,rin
r
sinsre
ore
fann.re.
an,
,";
;.;
.".;.;;;:,il::,.;:.
u,
erenr
fanrcle
\rze\.
Mineral
qrains
mav
h,s,,ry
;"
;;-.p;"
;,,ill,i;;IJ:::
i;H;l
:il,iili
;::I"r;,.:11;.,;
l::1,"1.,9:.,'l_0.ir0,,."
and
aLce.,ihii,,)
"r,r,,,
p,"r.r-.,
a"l.irr
a.*,"i,,"..,i.
me
rJrger
mrmrdl.
Funhemore.
in
to$ grdde
ores
the
mrnerrtoov
u,
'
e
alngue
maro\
L
at,o
ot
\ome
,ignrficance.
r,
ir
can rnterferc
uirh
min;;i
IedLhrnts
rnJ
biotogtrrj
phenomenu.
.
Findlly.
ar
rhe
Ie\et
,,t
a
\intste
mrn(rat
tsrain
te
ching
i,
so erned
h\
rhe
chemi.dt
dnd
(tecr,ochcm,cdl
;ni.ru.r,on,
orln.
g.ri" .,n'"."
i;;;;:;l;.,:i:
generally
leach
by
rhe
oxidative
action
of ferric
ions
t"
".lr,t;-;;;
;;;;;
ineiics
is
a tincrion
pnmarily
of
remperaure
(as
cr,"."",..r,"a
il,i"
"ct-t*ii",
::..-,lr l,""d
,,n.
c,,ncenrrarion
i,i
remc
rJnd,ome,ime\
at\,,
,...,,,
;;:.
;"
,,,,1,pd,
rrccnanr\m\
ot
\uch
redcrion\.re
selt
unde^rood.
e\cepr
perhap:
lor
hJlLop)
r ire.
bul
e\rct
vatu.,
ol rhe
crilrcrl
parrmeler,
tor eJch
\pecrfrc
cd,e
rcmrin
\ubJ(cl
lo
me \uremenl
t-unher
Lompticatii,n
mJy
di.e
when
,tiUe,enr
minirJi,
re
salvanrcd
)
roupjed.
J\
,.
rhe
ca\e
wirh
ptri*
u.rrg
rr*"r,
i"
rn"ry'U*.
l:l1j :llT::':l:
?
":,
brorngiczr
inrera(lron.
w;rh
erpo,ea
.i*,,r
.,;;..,
;,
r,pura,eo
rn
rhe
conlJcr
lea.hing
mcchanr\m
I
Sd[d,
r
al..
]u0
rl
ar.
rto
imoonanr,r
rhFlevel.Jlrhoughrh,r\iBnrricrn(ernheapbioter.r,r;("4.;;;,;;;"#;:;l;::
leachrng
in
rrnk\)hr\
nor
1er
been
esrabti,ieo_
The many sub
processes
tend
ro interact
with
each
olherin
palems
which
in
most
:::.:^,1:_:":".t,",
r,,
unraler
inruirr\ery.
e"r
*.
",
,r,.
*r.p,
"...,.,.,,.",r
u(utrr(
ovc,arr
rare
conlloli
g
under
cenirn
circum,rrnce,.
ira
c,,nrr,t
.an
$
irch
lrom
onc
domarn
ro
dnother
rn
lhe
couhe
,,r
"r.
pra,.r;",
;.".;,
,.,,"rii,'
Y',1
-,:*,
hy \
or
compte ly.
d,dsno,ing
rhe
"n".,.,,,
",",,,,
r,,i"ni.
on
ovrrat,
heap
pertormrncc
becomc.
,nualv
rmpo:nbh.wirhor,
".,,ph,,;,;;;;
rodeling
looi.
.
Herp
hJ(
h modet.
hrle
been,le etoperl
ovcr
rh(
yedr\
r,
rh( rechn,,ti,")
(.\,,j\r.J.
nrcr
n,cuscd
lo dciJ
teaching,
rhcn
cvnnrdt
te..t
::,:t
.:i ::Itr ti
xi.J;,
;t,til:liii:
xi,.iit:1,
+;.,. :tt,lillit'.
:
r,t;:
l,:
rx{(.rr
nr{.,'nr,n,r,,url
intrr..\1r
t.t,c
lt...,t,s,r,
r,,,,,t.r
,r.,..r,1_.,,,,1
,i,...,,,,i,,",
l,t{tNr
ll,l
I
\
I rl
I
llr\l
(
(r
I
I
li
lll,\l'
lrl(n.lr]\l
lllNli
(PelcN.tr &
l)ix,,lr.
-ll)o
lh.
ll)l)6ri
l)iron
&
l'clcrscn
20olr
OgbonM
"/ 'rl'
20()5)
i"r.".
;,. r".*,
{ll
lhc
vlrn
s
sub-processcs
llnd
comPlexiries
oullined
abovc
;";i-ilki,s
any
asrnnption
d
rtrioti
as
to
which
nre
rrle
detemining'
A
''*ii.,
alr,,.
",
-rnrr."rrv
i.
repre'enrea
nv
rhe
PhelPt
Do'lBe
C"pPer
sroclpile
;:;i ;'.,;i
),
"i..
n(':l
lizupsim
h,' betn
pprre'r
in
Ih(
moftrints
oi
i.l"-ii"ilir,i""
"r
.r,,rcocrr"
lorion
&
Pere''en'
20u'u
)
sphdlerrrc
rDiton
&
i;",I^." roiu.E,.*"
a
Di\on.
z0oobl
p)rirc {BourrJrJ'
2001I
and
r
-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
5/18
11
t{\t
N
ANt,
t)t\oN
,,/ri
/
(
,t,
trr
tr.nt
.\t,.rrnrtrl\,rtrn,r(..d
I ll\r'
(tr
llr llrAl
lrl(n
l i\( lllNr;
0 20
.10
60 80
time on siron
ldaysj
/
afid
2.
Cu exirtrction
LJ.
tinre
for colunnr of diffeEnl
length
-lr)l
lrir'll
(1
Lrhn;
Sinlld
Conrnn
shnded
Tall
Colunrn
L.N
lir
&
(.o-
4
Coluhn
Ratfiide
sotui;;
53.57.
47.2%
,;5;*i;;*;i#xi::r
;,"*
Iiil
j
jl
lr
j;nlil
H
:;x[i
;lfl
'ffi
,:l
r
fl
[:1,';i."
:1",:3
i*fl
;,;;;,;;t"illLlt-""-^"";i:il':L***#t::',f
:'".,,'.ti
i{ffir*fffin';ila$,5ffi
4.2.
Chalcocite
Leaching
In
Standard
Laboratory
Cotumns
:J::::ilL:l;.';i.1,#:",1
',:f,,-."i:,,.,
*
tuyr
nandird
crpenmen.
,n
a,,
*+$.-*fi***
rffi15*+#*+ffi*-
bul
rapidly
i,creases
to net
Fe
prodoction
once
the solution
potential
begins
to
increase.
This
is a slrong
indication
ihat
some
pyrite
leaching occurs
in
parallel wilh
chrlcocite lclching. F
rther
evidence can be
tbund in
the
declining
pH
at
the later
(ages
oflhe expcrimcnt.
rpFoaching the feed
pH
of
1.2. Although
there
is not
net
acid
generntion.
this trend
is nonelhcless
a
clear indication thai
acid
is produced
in
the
column,
couDter
balancing
the
bio-oxidation reaciion
(l).
which
consumes
acid
at
all tincs.
This acid
is either
generared
tiom
secondary
oxidation
of
elenental
sulfu
(produced
from the stage 2
chalcocite reaciion
(3)).
or from
pyrile
oxidation,
or both.
All other standard
column
experimenls
exhibited similar behavior,
with
pH
;D
some
cases eventually
falling
belo$, thc
feed
level.
The
8
column slaDdard
experimeni
was sei up specifically to
investigate
the
prosression of dissolved constiluents
(acid,
Fe(II), Fe(III)
xnd
micro-ors:rnism, in
the solutjon as
it
flows
down
the
column lhrcugh analyzing
samples
in lhe
interim
cups. The
profiles
ofpH.
solution
potential
(vs.
Ag/AgCI) and
microbial counis are
shown
ir Figure
,l.
The
expe ment was slopped after
21 days.
just
as
the wave
of
chaDges
in
solution
potential
began
1o break
ihrough
(he
last column, io
allow
analysis
of
the
solid
residues.
The
pH
profiles
clearly show two
waves. oDe
early
peak
moving through ihe
columns
duriDg
dals
I 7 and
onc nuch brcader wave
passing
through belween days
8 and 20.
with peak levels increasing
film column io column
(pH
1.4 in column I
to
2.5 in
column
8).
In
ea.h.olunrn,
v,lution potentixls linger
al
low
levels around
380
rnv
,r.
Ag/AgCI
li,
somc
rimc hcforo rnpidly rising 1() very high
levels around
700
mV r. Ag/AgCl.
This
polLarli.l
rise
prcgresses in a wave lhrough
the columns
rt r mr. of
rhout
:10 cnr
(i.e
(n)c
colunrn)
cvcry 2 dals.
Baclerial counts
aiso
indicnlc thLrl
lhc
nri.($irl p()tnrhli(nr
progrrssc
lhft)ugh lhc cohmns
in
n Iiont.
rilh h,r.rL]iul nnnrb.rs r;sirrr
ro l.vrlt.r,rsi(lcr.(l
rhrivins
(>10/
crivc cells/nL)
in llr
rt)t).r
(ohrnnrs
lirsl
h.lin. ll
v
t)r(r.r(l
lil
lhc,
(,own
-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
6/18
202
PBTERSEN
AND
DIXON
5
I
b)
t
a
g
*
3.5
1.0
2,5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.s
0_0
800
7@
600
s00
400
300-
20
@
120
20
@
\20
3.0
2.5
2.0
1_0
0.5
0,0
60
100
5''Ji'iJH.mf'
"""ad
6,"e
exlerimor
a)
Fe cotrenidioD.
b)
lorurion
po.ntiar.
d
PRINCIPT,US Or
(,ll^tr'(X'lTll
IIEAP B|OI-UACIINO
2t)3
\
Figzr. 4.
Rdtrlls
fron 8{olumn shd,rd .xp.riment )
pH prcgEsion:
b)
solutio.
pol.ntial
prcsEssion;
c)
prosrsion
of
mimbial counts
in
slution
t
e
s
*
5
?
,*.*
E
E
'.oE+06
E
-
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7/18
2t0
?
a
150
E
.:
90
+
Brcnrirl
brm(rJn
ongh
1+-
micrubiat
btorhtroustr
.rl ),t
tlirNrllr\i,l
r
rl,\lr
rr lll lllrAl'lr(,llA(lllN{i
llll.tistN
/\N,)
tn\(
)N
,.iA,ap
5,
Mictubjar.
rH
and
poEnrixl
progression
nr
erpen,ne
25
.
The
progrc..Jon
or
tH.
porenllJl
drd
micro
orSJni\m\
are
cleJrt\
ret:Icd.
Ficu,r 5
pto,,
rh(
prosresinn
u irh
Jep,h
Jnd
ume
or rh;
n.ak
;H
;i;;,,.:;;;;:,"".
ih"
points
where
the
solution
pore,tiar
exceeds
s00
mV;..
eiagCr.
_a
ir,"
o";..,
*i,.."
the
bncrerial
poputation
in
solulion
exceeds
ro,
*rr,lir_.-rr,.
pi,i-"[,.r,
"i_*
hat
the
firee phenomena
prog.ess
rhrough
the
cotum""
",
*.r.,,.1.",
;;;;;;.
4.f,.
Discussion
of
Standard
Expriments
Appro\imrret)
t5
r0
.
ol
rhe
(opper
r
rh.
m.,reriJt
re|ofl,
a.
rcrJ \ot
ble
br,,chrnrire
I
pon
agrlonrrdrion
"ui,
".,a,t,,
r,
rrpr.ltr
di,,oJred
r,.,r...,,,.
olurron
or
rhe
d,, romerdre
m ,erill
o, r-.,
*"o,rr',"i,r,i.
,.,p;;;,;i;,.i
*"'
(6)
CurSOr(OHL
+3H,SO]
+
4cusor+6Hro
Yll,li-"li.lI
*o *l,n
recJ .orurion.
rhe
a(,J
.orubrr
copFr
r.
.rnpr]
flu.hed
,u,,,
,ne
corunn
dr
i
rdre
L.,nnr,,n,urJre
$irh
rhe
rrnn,,io,
ol.
"na,orur
or.,n^.
:. :h{::rull.
on,: rh. .orubre
fopper,,
ru,heo,,",,h.
h.,i.
"iii;;;,:;.,
,
c
rtd
ontjnJle.
lrorn,,\,JJlron
ot
thJJc,,crlr.
^:jl:::;:1:1"-"::l:nr(
ilon
reJchins
,,i
(hJrco(
ire
p,occed,
in
rwn \rds(,
rn
,
r
.,,iuJro
cnrumn
e\pe,rmenr\
J rcni
un
proJu(ed
by
rhe
bJ(reriJ
r
r;ri1
v
(
{ured
during
firsr-stage.h:tlcocile
leaching.
rr,r.."J,u
;-s. i,rii'ir,li"i
r..rr.
i
.
n
i,
Lor.umed
J.
.o,,n
:r, rt
i, gencrJtcd
A.
a
Jnn*qucr(e.
;
,.f..;;
.;;
,'l
",.,"
,l'"
,orunon
xnd
rh(
,edo\
pore,rr,at
,.",u,n,
q,,i.
r,,"
"
o,
"."
,,,.
,(n
t'.r..nlril
ol .hrt.oL,te
r:,pfro\imJrej)
1/U
mV r\
Ag/ASCLa,;..;,;
i;
1.1,tr.
ln,
Ihr.et'te.ti.orrenmi,t,ten..inrrrJi.","rori^_,",,,"","i.^,;;,.'.
rlrhough
in
ticl
thc
oppositc
is
true.
.l'Ic
rLrtr
.l
rvhich
rtri.
iron
js
ge
crrtcd
during
this
pcrio(t
is
govcmcd
hy
rhe
,rle
nl
whi(fi
rhr hrctcria
(
oxidizc,i.irtrrs
iRnr..I,his
in
1"",
ir_inlf"c
.(t;;
"
1n
,.
trurrhcr
(,1
l
.(tn\.
n(lt:h
l(rrrl)orlurc'
nulticnl
Ird
suhslilrlc
coDcerrlrxti(nrs'
,,.',,,u,ir',r.,r
'+\|].',:'rrlt(,..,I,
Lrrh('lrrhl'u't
irlurnrr
(\l\rtrrr''rr'
rlr''
r"lr
rirn,,,,-'r,i.,,
'
,'
ir,.
.','1r1
,
'(rl
r"
rhc
ttr(ri"n
\rrJ\'
AJr'{Jitrt'r"
lqu
rn'n
(l)
ir,"
"-;'a"i,.
,,r r"*""r',i,
le'ric
iron
requitcs
acid'
However'
bec'luse
the
first
slage
,,i'cIra;;.i.
i;.g
p-duces
no elementar
sulfur.
and
because
pvrite
leaching
is
,
"r,ii""J
.,
.,.
r, lo$
;olu'ion
purenrial'
rhe onl)
$ur'e
or
acid
dunns
rhr"rdse
i.
Ihe le
d.olurron.
Thu'.
bdcre'ra
\'tnrrnu'
ro
"\idr/P
lerr"u'
lo
lenrc
rron
onl\
;";ii',il
,,,
,',,
ol
acrd.
dnd rhs
re'ulrs
in
rhe
rir.r
nage
"r
chrl'ocrre
leJ\hing
;;;,;"i,"
i; ,
"""."
bJntl
be)ond
qhrch
Ihe
'olurton
conEin'
\itrudll)
no
irid'
I"i"l,.^|.i.^*
,r,.
*r,mn
or
iigtr
pH
ro""ntrrmed
b)
rhe
dara
in l-rgure'la)'
---i"
,i.
*"r"
"r
,t'"
ii."t
srage
Jaliocire
leaching
fiont'
leaching
of
the.second
',;"
'.;'.ii;i.
,na
ptnre..irrn'e'
since
borh
or
rhe'e
reirrion'
are
rerdrrrer)
.i"""
"
".0r.",
*,"p.tr,rres
lhe
rale
ol lemc
cun'umplron
i' now
mu'
h lo$er'
.n'l
ii.
,"r,ui""
pr*,lir.ri-ts
to
higher
levels
(600 1l)
700
mv
rs
Ag/Ascl)
here
i*iJ"r
"-1j"i"".
**
rimited
btlow
fenous
concentralions'
can
meet
fie
reduced
i..""J
r-
r""r.
non.
This
explains
the
relativelv
rapid
increase
in
potential as
"i.*'Ji,
tt..-p.r-"nts.
The
reaction
proceeds
more
or less
homogeneouslv
."".-,t"
".i."
nrt,f,
"f,ne
column.
md
during
second-stage
chalcocite
leaching
il
";;;,ii;'"
of-copper
exrraction
is
soverned
bv
mineral
kinetics
ralher
than
rerpent limrrari,,ns.
-?'gr'.
ilro'.",..
J
'lishr
''lump
in rhe
cu
lerch
(une
ror
rhe tall
column
"'n"i,menr
,rround
dav
J0
Thi'
phen"men"n
can
be
e\pllined
wirh
lhe [iFr-
'r"i*.'rt"r"*1"
lercrr
ironr
etfect
Erpe"menr'l
eviJence
'uggen'
rhar
l-ir'r-srrge
.ii.,","
r",.r,i"c
*.*'
o'e,
no
mor"
rhan
rhe
lenslh
"l
ru"
'olumn'
rno
cm)
,,,,"'
"".,i..,ii*rr.
t).
ln
rhe
o
m co'umn
rhr'
uould
a'counr
ror
onlv
z
'mJll
",',,,i"
li in"
s.a'm,',
arrer
dcrd
rrn'rns
onlv
the
lop
laler
''
acrtve
iniridll)'
*t"."u.
rtre
Ie't
ot
rhe
\olumn
i' idle
lor
ldck
ol
Jcrtl'
Consequ'nrly
rhe
o\emll
.." .i
"."""i.,
f*rr,i,e
to
the
whole
column
charge)
becomes
verv
small'
As
,fr"
J"f*.i
"
front
moves
further
down.
'covellire'
and
pyrite
are
lerchin
in
i;;;k;.
; as
this
zone
increases
in size.
so
does
the overall
potion of
the
;;.;;.;,;it
reachrns.
the
overrrr
rare
ote\rrdcriun
rhus
rnctea'e'
rurther'
once
;;;'.i;.",1.
rronr
ireur'.
rrrrouerr.
rhe enrire
heap
r'
in
r'
ond''raPe
reahns
^ri
ii. *-"I
rate
of
copper
extraction
corresponds
ro
that
of
the 'coveilite'
'"
""l,ir
zs,.
*".".r
copper
errrrcrion
stJdurllv de'line'
rFrPUre
2r'
Thr'
i'
*en
r'
. ropologn
al eriecr.
u
here lhe
e\p'Fed
'urldce
area
ul
lhe
copFr
nuneral'
;;il.d;
rvil,
ti.".
e.t.o,
the
leaching
of
mineral
grains
embedded
within
;."
;;il.b'
may
be
limiied
bv
the
diffusion
of
reagents
and reaction
products
,r,-,i*r,
*."*
r].*"
*a
cracks,
or
prvented
altosether
bv
occlusion
(explaining
-r,"
io
more
ttan
S:c"
of
copper
has
ever
been
extracted
from
anv
colomn)
Fe
i,,i'""
",1""".',,,'"""ircriiir.
on
rhe"rher
hund'
d"conunue
rn
rlle\penminrs
ii,.'',.",
i.
i ri''
I.
*
r,'4,.
"ru'n
ir,.,r
r'r.,',rid,r,or''crrtir)r"hirrrnPro$rrd'p)rire
i.,ir'"t""t'"lrr(r't'+'(\'tn'h''hl)'h'1"'tr{JrrnrNrrlrirnl^ti(nhironlromrhc
cofpcr
soll
es
is
subsr[nirllv
(liNi
ishcd'
t0
12
il
-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
8/18
l0i,
4.4-
tIllltsl,N
ANt)
t)tx()N
Chalcocitc
Lcaching
Undcr
COr-Limirins
Conditions
(
llAl(
rx
lllr lll
Al'lil()l
I
(
lllN(i
.t0 /
1n
lir.
how.v.r.
llt(
(
()
cotrlcrrl
is
only
trhoul
O.lT{'
ol ll)xl
('l
()'
(15{)
fl)Dr
(
()'
vs.2l'1,
o,l.
llr[s,
il
ll
CO]
treeds
ro bc
ir(lv)rb.d
lnnn
lhe irir.
rhc
trir
sulPlv
nrte
needs
t(,
b considerahly
lister tlran
what
is
requncd
to
srtisly
thc
oxygc'r
{tcmnod
fbr the
same
applicattun.
Contnt
iog to
xbove
cal'nlrtion
on tlris
hlsis
Nsuming an
average
carbon
yield o10.035
mol C/mol
Or and
allowing
ld cornllcrc
CO,
uriization
-
would
requnc
a minimum
air
supplv ralc
of 0933
Nnr'/nrr/lr
or;bout
4.5
limes
the
rate estimaled
for
the
necessary
oxvgen
supplv
Hencc
ir
is
reasonable
1()
suspecl
that in
heap
leach
applications
with
I
low
aerrlioo
rulcs
the supply
of COr
may
in
fact be overau
rale
limiting
if
there
'ue no
carbon:rlcs
This
is suppoded
funher
by the
results
of
an
experiment
in
a
second
6
Dr
hll
columD
on ihe
orc
material
used
in
this studv.
The second
column
was
run ur)(lcr
identical
conditions
to
the one
described
above,
except
thai
the aerxtion
rarc wr\
0.25
Nmr/mr,ftr
(without
any
enrichment
with
cor
corresponding
lo
whnr
is
sed at
the industrial
site. and
what,
xccording
to
above
calculation'
would
h(
sufiicient
for
oxygen
supply).
Rsults
from
the
leaching
experiments
are
shown
in
Figure
6.
As FiguLe
6
indicarcs,
copper
exlraction
fiom
bolh
columns
proceeds at
D(trc
or
less
the
irlentical
pace
until
about
day
35 when
thev
begin
to divcrge'
ln
th'
column
run under
standait
condilions
this
coincides
with the
day
when thc
polcnli'l
rapidly
rises
ard
noticeable
quanlilies of micro-organisms
are
found
in
thc
elllucDr'
As
discussed
above.
this
is
indicative
of
the
narrow,
acid-limited
chalcocirc
lionl'
which
is
travelirg
through
the
column,
breaking
through'
However'
neithcr
ol lhcs'
effects
is obseNed
in the
columr
run on
low aeration'
Microbi'tl
bre'rklhrouglt
occurs
m ch
later
(around
day
60) and
the
potential
in the
cftluent
ncver rises
rho (
500
mV
throughout
lhe
experiment.
Although
copper exlractior
follows
siDril
r
trends to
those
of
the
standard
expe
ment.
it
continues
to
lag behind
by ahoul
0l
20
days.
This
column
also
produced a
consistently
lower effluent
pH.
and
Fc
l' cl\
in
the
effluent
were
consistently
below
the
2
g/l- in
the feed'
The discrepancy
between
the
cxperiments
is explained
as
followc
Thc lirsl
lo'l
of
copper
extraction
resulled
from
flushing
ol acid-soluble
copper
rnd
wtrs
nor
atfectid
by
aeration
rare
orCOr.
This is fouowed
bv
the stage
I
phase
durnrg
whi'lr
leaching
ofchalcocite
olcurs
in
a
rel ivelv
narrow band
and
is
governed
friDcil)trllv
by
the
iate
of
acitl supply-
Howevcr.
in lhe
low
aeration
column
Cor
suPPlv
is
piobably
not
sufficicnt
to sust
in the
growlh
necessarv
io consumc
all
rviil
blc
;cid.
as eftluenr
pH
in
this
column
st.tvs
low.
The band
would
thus
be
narowcr
rn(l
lravel
at
r
slower
prce,
c(,nmensurutc
wilh
CO:
rvtrilabilitv.
as
is
wiltrcsscd
bv lhc
delayed
brcakthrough
of
tnicro-organisns
in
lhc
cftlucDr'
Mie()bi'l
sn'wlh
itr llr(
wrke
of
thc l'ront
will
be
trtlc.lcd
even
more
hy
n
hclt
o{ CO' trs
lhis
ronc
gr)$s
l(,ogcr.
tlclcc
coppcr
froduclion
l.lls
bchind
iD thc
low ticrrii(nr
colunnr
whik
thc.tag.'
I
zorrc
is sl,wly
l,rlclirU
lh(trrgh lhc
coltrrno
(hcc
lhis
hrcrks lhRnr|h
(rrou
(l(hy
6{)) lhc
rrlc
(,1
co|Pcr
lc
.hiDg
hce(nncs
sirnihr
rgrirr
in holl
(rnIn'ns
(ls
in(l(irlNl
hy lh(
\lo|cs
irr
lrifu .
{rr).
in(li(
lin8
ll.t lI(
rrl'
rn \lUc I lcr(hin1f
ir
()v(rirll
ril.
(l(l( rrrinirr
llk
r^irlili(nr
I'l pliilc
rrr(l
{rllrrr
r'rrrrirs rll"l(11
A\
$
d\
ourtinerl
abore.
(h t.ocire
hrJp
bioter.hrng
u.ua
y
ernptuy\
turccJ
irruriurr
sirh
derauon
rdre.
in
rndusrriat
heap.
rJnring
r.om
O.rjS
ro,:
n
,;:;;;.1;.
ollo$inB
catcutirion
demon,rrare\
rirur
rhi,
uoutd
be,uificienr
ro,,nol,
:
;.
\ygcn
nceded
for
rhe
conver.ion,
rypi(Jlt)
achreved
in
chslcocne
hej.,.,
A\sume
a
chrtcoc
e
ore,
onrrrning
0.8q
Cu
z.
(
u-S
ind
1%
I
eS
lheore,.
heap.bioreached
in
d r0
m
he"p
"ris00
kgrn
*.i.j;;,t,r.
,,o
:
iil:i.;
o achieve
80"/o
Cu exraction after
t2
montts.
rrle
pyrlr"
.;;,;;;;;;;;
time
is
esrimared
at
20qd.
The
fottowing
overall
reaOons
apply,
.
(7a)
CurS
+4Fer+
+
2cur++4Fer++ao
(7b)
FeSr
+
l4Fer+
+
SHrO
+
lsFer++2soi
+l6H+
It
is
funher
assumed
rhar
a
Fer+
is
generared
by
bio_oxidation
according
ro
(7.)
4Fe2
|
+
o.
1411+
*
4p.]+
n
2,r,
u
Grven
.rhe
teed
grJde\.
rhe
in
iJt
chat..ocrre
toncenrrdrrorr
rmouflrj
ro 0.061
mol4g
and
rhe
plnte
concenrrarion
to
u.JJ
moy(g.
olcr
one
vear
the
larseted
convenion
rare
woutd
come
,.
u0.o;;;;;,;;,'.#i:,i.:;
and
0.0667
mol*s/a
for
pyrite.
The
rohl
{remand
for
.",f;;;;-;;;
:::1:^:_'I :f^:1'*r-s
(7a)
and
(7b)
is
rhen
I
r35
."r
F",.;;;;
;;;;
quatron
(7c).
0.284
mol
O.^e/,
il l1"".ll_"1i",fr.,.r,
"nj
pai*,ng
aen.iry.
ar rorar
or
r5.000
ks
o,e
wourd
be
pra(eo
per
m
ur
heup
irea,
lnd
henLe a ror3t
t
"q";.a
A, i,;;;;g.,;ffi
i:il::ilif,:1"::1,,1,,"1
i;'jl#'"Jff
rareot
Jbour
450
Nm
/m
/d,,r0.05
Nm
/rn)h.
n,,lrng
rhfl
.n,,rmrl
cundir.n.
a.
indi..areJ
b)
fie
cdpldt
lr
ror
ga,e.
,.r..
ro
itC,na
I
",,
;;;
1i:::11:l
:".':''
lhti
zs+.oxfgen
''
,'',
i;,;';;.'
';
;;i.t;',:
i,i:;nor;*
mJrErn,,r
crrery.
rhi\
uourir,ussen
an
aerarr,,n
rrre
nr
o.2
his
cafcufation
would
stipulare
that
aeration
industriar
operational
praclice
suffices
ro..*.
ut*t
lower
erd
of
lhe
range
of
h""p
H.**.,,
;;;;;;;;
il
ffi;;":iJi-}
::,,,,,i:JH,?.,J.T*i1f
:"J:
upply.
Autorrophic
bacteria
common
ro
bioleaching
"ly
*
CO.
;"
il;;;
.rbon
source
ror growrb.
rhis
is
either
&awn
froln
;.b;*"
.t;;;ls
il;";.:
::l Ti'".1"1'.1r,.f.d
rrum
rhe
,urroundins
,".
tu*,i.
",,Ii.,
,,r
.,.;:,;;:;
l;:l::1.11::
g-,i"*"
b\
r4|o\riithn
and
A.idithnbd,ilt
,.e",.,.,
,.r,,,;i.,l
;;
r rrerJlure
rndrare
r
cdrbon
)ietd
oiUo,.2
ro
ni
rnol
C/rn,,io_,n,,i,
t,,,,,,.
\un
Sche,pen/eei.
Iqo6l
BrecJ
,r d/.
to,,,):
Br,.e,t
& xn\t,,r,t.
Iu,,r/.
.{
;r
;,rjr.r
wo'ds.
thc:rnrounl
ot
C(),
Dccd..t
is
rbour:.2
()
5Z
,,f
,f,".***
,,r:ii,
,",1,,;,.:A
-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
9/18
llrlN(
ll
lrs
(,lr(ll^l(
(x
llr
llrr\l'lr(r.rA(llIN(i
10,)
,,,"
*
"i,-
ro,,r
.,,
F(
/f
Sck.kd
to{h\oliheCo
J,mired
rdulllumn
h
,
,
,,,,obiJr
,oun,
, , ,.r",,,
".
H,p"
".,.,,.,;,.
"-,,:l
; .:
ll-
"if.,".,^,,
"
h,
..rtr,n
tr
n,.tsn,,Jr.
aem,,on
rchh,oo2s
Nhih
4
.:
il;
;;it;;,i;l'h,
i
r J,
4
-,h,J,i,,
o'..r
itr
lhc
[,w
rcr ri,)r rolunrll as l(cslcd k, hy lhc
highcr
tll
(i.c
less
oxidali(nr
ol'clonrcnllll
or
fyritic
sultu, rnd
ihc k,wcr iron
lcvels
ir rhe
ellluent
(iar)site
precipit.rtn)n
nrste
d
of
surplus iron
generation
tiom
py
lc
oxidntion).
Threfore
it is
possible
that the
lack
of CO:
afiecls
primarily
rhc
rapid
hn
oxidalion
of nage
I chalccite leaching
when bio-oxidalion can bccomc
tutc-
limiting.
The slower oxidation of
second
stage chalcocite
remains controlle.l
by its
slow m ineral
oxidation kinelics. Unfortunately theexpenmeni
is not
tully
cooclusivc
in
this
regard,
since the rate
of
air suppty
;n the low
aeration
column was also
close
to that
required
for
oxygen demand
at
the
given
rate
of
leaching
(but
w.rs
not
limiting
as il would
have
been
for COz
demard). Nonetheless.
the study
crD
be taken
as
an indicalor
thal
low
aeration
rates
practiced
in
some heap
opcrrln)ns
may
be limiting the
overall
rate
of
leaching
more
than
necessary
and should
hc
4.5.
Chalcorir Laching In
High Salinity Process
Solution
All
standard column experimenis
were
run
with a microbial culture
grown
in
the laboratory under
optimal
Srowrh
conditio.s
before
introducing these inlo thc
columns,
and
the feed
solution
contained
only
rcid
and iron.
In
real
heap operaiions.
however,
conditions
are
generally quite
far
removed
from
such an
ideal
situatio[.
and thus
microbial
suryival
and
efiiciency
are more seriously
challenged
(carcir
"1dr.
1998).
Feed and effluent soluiion
(raffina.e
and PI-S)
samples
were obtained
from
lhc
industrial
site
fiom which lhe
ore
material
had
been
sourced.
Microbial aclivily
was low in rhe
PLS
and viriually
nil
in
the
raffinate.
The
chemial composirn,r
of
the
raffinate
(which
is
the same
as
the PLS
except
that most oI the
coppcr
has been
removed)
is given
in Table 2.
The
concentrations
of
dissolved
salts
[c
exceptionally
high, with magnesium
and aiuminium alone
accounting
for
aboul
959.
of the lotal
dissolved
salts
(TDS)
at
148
g/L.
Such
concenlralions far
excecd
7,r/. 2. Anlly7ed
conrposllion ofthe ralfimtc ar rhe indunnal olnrn)n (only
componenh
>10 m /1,
Elemenr
Concentrarion
t.dl-l
Mg
K
l:.100
lt6
2]l
CI
I
231
tll
)l(r
-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
10/18
I'l
t{sr
N l\Nt)
tn\0N
k,lcrrncc
lcvcls
klDrlc(t
ir)
lhc
Iilcr
urc
ti)r
i|1nr
(,xi(tj1iIA
lrk.r()
itr
rrinra:
l]tirl,r
andRrrllh
(2{)0.1)
indicrrc
a i,nDedi,r.
tive
lbrd
dcct,,"
;
*;,*,;1,,i;;;,
,;;;,
;l;_
N.rrSOr
soturion.
tnd.
nr
an
exrension
ofthis
sludy,
Srri",.
")1.
lZxrS;,"1r,",,
ir.
e.manenr
retardation
of
growrh
rate
ar
lhis
concentration
.t ru",Sit..,
r,)u";,,.,
er
dl
(1971)
repori
an
adveBe
effect
of Al
concenlrarions
exceeding
r,i
glr_
",
ir,"
growih
of
ar unspecified
(A.idi.)thiobacillus
srrarl..
,
Furihermore,
the
chtoride
concentration
of
L3 g,4_
is
aiso
of
some
conccm.
Lawson
e.
dl
(1995)
report
on
adverse
erTects
on
microbiat
growrh
of
chloride
troncenrarions
e\ceedrng
I g/L
$
rth
comptetc
rnhihiuon
,
Z
"rf
.
Sf,i.^
"
rliinni,
::Y
l'll1l
1":'*1."
,r
gr,,s
rh
rsre
r
ts/L
and
r
c/L
\Jcr.
bur
",rr,
ro,e
r..;
trerery
rnruugh
dJ
prarion.
Jnd
permdnenr
rerardatiun
ar
higher
concenrrartn,.
rne
nrdh
Larron
concenlration\
re,utl
fium
rhe
errduzl
Jj*otution
ol ,iti(ate
ii:r:^: lil.lll
rin
rhe
prc.enr
ra,e prima,ry
chr,rrrre.
biorire
,,d
pr,g,,;i;;;
LdmDerg.
tee/
r
dId
the
tacr
lhdt
lhe enlrre
\ntulion
iru.nrory
i,.onr,nroriy
r..i.-
culated,
wilh
onty
copper
removed
in solvent
exrrac,;.,
_a ,"
p*g..
ffr".,frf_ia"
concenrration
relates
primarity
..
the
dissoturion
of
",,"".t,"
iC,Arc,ii;;i,i
chloride-conraining
copper
oxide
minerar
which
**."
i,
tl,"
,* ;i,
i.#
A
mrLrubidl
culrure
ur\
erJdua
)
enrnhed
ind
mdinrarned
in
rh...i.,i-,r
u,,ditured
rJriin,e
,n
I
\h.rter-incubrrlr
ar
rs0
rpm
ar
i0";.';;;.
_;,
i;:
;l:.':
inoculare
a
4,cotumn
experimenr
which
was
run
with
th.
.,ffira..
,.
f".,t
,;;ii";:
but underotherwise
idenricat
conditions
to ihe
standr.,t
._p"rt."r,.
..;"rJ;;;;.
The
r.ulr,
tr,,m
rhe
rw,, 4-c,,tumn
exleflmenr,
rre
,
omtred
in
Figure
/
.
rrBure
,a
\how:
lhe
copper
e\lraction
r,.
rrne.
tn
b,,rh
erperiinenr.
rhe
trrrr
lU'.
or
copper
exrructiol.
retre\entrng
,he
rin\ing
o,
*U
*frf,f.
,
"pp"r.
,. ,"pi,jfi
nu.hed
lrom
rhe
(olumns.
Orer
rhe
nexr
looa
ol
c,,pper
errrdcrn,n.
,irgr,r,
."..*
,prnding
lo,tcg(
I
ierchrnts.
lh(
t$o
e\prrimenl.
ditler,ipniticrr,ly:
t" r;".H;d;;
e\Penmenr
rhr\
pha\e
i.
neirjy
comptete
with,n
25
dr)..
"t.".",,f,..rp.ri..r,
rlh
n
rve cutture
dnd
rdlfinare
\oJIrron
requirc\..t0
J,ry,.
Leachrnp
rren,ti. rre,..,r
n0%
clrac,ion
rre. hosever.
rerl
,imir.rr
in
borh
er;;;;:.
'"
"''*'-*,-
,":,,r",:; il
"il
l: lT-
rh.
prosre*;on
,,r
pH
anj
.orurion
po,cnriar\
ajons
rhe
'(
arIr
or
Ine
\ePmenled
column\
Ihe
cur\e,
ret
ing
ro
rhe
\rdnddrd.t-cotumn
:.l:.iln:no
,h"y
Gimirar
ro
Figure
4a)
chalcocire
(low
potenriarl
i"".r*g-i,
"
anow
zone
movins
down
rhe
column.
folrowed
by r,igr,
poiemior
,rug.
z
r#r,;ngl
In
lhe rallinatc
expcrimenl the
{age
I
zone
rs,ritj
obsenrd.
br,.i,
p.";;;:,.,
much
more ,towty.
dnJ
lhe
rran,ilion
irom va:e
r ro
,rage
:
fe,,
hrng i,
m,j
.or.,
gradual.
Only
some
of
rhe
available
acid
js
insumed,
and
the
pH
remains
more
or
Ie*
nrble
$irtr
ont)
tr
mrn^r
pe,,[
aruund
day
)U. $hen
lhi f""
p.,",,,,"f
,.ri
fliil'
,l.".lgn
.1,,
I
i,
cied
rhfl
.,rse
I reach,ns
flocred.
,hrousi,
,r,.
,,,ri,","
corumn
wrthrn
r broad
band
rrrher
thrn
d
nan
,cra
'uppt1
".
opp".e,t
r;;il:;;il;.il;:;:L
Tone
anJ
r'
n"r
c"nrroled
hv
The
ca
,e,,l
rhe,e
Ji\Lrepan(ie,
heLome.
ct(rr
tronr
figurr
\.
pt,,fi
,
rl(.
rumber
ofbacEria
counted
in
sohtion
as
I
function
.f,i..
_Ai"p,r,
i,,,r"..,,i,,,"
shows
counts
lowerby
an
order
of
mrgn
ilude
iD
thc
c.r,r,
",
*iir,
",,rtr"
r,*:r",i,,
tl|N( l,
S
(X
,||
E{o
riDt0riun
drrsl
Fis,,.
Z
Sulccted rcnr16
.t
dr.4 colu'nn
le$
under
(rnd{d
con
ir6n:
({d.)
rnd wirh
'rllirrlc
url
ntuve
ricn
oqrni{ns
t
i) tr) com$cxtncrn)n:
b)
elflue
DIIi.)
pr) r.*n,r
ol n'luron
por.trrrl
in iodrndll rrl,in.te
rs
crnnpared k)
the
srandr cr)lunnr
(lrboftrnny
rullurc
in
(nl
rnd
i'on only).
Ncve(hclcss.
bolh
scts
ol
drra
sl()w
lhc
samc
frligrrssi(trr
lrcnds.
wilh
nnrnhcrs nr)vin8
down lhc
colurntrs in.
tr)wi[g
wlvc . llc
pr('pxrrli(nr
rntc,,1
llis wrv..oircsponds
to
llxt
()l
th( hi8h
l)oicnliirl
wrvr i tlc wrkc ol
-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
11/18
}l
t,t
:RSt
N
ANl,
t)t\()N
|lllNr
1l1l
s
()l
(ll,\lrrI
lll
lllAl
lrlr)ll]\(lllN(]
s
E
l.mE+o?
3
t 00E+06
E
I
nut*05
Fis,/.
&
Bact rilt
counr
oler
the
lengrh
oi rhe
cotunn
i. experiDenrs
25
and 28
Iarlc
J.
Crowrh
rate
and final yield
or
srcwrh
experimenrs
tr.((,1r,,'\.irr'{r\
ll'rrl'5rrrr
'r
"'rrrtrrlt'rr'r\r
rrrtrlr'hrrr'rrr''l
'l'\rl"l'11
h\ rlI
I,;h,,,
,1,,.,',
.\
l,,v{,
.\'rx,':
I'rrrn{rrr''
''
'.rl"
ri,'rar'
$ r
LrIl'l')'11
'llf
."",'"ir
,,t(,4"r
eonrhir'(\
xrr rrl ccliur
dillusrnr
nxxl0l
n) ttecortrr
lirr
rrntrsl)orl
('l
",rr".
ii,,,rel,
,h"
L"q,,trxl
k,
rrtircrdl
sitcs
in
rhc
(nt
wirh
n
ruhi
rcllcri('rr
nx(lel
;,h.
;i"Jl
sirc
i,rco,'r,rtrrirg
s.rs
adsorPlion'
microbitrl
stouh
nd
orid'lrnrrr'
"rJ.i,,"."ir"""r,;rg
,r,'"nsh
app;prirle
kincdc
rcms
Additn
rl
ttLiturcs
includc
an
indeDrnderrl
heulh(rl
hrhnJ
xnd
J
gJ' Ina"brlur'('
-
i*"',^*.',,il.."del
are
t'l
prrrrculJr intetr'\r
rrr
lhe
(i'nr(ir.l
rh
Pr(r\'rr
ar..,*,.":
rr,.
fir't,rldre'
Io the
$r) rn
$hith
hull
\rlurrun llow
i' rn'{l(l\l
iil'ls."In.J
it'"
*ut.n
flows
throush discrete
channels
in the
ore
bed
which
,."-i.
.""i*r
\vi
rt
"
a"ster
of ore
material
containing
an
aqucous
phase
lhc
form ofstagnant
moisture.
Thus
flow
is
the
predominant
mode
of
mass
lranspotl
rtr
,fr.".
"r,"r,r'.f",
*fr-*"
*ithin
the ore
cluslers
it
is bv
molecular
diffusion
lhroush
ii"-",""",i
,or
",,..
ne
drnution
lens$
Rri'e'
Ihe
'adiu'
or
lhe clu\r(
i''
.i",".L','ir.
,"aa
prrJmeter
The
larset
rhe
'lu'rer
i''
rh'
lurrher
rexg(nr'
rhl
.""",,-
*"a*,'
tt,ve
ro
artir'e
lhrough
\lagnr'nl
'olulron'
ln n
rro$
rulurnrh'
'J
r'
,1..a
in thr'
'rudv.
R
c.n be
raken
ro
be
clo\e
ro
lhe
pipc radtut
{8r)"
"i
ruai"'
r1*
been
fo.rni
to
be a
goo{t
value'
ie
4 cm
in
the
present case)
lD
un""nii*a
r,*p"
irrlgrr"d
bv
&ip
emitten
it
is likelv
b be
much
larger'
ck)ser
t(l
tr'.-r,"ii
iit"".'"
t"*"*
two
drip
poinls' This
has
been
discussed
in
some
derlil
,na oarrirllr
conrirmed
rhroutsh
er|enmenls
b)
Perer\en
and
Di\on
(2001)
-
-n;;i;;,
"'p..,
rerare'
r"
microurot
o\idarron
shrch I'
rnodeleJ
rhr"urr'
lai.U.ri"l{*t*
tin.ti"s.
combining
micrcbial
growth
with
ferrous
iron
oxd
rrnr
,;u tfr"
pi.t
"quutio,
(p"t"rsen &
Dixon
20Mi
Ojumu
eldl
'
2006)'
Thelbaudur
'';.
":;.i.1
in rhi'
approdch
is
rhe
,primum
microbiul
srosrh
rare
(
'
r.rr(rr
''l"r
refened
ro d'
1r,..
,
\^hrch
I' m"Jrtreil
b)
Monod
and re\i\larrce
rerm\
('r
'tr('{urr
t-,i"
"ii""
"r'iil'u",o.
"oncentrarions.
temperaturc,
c'c'
Tvpicxl
values
fi'
t
lin
"
tr.r'ltfry-rrt-"..y
*r,rre
and
a
native
culiure
stressed
by
high
concenlratnnr\
ol
Mc rnd
Al
'ullJre'J'$ell
a\chl
rde\
are
reflecreJ
inT
ble l'
'''ir,i.,r",
'r,.
.""a"a
,{olumn
:rnd
Irll column
re\r'
di'cu-etl
dbn\(
$cr'
rr'('l
.
.urii*,"
,r',.
U*pslln
.odel.
This
is
a
some
hat cumbeNome
process
describc(l
i.
In"*
a""
elsewhere
(Dixon
&
Petersen.
2004:
Pete$en
&
Dixon
20o6h)
O.""
"rriUt""a,
,h(}
-.ael
can
then
be used
to
simulate
other
column
expcrinrcrtts
Jrrriir.r,,*i*
,r,.
*levanr
operrrionrl
pJrrmerer'
r'uch J' rlos
rr're'
e"lrtttur
i"iJii.
iJ.a
.","'r"-i,i-.
",.)
b 't ieat ins lhe
inrrinnc
prrJmerer'
de\
ribrnr
rn,rrrrl
,,i.i.-il,i
r,""1.'
""d
ma',
r,on'rei
p'r''m'rer'
unchrnseJ
ln
rhi'
r'r'hi"n
rln
4-cotumn
experimenl
has been
simulated.
as
is sho$rn
in
lcrms
of
coppcr
exlrrcl(n'
'"i;"r..
o.
-a
't.
,,,,,r,he
Lxperimenraldrl
r i'
vet)
8o"'l'
Sirnili
lv
f''\l'inrrt}'
rions-r.rnrtrchier
-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
12/18
tinE
on
slream
tdaisl
ll r,?
9.
SiDrtlrions
oI
.1
cotuDn.
s-.oluro
xnd
hti
cot,trnn:lrndurd
erpernrenrr
'
r \r'
'
tr
ll
]ll
l\l'lrlo
r1( rrrNri
.7lr.rr,Iil)ttrr\t,itr|rr,
ll'
t(rr,,,r.,rrl
sl,(\\.(l
hr(l(rrr(/,. 0l).1 h
)
llrs
eo,rcst)(nrlr
lr'
lltr ,trlu,rl
()ttr
rrlrll
L(relili(ns I
llc
rrrirr.
sil..l lhc lirrr.,)l lltr'
.
70 cnr
drippcr
s|r.ins
(/(
=
.10
cnr)
.nd
ltrllhy brclcril
((
=
(l.l
h
).
.
50
cnr
dritpcr slrcnrs
(R
=
20
crn)
aDd
suessed
bacleria
((*
=
0.02
h
).
rr(l
.
50
cnr
drippcr
spacing
(R
=
20
cm)
and
hcrlthy b.rctefitr
(lL
=
().1
h
).
H.re.
nrcsscd bacteria
referc
to
the
combined eftects
of
high srliDity
rDd
txncrr
rially
limitcd
CO: supply
on
mic.ohinl
growth.
These
efiacts
int
at
ptclcnl lor
described
tbc
model
explicitly. but accounlcd
for
ihrough
a
reduction
ol
thc
laluc
of the microbial
growth
constaot
t".
-or
all
simularions the
heap
was taken
ar l0 m height,
lhe lied
rute
at I0
L/rDr/h.
and the
aeration
rale
at
0.25
mr/mr/h.
Feed conposition
included 2.0
g/L
ol
ir(nr.
Also,
the model
was
adjusted
to
the
geo-climatic condirions of
the heap
localnnr
rn{l
lemperature
was
left to
self-adjust
(as
opposed
to
imposed isothermal
coDdilnnrs
when modeling column
experiments).
Modeling
the
hexp under aclual operating
conditions
(long
drippet
sp
cing,
stressed
bacteria)
predicis
approximately
757.
copper
extmction
wilhin 400
(lirys
(13
monihs), which coresponds
well with
reponed
producft)n figures al thc
linre
(Garcia
"/
a1.. 1999).
At the
srmc
time
this
is
considerably
longcr lhrn rrry
(n
tbe
labomtory
experiments
rcporied above.
The
primary
rcason is thal lhe h.gc
stagnani
clusters between
solurhn
channels
enforce a long diffnsion
prih
1()l
th(
delivery
of one
key reagent
the
rcid needed
for the
bio oxidation
teaclnn)
(l).
Petersen and
Dixon
(2003a) have
shown thxt,
as
a
consequence.
tho
zoDc
$i c
.halcociie
leaching
described nbove
proceeds
'sidewayi
in he|ps.
awry li,,r)l
the
solution
channels into
the stagnant
cluslers.
as opposed
to
dowDwnrd\
rs
irr
tr. ,,r.
7,
Snnuhtu.
of.1coltrm.
N&dard
md.l
cotuD.
rull,nare
experimehrs
insteJd
,,t
2.U
g/L
rn
rhc
srlnd
rd experjmenA
I
or
rhe
r,rrr
col,per
errncr,";-::;il ;;;";;tile
2'
rhc re'ur'
ae.,,,
in,e.r.
dira.
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rhe
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I0'
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cr'J,5 (ap,uk.
,r,e
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,;
:;;:,1"'"
uerr
over
In'^r
ur
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ru.
nd
Pe,
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A\rl,(,,rt,rr
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J'
250
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6.
CONCLUSIONS
Herp
biuje
chinS
ot chrjcoc;te
ore\
r\
wide
'sn,rrcJn,
,ndu,rndt
a.pj;carion
or
oa".,.r'l
t'":l':.0
and
rhu'
bv
lrr
rhe
mo\r
p-..*
''
q,;r.
.o,prii.
;;1,,,;
:;:
"
'e
Arrhoush
ir
"ppea,'
\imnre.
,hF
,rhro
organ^m,.
ctu.re^
or
pon,,
t.,
ur.t ,r,"
,t"t' 'l
lhe
'rale\
ot
mineral
grarn..
""y,rrr,ia,"
n,,r:,r*q,,r;.ii,;,;i;';;,X;;**,\
auh,re.
rhich
can,n,e,J.,,n
modcr,ns
,,,or.
',.h
;,
il.:rit;.
;.
i;;'""'on
drone
and
requrre
a
comprehen'i,e
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hr'
\houn,ha,
u;;l
;
.;,il:#
lh'
rorumn'ru'r)
on,)pi.
rr
o,c
he
dchievabh
,,,,n1
rr.,^
"',rr,,
"
i.*
r'"'rrlron'
hiSh
copper
e\rrucrn,n5
.hnurd
rd,r
,har
much
r.."
.,,,"",,,,,".,
,;:,ii'.,:l
,,
amb,cnr
remperarure.
rhe
d,lerm,qed
b)
,""
,,i,
,,.,.^
f;;,;
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reJri')
rn
in'ru'rrrdr
operar,,'n'
i.
u
rrhin
rhe
herp
due
ro
ro.";;;
;",,J;,'JT::ii
tinrihurion
re'pe(iJiv
or
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'd)
mL
obJi
.ri\,)
o..
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5uPpl)
could
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y
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'
growrh' bur
lhi'
ha'
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yet
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{
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y
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Lawso.EN,NicholasCr,PetlatH.1995.Theroxiceliecrofchtand.onsanThiobttillust"r
btnLn\
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rit. Rinhy.
romerrlrdrg(dtprc....ins.
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-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
15/18
Microbial
Processing
of Metal
Sulfides
edited by
Edgardo R. Donati
Unhtersity
of
h
Plata,
Arqentino
and.
Wolfgang Sand
Unbercity
ol Duisburq-Essen,
Cermany
A
Springer
-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
16/18
A
(
I
l'
i
rLrl,,rrtr.
'r(o',1
r,tr
tltr\
ho.l
l\ ny.rilrh[. I'or' rl'
I ih
y.l
(itrr|'.s
ISBN
978-r-,1020-5538 r
(HB)
ISBN
978-l-.1020-5589 8
(e
btuk)
Published
by
Springer.
PO. Bo\
17.3300
AA
Doidre.hr.
The
Nerherl,nd\
PantJ,
h u.nl.lit.
rqt'
AII
Righrs
R.s$eed
O
2007
spri.ger
No
nrn
ol
this
work
mry
h.
rqmxl ..d,
srored
in
I
rctricvil \yie'n, orhn$nnled
nr rtry lnnn
or
hy ny ,nc trs.
clc.troni.. nrc.h nicrl, phonroDyin .
nri.nn,lrni.E_ r.co
irg
or.rlr.ruisc.
wirlroururilrcn
|trrirsi(D
li\rn rlr. Ptrhli\h0': wilh
rlr
cx.{rnrn
I ntry flr(cirl
nrl)dit,l sNcil]crlly
lnr
rl[
NryN
ol
hci']s.trlcml
xn,l.x..trl.n
otr
..nIUr.r
sy:r.nr. l(r .xrlNire
tr\. hy
rtrc tr(t'xs ol
ltr
q.rk
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
l'rcfuce
scclion
I
Fundamentals,
microorganisms
and mechanisms
I Microorganisms
involved in
bioleaching
and
nucleic acid
based
molecular
me.hods for their identitication and
quantificatio,
Arel
Schippex
2.
Mechanisms and
biochemical fundamentals
of
bacterial
metal
sulfide oxidation
Thorc
Roh||erder
dnd
wolfgang
Sand
l. Electrochemical
techniques used
to sludy bacterial-metal sulfides
interactions
in
acidic environments
D?nis. Retilaqua,
Heloisd A. Acciori,
Assis V. Benedetti
a|d
Oswaldo
Cd":ix Jr
.1.
Catalytic role
of
silver
and
other ions
on
the
mechanism
ofchemical and
biologicd
leachiDg
'77
Anto
h
Ballester, Marid Luisa Bld.qut.,
Felisa
Co
.tile.
x
.l
Jesns
A.
Iluiio.
5. Rccovcry
of
zinc. nickel.
cobah and
other
metals by biolcnchirg
103
llurisd Vietu,
Crinnu
Pogliot.
Elsd lo Do oti
6.
lliolcaching ol
nrcl.lh in
ncrtrrl Id
slighlly
rltrlitu
ctrvironnrcnt lzl
Al.kut
dRt Sklt\h\*a t
nl lttlru|n
Mt htk\$kn
t5
5,]
l\rrl rn
r
0Nll
Nrs
-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
17/18
S.( lrtir
ll
lli(r.itrl(nsrrkl llkn'er|\
/. lli,,lc
chirrg
()l
sollidc
rriDcrxls
in
.oDliDuous
(iRd
t.uls
Lx)tittitttk lI(ttri
Ro ('
Mori
l]r
t:t:l
193
2t9
221
253
265
261
)t\'7
'lll
8.
Bi(rcactndcsigD fuldrnretrtals
nd
then application
10
gokl
mining l5l
Fer'ldndo At?wdo dn.l Judn
Catk,s G.tlti
a
9. Airlift reactors: characterization and rpplications
in
biohydrometallurgy
Alejondrd
Gtuve o, lnurd lntdll,
Patticia
Chidcchiari
i
atd
Edgatdo
Do xti
10.
Principles.
mechanisms
and dynamics of chalcocile heap
bioleaching
Jochen Petetse
0 d
Doti4 G. Di\o
Section lIl
-
Cenetics
and Molecular Biology
I
l.
The
use
of
bioinformatics and
genome
biology to
xdvance
our
under{:rnding ol
h
leJ(hinE mrcroorganism:
Raquel
Quatrin|
Jorse
Vdldes, EuRenia
Je(llicki
.t d
D.t|i.l
S.
Holules
12.
Protcomics
and
metaproteomics
applied to
biomintug
microorganisms
Ca
os A.
Jerc.
l3-
Cell
cell
communication
in
bacleria: A
r,m,,iritry
net|
aproach
to
inprcve
bioleachinq
ellicienq l
Susa,la Wllet.uela, Alwto Ro
deras,
Carh^
A.
kre. .i|d Ni.okts
Cuilia
i
Seclion
IV
Other Applications
14.
Biollolation
nnd
bioflocculrlion of relevoce
to
minerals
bioprocessing
K-
HdnDM
thn
Rao
u'td S.
Sub,dnrntiot
I5.
Hydrcgcn
snllidc
rcnn)val liom grseous
etfluents
.lo /
Mtit(lGtnN.
ol l)tr i,tlo Cankkj
t69
241
LIST
OF CONTRIBUTORS
ll(ft)isa
A. Acciari
Universidade
Esradual
paulisla,
Insliruto
de
eunnictl.
I).pfl1lrnento
de
Bioquimica e
Tecnologir
Quimica,
AJaraquara,Sp,
Brxzit.
l,rDando
Aceyedo
School
of Biochemical
Engineering.
ponlifical
Cathotic
I
rniveftity
of
Valparaiso.
Valparaiso.
Chile.
,\ntonio
Ballester Depanamenlo
de Ciencia
de
Matedales
e Inseniclir
Mcralirgica,
Facultad
de Ciencias
Quimicas,
UDiversidad Complutense
de
Madri(I.
\'hdrid.
Spain.
,\ssis
V. Benedetti
Universidade
Estaduai
paulista,
Instirulo
de
euimira.
I
).plr,rmento
de
Fisico,Quimica, Araraquara-Sp, Brazit.
Nlaria
Luisa
Bldzquez
Deparramento
de
Ciencia
de
Mareriales
e
hgenicrir
Nlclahrgica,
Facultad de
Ciencias
Quimicas.
Universidad
Complutense
de
Mndri(t,
i h.I
id.
Spain.
r\lvnroDanderas
Unit olBaclerial
Cell Communicalion.
Laboratorv
ofMotecutxr
\4i.
r,'hrolop)
and
Brorechnol,,g).
Depdnmenr
ot Brotopy.
Facutrj
ui
S.i
((,.
lrriveNity
of
Chile, Santiago,
Chile.
I)crise
Bevilaqua
UniveNidade
Estaduat
paulisla.
lnstiruto de
euirnica.
l).parl
nento
de Bioquimica
e
Tecnologia
euimic ,
Araraquara
Sp, Brazil
l)omingo
Cantero
Universidad
de
Ciidiz.
Crdiz,
Spain.
l'rtricia
Chiacchiarini
Faculiad
de
tngenieria.
Universidad
Nacionnt
dct
(
(nnrhue.
Neuquan,
Argenrina.
l)nvid
C.
Dixon
Department
of
Marerinls Engineclins.
University
of Bri(ish
1 i)lunrbia.
Vancouver
Cxn.dr
lr(l,anrdo
Donati
Cir)dcl'i
(CoNl(
lll tlNI-1,).
U[ivcrsidrd
Nlcxn
t
dc
r_r
Ptnri,
L
lrl
rx.
Ar8cnli
r.
-
8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf
18/18
r
r\l
ol
(r)Nll{lll(
lolrs
Os\rlkt('
(;rrruit
.Ir.
tJrriv.rsnltrd(
lsr
llnrl
l''ulin
'
lrrsriruro
dc
Quirnicx'
DcparrrllrcnrLr
dc
BnxlLrirnictr
c'lccnologi'
Qun
icr'
Arttrtqrrtrtu
SI'
Brtuil'
Juan
Crrlos
Gentina
School
of
Biochcrnicli
Etrgireerit)g
Pontilical
Crtholic
Univemity
of
valpataiso,
valparaiso,
Chil'
Alejandra
Giaveno
Faculiad
de
Ingenieria'
llnivcrsidad
Nacional
del
Comahue'
Neuqu6n,
Argenlinn.
Nicolas
Guiliani
Unit
of
Bacieri'tl
Ceu
Cornmuniadon
Laboratory
of
Molecular
Microbnrlogy
md
Biotechnologv
DeprimeDl
of
Biologv
Frcuhy
of
Sciences'
University
of
Chile.
Sanliago'
Chile'
Jose
Manuel
G6mez
Monles
de
Oca
Univenidad
de
Cddiz
Cadiz'
Spain'
tretisa
Gonzakz
Departamenio
de
Ciencia
de Malerialcs
e
Ingenieria
Melalirgic'r'
u,."uJ
u"
ao..o'
q.imicas.
Uniaersidad
Complutense
de
Madrid
Madrid'
Sprin.
I(.
Hanumantha
Rro
Division
of
Mineral
Processing'
Lulei
Universilv
of
Technology,
Lulei.
Sweden'
David
S.
Holmes
Center
of
Bioinformatics
anit
Genome
Biologv
Andr6s
Bello
U^t"-ui"tUaeul,
rna
Science
Foundation
ard
Millennium
IDstitute
of
Funda-
mental
md
Applied
Biologv,
Sanliago
Chilc'
Eugenia
Jedlicki
Progam
of Cellular
and
Molecuhr
Bi(nogv
I
C
B'M
Faculiv
of
Medicine.
Universily
ofchile
Sanliago
Chile
Carlos
A,
Jerez
Lrboralory
of
Molec'rlar
Microbiobgv
and
Biotechnologv'
,"p"n,r*rt
.f
gt","ty
faculiv
of Sciences
UuiveNitv
of
Chilc
Saniiago
Chile'
Laura
Laralle
Facultd
de
lngenieria,
Uriversidad
Nacional
del
Comahrc'
NeuqLEn.
Argentina.
Renata
Matlakowska
warsaw
Universiiy'
Facuhy
of Biology
warsaw'
Poland'
Do
inique
Henli
Roger
Morin
BRGM'
Orldans
France'
JesisA,Munoz
Depa
amenlo
dc
Ciemiade
Mrlcrialcs
e
tngcDicriir
Melalnrgicr'
i"J,"i
* ct",",""
O
nnicrs.
uoiv'tsidxd
corrflurctrsc
dc
Mt r
'
Midrid'
Sl
irr.
.lx,h(tr
l'rlrrsctr l)ct)xrlrtrlrlol( ln.Irr Ilin in..rin .tlnilcrsilyol(rt^-
li)wn.
(
\'isliDa
lhslinDi Cirxlcli
((
ONl(
li l
UNLP).
UnivcNidrd
Nlcn,ral
dc I-n
I'1.t..
Ir
l'hlr.
Ar' enliIl.
Rx(tutl
Qualrini
Center
of Bioirtbrmatics
and Genome
Biology.
Andr6s
Belk)
I
rvcrsily
([JNAB).
LiL
Science
Fdmdation
and Millennium Institute
of
IruDd
,,tr,,rr1
rtrl ,Applicd Bn)l()gy. Sanlirgo.
Chile.
lhorc liohwcrdcr
UniveNity of Duisburg-Essen,
Bioiilm Cenire, Aqr lic
lr
i'r..hnology.
DuisbuB. Gemany.
\\,nlsnng
Snnd
UDivcrsity ofDuisbnrg
Esscn,
Biofilm
Centre,
Aquatic
Biot.ch
,i,
(),rr.
I)uisburg.
Cermrny.
\\rl
S(hiDpcrs
Geonricrobiology.
Federal
Institute for
Geosciences and
Nrturl
ll.\irccs.
Hlnnover.
Gennany.
\l(.lsnrtdra
Sklodowska
WaNaw
Univeriiy, Faculty
of Biology,
warslw.
I
t\t
ot
(
')Nrxlll
r(n{s
s.
srbflrmanian
Dep nment
of
Meratlugy, Indian Inst
ute
of Scicncc.
l,rrlle
Vald6s
Center
of
Bioinformatics
and
Genome
Biology. Andrs
Bcllo
r,i,\drlry (UNAB),
Litt Scicn.c
l'oundation
and Millennium Institut.
ol
L,rliLr)clrxl
:rnd Applicd Bnrogy, S.rnliago. Chilc.
s"sxDn
Valcnzuela
Uoit
of Brcterial
Cell
Communicntion.
Lnboraiory ol
Nl,'ltall:r
Microbiology rnd Biolechoology.
Depafmenl
of
Biology, Facully ol
';,
x
rr..\.
tlDivcr ity
of
Chile. Santiago.
Chile.
rhri\x Virrn
Cindcli
(CONICET
UNLP).
Universidad Nacional
de
li
Plat.