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Name Test Bank 1 Chapter 1: Multiple Choice

Description Question pool for Test Bank 1 Chapter 1: Multiple Choice

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Multiple Choice 0 points

Question

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

Answer dismiss the value of replication.

reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested.

exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome.

overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.

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Question

The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most

clearly facilitated by

Answer illusory correlations.

hindsight bias.

operational definitions.

the placebo effect.

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Question

Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite result

is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of

Answer the placebo effect.

illusory correlation.

hindsight bias.

the double-blind procedure.

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Question

Professor Smith told one class that drinking alcohol has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed

another class that drinking alcohol has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was

surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of

Answer replication.

hindsight bias.


the placebo effect.

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1 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

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Question

Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election

outcome. This best illustrates


random assignment.


hindsight bias.

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Question

Mike Crampton's stockbroker has informed him that he has suffered substantial investment losses. When

Mike tells his wife, she angrily responds, “I could have told you that your investment plan would fail!” Her

comment best illustrates

Answer hindsight bias.


the placebo effect.

replication.

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Question

The scientific attitude of humility is most likely to be undermined by


correlational evidence.

random assignment.


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Question

Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking

error known as

Answer random sampling.

hindsight bias.


random assignment.

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Question

Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates

Answer naturalistic observation.


overconfidence.

the standard deviation.

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2 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comMultiple Choice 0 points

Question

Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most

clearly demonstrate

Answer illusory correlation.

random sampling.

overconfidence.

the placebo effect.

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Question

Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, when offered a better job in

another state, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates



the placebo effect.

overconfidence.

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Question

Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead us to overestimate


wording effects.


our intuition.

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Question

By testing their predictions with the observational method of science, psychologists are using a(n)

Answer correlation coefficient.

empirical approach.

standard deviation.

independent variable.

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Question

Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are

Answer pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuity.

ingenuity, practicality. and certainty.

certainty, creativity, and curiosity.

curiosity, skepticism, and humility.

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3 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comQuestion

Rodesia insists that Dr. Phillip's theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is

demonstrating the scientific attitude of

Answer pride.

skepticism.

practicality.

enthusiasm.

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Question

The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to

Answer perceive order in random events.

reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested.

recognize the errors in our own ideas.

respect political beliefs that contradict our own.

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Question

A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates

Answer replication.

critical thinking.

hindsight bias.

overconfidence.

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Question

Assessing whether conclusions are warranted by the existing evidence best illustrates

Answer critical thinking.

naturalistic observation.

the placebo effect.


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Question

When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are applying


hindsight bias.

random assignment.

critical thinking.

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Question

Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they

share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n)


4 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comAnswer theory.

replication.



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Question

The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable

Answer assumptions.

correlations.

predictions.

variables.

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Question

A hypothesis is a(n)

Answer observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables.

testable prediction that gives direction to research.

set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts.

unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underlie psychological

functioning.

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Question

Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking,

handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction

regarding employment success is an example of

Answer the hindsight bias.

the placebo effect.

a hypothesis.


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Question

A statement describing how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n)

Answer hypothesis.

control condition.

replication.

operational definition.

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Question

In a written report of their research, psychologists specify exactly how anxiety is assessed, thus providing their

readers with a(n)


5 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comAnswer hypothesis.


operational definition.

standard deviation.

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Question

Replication of a research study is most likely to be facilitated by




the placebo effect.

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Question

Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in

different circumstances?

Answer replication

random sampling

naturalistic observation

the double-blind procedure

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Question

Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which

process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?

Answer naturalistic observation

replication

random sampling

the case study

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Question

The case study is a research method in which

Answer a single individual is studied in great depth.

a representative sample of people are questioned regarding their opinions or behaviors.

organisms are carefully observed in a laboratory environment.

an investigator manipulates one or more variables that might affect behavior.

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Question

To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's

current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the

psychologist used?


6 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comAnswer the survey

the case study

experimentation


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Question

The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it

Answer is based on naturalistic observation.

may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.

overestimates the importance of operational definitions.

leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.

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Question

In which type of research is a representative, random sample of people asked to answer questions about their

behaviors or attitudes?

Answer experimentation

the survey

the case study


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Question

Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious

beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?

Answer the survey


the case study

experimentation

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Question

Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These

somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of

Answer random sampling.

wording effects.

the placebo effect.


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Question

People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they are unduly influenced by ________ cases.

Answer randomly selected

vivid


7 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comrepresentative

operationally defined

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Question

After noting that a majority of professional basketball players are African-American, Ervin concluded that

African-Americans are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin's conclusion best illustrates

the danger of

Answer replication.

hindsight bias.

the placebo effect.

generalizing from vivid cases.

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Question

Governor Donovan was greeted by large, enthusiastic crowds at all of his political rallies. As a result, he

became overconfident about his chances of re-election. In this instance, the governor needs to be alerted to

the value of

Answer replication.

random sampling.

experimental control.


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Question

Which of the following is most useful for helping survey researchers avoid false generalizations?

Answer the case study


random sampling

operational definitions

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Question

To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries

randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the

school are considered to be a(n)

Answer population.

representative sample.


control condition.

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Question

To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her school, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth

person in the registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana is ensuring that her survey

results are accurate by using


8 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comAnswer random assignment.


replication.

random sampling.

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Question

In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order to ensure that

Answer the participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying.

there will be a large number of participants in the research study.

the study will not be influenced by the researcher's personal values.

the same number of participants will be assigned to each of the experimental conditions.

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Question

Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research

method known as

Answer the survey.

experimentation.


the case study.

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Question

Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track

the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in

Answer survey research.


experimentation.

replication.

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Question

University of Texas students were fitted with belt-worn tape recorders for up to four days so that researchers

could sample their daily activities. The researchers employed a scientific method known as




the case study.

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Question

To compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks

completed a simple request. Which research method did this illustrate?


9 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comAnswer the case study



the survey

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Question

Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two variables

Answer vary together.

are random samples.

influence each other.

show statistically significant differences.

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Question

Correlational research is most useful for purposes of

Answer explanation.

prediction.

control.

replication.

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Question

To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are

most likely to use

Answer the case study approach.


correlational measures.

experimental research.

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Question

Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between

two variables?

Answer correlation coefficient

standard deviation

range

mean

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Question

To determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is related to their income levels, researchers would

most likely make use of

Answer case studies.

correlational research.


10 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

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Question

To represent graphically the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a

Answer skewed distribution.

scatterplot.

standard deviation.

bar graph.

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Question

A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between

Answer intelligence and academic success.

financial poverty and physical health.

self-esteem and depression.

school grades and school absences.

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Question

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are,

this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are

Answer causally related.

negatively correlated.

independent variables.

positively correlated.

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Question

If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85,this would indicate that

Answer there is very little statistical relationship between weight and reading ability among children.

low body weight has a negative effect on the reading abilities of children.

better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children.

body weight has no causal influence on the reading abilities of children.

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Question

A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +0.60 wouldindicate that

Answer physical attractiveness has no causal influence on dating frequency.

more frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.

it is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based on knowledge of dating

frequency.


11 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comless frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.

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Question

If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from the upper left to the lower right, this

would suggest that the two variables depicted are

Answer normally distributed.

positively correlated.

negatively correlated.

not correlated.

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Question

Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enableyou to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem?

Answer +0.60

+0.01

–0.10

–0.06

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Question

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two

variables?

Answer –0.12

–0.99

+0.25

–0.50

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Question

Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on TV are also particularly likely to behave aggressively. This

relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because

Answer random sequences often don't look random.

correlation does not prove causation.

sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.

events often seem more probable in hindsight.

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Question

An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and

loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that

the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the

danger of


12 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comAnswer perceiving order in random events.

generalizing from extreme examples.

exaggerating the extent to which others share our beliefs.

assuming that association proves causation.

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Question

If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents,

this would demonstrate that

Answer intelligence is inherited.

more intelligent parents provide their children with greater educational opportunities than do less

intelligent parents.

the intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated.

all of these statements are correct.

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Question

A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder

would indicate that

Answer poverty makes people vulnerable to psychological disorders.

people who are poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than are wealthy people.

psychological disorders usually prevent people from accumulating wealth.

all of these statements are correct.

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Question

Illusory correlation refers to

Answer the perception of a relationship between two variables that does not exist.

a correlation that exceeds the value of +1.00.

a random cluster of points on a scatterplot.

a correlation that is not statistically significant.

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Question

Karen mistakenly believes that her test grades are negatively correlated with the amount of time she studies

for her tests. Research on illusory correlation suggests that she is especially likely to notice instances in which

Answer poor grades follow either brief study or lengthy study.

either poor grades or good grades follow lengthy study.

good grades follow lengthy study and poor grades follow brief study.

poor grades follow lengthy study and good grades follow brief study.

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Question

The perception that seemingly infertile couples who adopt a child are subsequently more likely to conceive a

child themselves best illustrates


13 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comAnswer the process of replication.

random assignment.

an illusory correlation.

the placebo effect.

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Question

Our tendency to notice and remember instances in which a premonition of an unlikely phone call is actually

followed by the call most clearly contributes to

Answer random assignment.


replication.

the placebo effect.

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Question

Akira dreamed that a handsome young man she had met the previous day asked her for a date. When he

actually did call for a date several days later, Akira concluded that dreams accurately predict future events.

Her belief best illustrates



random assignment.

replication.

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Question

If the total number of boys and girls born each year is exactly equal, which of the following would be the most

likely sequence of boys (B) and girls (G) for the next six births?

Answer G G G G G G

G G G B B B

G B G B B G

All of these sequences are equally likely.

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Question

On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance,

we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy

Answer defies the laws of statistical probability.

illustrates the phenomenon of illusory correlation.

is inconsistent with the placebo effect.

is a random and coincidental occurrence.

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Question

Six of the children in Mr. Myer's class were born on exactly the same day. This strikes him as astonishing and

improbable. In this instance, he should be reminded that


14 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comAnswer random sequences of events often don't look random.

events often seem more probable in hindsight.

sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.

the median is typically smaller than the mean.

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Question

To find out whether breast-milk feeding contributes to the intellectual development of children, psychologists

used

Answer case studies.

surveys.

naturalistic observations.

experiments.

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Question

Which of the following methods is most helpful for revealing cause-effect relationships?

Answer the survey

the experiment

correlational research


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Question

Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between

Answer facts and theories.

causes and effects.

case studies and surveys.

random samples and representative samples.

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Question

Which research method provides the best way of assessing whether cigarette smoking boosts mental

alertness?

Answer the case study

the survey


the experiment

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Question

In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor in order to observe its effect on some

behavior or mental process?

Answer the survey

the case study


15 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comexperimentation


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Question

In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep

either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of


survey research.

a case study.

an experiment.

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Question

Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned

Answer to that group by chance.

to the group in which participants are representative of people in general.

in a fashion that ensures that the independent variable will have a strong effect on the dependent

variable.

to the group in which participants are all very similar in personality characteristics.

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Question

To accurately infer cause and effect, experimenters should use



case studies.

correlation coefficients.

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Question

To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort, researchers plan to give one group of children

relatively easy tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the chance that the children in one

group are more intelligent than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of



naturalistic observations.


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Question

Research participants are randomly assigned to different groups in an experiment in order to

Answer reduce the likelihood that participants within any group know each other.

increase the likelihood that research participants are representative of people in general.

reduce the likelihood of any preexisting differences between groups of participants.


16 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comincrease the likelihood that the different groups have the same number of participants.

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Question

The most foolproof way of testing whether a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is truly

effective is to use

Answer survey research.


correlational research.

experimental research.

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Question

Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about

Answer the experimental hypothesis being tested.

whether the experimental findings will be statistically significant.

how the dependent variable is measured.

which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.

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Question

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have

actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation

involves the use of


random sampling.


replication.

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Question

Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies, ________ ensures that research participants' belief in a drug's

healing powers will not bias the results

Answer random sampling


random assignment

operational definitions

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Question

The group exposed to a newly created drug that is being tested in an experiment is called the ________

group.

Answer control.

standardized

baseline

experimental


17 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

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Question

An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as

the drug is called a

Answer placebo.

median.

case study.

replication.

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Question

In a study of the effects of drinking alcohol, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually

smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a

Answer dependent variable.

replication.

placebo.

double blind.

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Question

If research participants given an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits experience pain

relief, this illustrates


hindsight bias.


the placebo effect.

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Question

The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.

Answer the double-blind procedure

random sampling

positive expectations

statistical significance

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Question

Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?

Answer The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.

The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments.

The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment.

The experimental treatment is absent.

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18 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM


To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were

instructed to solve problems working together; other participants were told to solve problems working alone.

Those who worked alone were assigned to the ________ group.

Answer experimental

survey

control

correlational

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Question

Random assignment minimizes ________ between experimental and control groups. Random sampling

minimizes ________ between a sample and a population.

Answer similarities; differences

differences; similarities

similarities; similarities

differences; differences

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Question

In an experimental study, men with erectile dysfunction received either Viagra or a placebo. In this study, the

drug dosage (none versus peak dose) was the

Answer random sample.

dependent variable.

standard deviation.


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Question

In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the

________ variable.

Answer dependent

independent

control

experimental

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Question

In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the ________ variable.

Answer experimental

dependent

correlational

independent

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19 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM


In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is

called the ________ variable.

Answer dependent

experimental

control

independent

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Question

To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or

complimented students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research,

the dependent variable was

Answer insults or compliments.

physical appearance.

interpersonal attraction.

feelings of self-esteem.

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Question

An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A

specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates

Answer the independent variable.

an operational definition.


random assignment.

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Question

Any factor such as infant nutrition which can vary in its quality or quantity is called a

Answer sample.

median.

variable.

coefficient.

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Question

Which research method assesses how well one variable predicts another withoutspecifying a cause and effect relationship between the variables?

Answer naturalistic observation

the correlational method

the case study

the experimental method

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20 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM


Statistics are tools that help us to avoid

Answer operational definitions.

random sampling.

illusory correlations.

random assignment.

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Question

The average price for different brands of toothpaste could be visually displayed in a

Answer correlation coefficient.

scatterplot.

standard deviation.

bar graph.

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Question

When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to

Answer mentally transform the data into a scatterplot.

identify the value of the standard deviation.

note the range and size of the scale values.

remember that correlation facilitates prediction.

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Question

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores is the

Answer mode.

median.

standard deviation.

mean.

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Question

In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of

$14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is

Answer $10,000.

$15,000.

$16,000.

$31,000.

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Question

The mean of a distribution of scores is the

Answer most frequently occurring score.

arithmetic average of all the scores.


21 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comleast frequently occurring score.

score exceeded by 50 percent of all the scores.

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Question

Which measure of central tendency is used to calculate the average of your school grades?

Answer standard deviation

median

mean

mode

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Question

Mr. and Mrs. Klostreich have six children aged 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16. The mean age of the Klostreich children is

Answer 5.

6.

7.

8.

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Question

The median of a distribution of scores is the

Answer most frequently occurring score.

difference between the highest and lowest scores.

arithmetic average of all the scores.

middle score in a distribution of scores.

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Question

During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read 2 books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25.

The median number of books read by these individuals was

Answer 2.

10.

12.

9.

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Question

When a statistical average is reported in the news, it is most important for readers to

Answer determine whether it is statistically significant.

consider whether it is distorted by a few extreme cases.

be sure that it describes a truly random sample.

recognize the potential for illusory correlation.

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22 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM


Question

Seven members of a boys' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $2, $9,

$8, $10, $4, $9, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings

Answer the median is greater than the mean and greater than the mode.

the median is less than the mean and less than the mode.

the median is greater than the mean and less than the mode.

the median is less than the mean and greater than the mode.

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Question

Seven members of a Girl Scout troop report the following individual earnings from their sale of candy: $4, $1,

$7, $6, $8, $2, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings

Answer the mean is less than the mode and equal to the median.

the mean is equal to the mode and greater than the median.

the mean is greater than the mode and greater than the median.

the mean is less than the mode and less than the median.

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Question

For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate

measure of central tendency than the mean?

Answer 10, 22, 8, 9, 6

12, 6, 8, 5, 4

12, 15, 12, 9, 12

23, 7, 3, 27, 16

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Question

When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low

scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?

Answer mean

standard deviation

mode

median

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Question

A lopsided distribution of scores in which the mean is much larger than both the mode and median is said to

be

Answer statistically significant.

a random sample.

a scatterplot.

skewed.

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23 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM


Question

Median is to range as central tendency is to ________.

Answer skewed distribution

mode

correlation

variation

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Question

Central tendency is to variation as ________ is to ________.

Answer scatterplot; correlation

range; skewed distribution

mean; standard deviation

median; mode

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Question

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the

Answer mean.

range.

median.

standard deviation.

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Question

During the last Central High School basketball game, the starting five players scored 11, 7, 21, 14, and 7

points, respectively. For this distribution of scores, the range is

Answer 7.

11.

14.

21.

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Question

Which measure of variation is affected most by a few extreme scores?

Answer standard deviation

mean

median

range

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Question

Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of scores?


24 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comAnswer mean

scatterplot

standard deviation

correlation coefficient

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Question

Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the

following measures would tell her what she wants to know?

Answer mean

median

standard deviation


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Question

The standard deviation is the square root of the average squared deviation of scoresfrom the

Answer normal curve.

median.

mean.

range.

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Question

On a 10-item test, three students in Professor Hsin’s advanced chemistry seminarreceived scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For this distribution of test scores, thestandard deviation is equal to the square root of

Answer 4.

5.

6.

9

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Question

Although Dominick's psychology class is sometimes longer or shorter than usual, on the average each class is

50 minutes. If the lengths of these classes form a normal curve, which statistic would enable Dominick to

estimate the probability that any single class will last somewhere between 47 and 53 minutes?

Answer range

median


standard deviation

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25 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM


The symmetrical bellshaped figure used to represent the distribution of many physical and psychological

characteristics is called a

Answer bar graph.

normal curve.

correlation.

scatterplot.

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Question

A normal curve would approximate the distribution of

Answer males and females in the total American population.

American children enrolled in each of the first through sixth grades.

the physical heights of all American women.

all of these data.

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Question

Approximatelywhatpercentage ofthe casesrepresentedby the normalcurve fallbetween –1and +1standarddeviationsfrom themean?

Answer 16

34

68

95

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Question

If a set of standardized test scores is normally distributed, having a mean of 50 and astandard deviation of 10, approximately 68 percent of the group members receivescores somewhere between

Answer 50 and 60.

45 and 55.

40 and 60.

35 and 65.

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26 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM


Approximately 95 percent of the cases represented by the normal curve fall within ________ standard

deviation(s) from the mean.

Answer 1

2

3

5

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Question

Statistical reasoning can help us to generalize correctly from a

Answer range to a standard deviation.

standard deviation to a mean.

sample to a population.

scatterplot to a skewed distribution.

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Question

The precision with which a sample average approximates a population average increases as

Answer the standard deviation of the sample increases.

the standard deviation of the sample decreases.

the mean of the sample increases.

the mean of the sample decreases.

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Question

A sample average can be used to estimate a population average with greater precision if the sample is

Answer large.

a skewed distribution.

highly variable.

vivid and memorable.

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Question

Which of the following events is the most probable?

Answer flipping 6 or more heads in 10 coin flips

flipping 60 or more heads in 100 coin flips

flipping 600 or more heads in 1000 coin flips

All these events are equally probable.

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Question

In a single day, 45 babies were born in hospital X, 65 babies in hospital Y, and 25 babies in hospital Z. At

which hospital is there the greatest probability that more than 60 percent of the babies are of the same sex?


27 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comAnswer hospital X

hospital Y

hospital Z

The probability is the same at all three hospitals.

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Question

As the size of a representative sample increases, the ________ of that sample is most likely to decrease.

Answer range

mean

standard deviation

median

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Question

Differences between two sample averages are most likely to be statistically significant if

Answer the difference between the samples is large.

the standard deviations of the samples are large.

both samples are drawn from the same population.

the sample means are larger than the sample medians.

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Question

To decide whether observed differences between samples reflect actual differences between populations, you

should determine the ________ of the observed differences.

Answer mean

median

standard deviation

statistical significance

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Question

A statistically significant difference between two sample groups is NOT likely to be

Answer a reflection of differences between the populations they represent.

due to chance variation within and between the sample groups.

observed more than 5 percent of the time the groups are compared.

observed when the two groups are very large.

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Question

To clarify whether a statistically significant difference is of any practical importance, researchers indicate a

finding's

Answer predict human behavior in a variety of situations.

perceive order in completely random events.

develop general principles that help explain behavior.


28 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comobserve random samples of human conduct.

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Question

The

simplified

reality of

laboratory

experiments

is most

helpful in

enabling

psychologists

to

Answer predict human behavior in a variety of situations.

perceive order in completely random events.

develop general principles that help explain behavior.

observe random samples of human conduct.

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Question

The enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitutes their

Answer culture.

normal curve.

wording effects.

statistical significance.

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Question

Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for

Answer avoiding operational definitions.

making psychology free of value judgments.

discerning human similarities and differences.

reducing the need for random assignment.

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Question

Psychological differences between the genders are

Answer of little interest to contemporary psychologists.

simply reflections of biological differences between the sexes.

no longer evident in contemporary Western societies.

far outweighed by gender similarities.

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Question

Psychologists study animals because


29 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comAnswer animal behavior is just as complex as human behavior.

experiments on people are generally considered to be unethical.

the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional guidelines.

similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior.

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Question

Some animal protection organizations want to replace the use of animals in research involving ________ with

research involving ________.

Answer experimentation; replication

experimentation; naturalistic observation

case studies; naturalistic observation

random assignment; case studies

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Question

The first major issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals centers around the

Answer usefulness of studying biological processes in animals.

ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals.

obligation to treat information about individual animals with confidentiality.

need to obtain the informed consent of animals used in research.

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Question

In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions,

psychologists sometimes

Answer obtain written promises from participants to respond honestly.

treat information about individual participants confidentially.

deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment.

allow people to decide for themselves whether they want to participate in an experiment.

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Question

The American Psychological Association and British Psychological Society have developed ethical principles

urging investigators to

Answer avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research.

forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test.

avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants.

explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed.

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Psychologists' personal values and goals

Answer are carefully tested by means of observation and experimentation.

lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants.


30 of 31 5/30/2012 10:47 PM

download instant at http://testbankinstant.comcan bias their observations and interpretations.

have very little influence on the process of scientific observation.

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Question

The study of psychology is potentially dangerous because

Answer psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes.

psychologists generally believe that people are not personally responsible for their actions.

psychological research necessitates performing stressful experiments on people.

psychological research typically violates personal privacy rights.

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