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Chapter 10:The Periodic Table
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Vocabulary words:Periodic tableGroupPeriod
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Lesson 1: Using the Periodic Table
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+What is the periodic table?
Scientists use the periodic table to organize the elements.
It is a chart of the elements arranged into rows and columns according to their physical and chemical properties.
It can be used to determine the relationships among the elements as well.
+Developing a Periodic Table
1869- Dimitir Mendeleev was working on a way to classify the elements. He studied their physical and chemical
properties (density, color, how they react with other elements, etc)
Mendeleev ended up organizing the elements by their atomic masses and noticed the repetition of the properties.
He arranged them in rows by increasing atomic mass.
Elements with similar properties were in the same column.
+Patterns in Properties
Melting point, boiling point,density The physical properties are repeated in a
pattern.
+Predicting Properties of Undiscovered Elements When Mendeleev arranged all known
elements by increasing atomic mass, there were large gaps between some elements.
He predicted that some scientists would fill in those gaps with elements they discovered.
He also predicted that the properties of these elements would be similar to the known elements in that column.
+Changes to Mendeleev’s Table
There was one problem with the table. Some elements seemed out of place. Mendeleev believed that the atomic masses of
some elements must be invalid because the elements appeared in the wrong place on the table.
He place Tellerium before Iodine because Iodine’s properties resembled those of F and Cl. Even though Tellerium had a greater atomic
mass
+The Importance of Atomic Number In the 1900s, Henry Mosley solved
Mendeleev’s problem He organized the elements by AN rather than
AM. This allowed the columns now to have
elements with similar properties. AN= number of protons in the nucleus of an
atom
+Today’s Periodic Table
The table is organized into columns, rows, and blocks, which are all based on certain property patterns. Physical and chemical
+What is on an element key?
Element key contains: Symbol Atomic number Atomic mass State of matter
What is helium?
+Groups
A group is a column on the periodic table. Have similar properties and react with other
elements
Patterns in physical properties of a group are density, melting point, and boiling point.
+Periods
A period is a row on the periodic table. As you read from left to right, the AN
increases The physical and chemical properties also
change as you move left to right.
+Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids ¾ of the elements on the periodic table are
metals. They are located on the left side and in the
middle of the table. All metals are shiny and conduct thermal energy
and electricity. They also have some properties that differ.
+Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids Nonmetals are located on the right side of
the periodic table Except hydrogen
Many are gases and do not conduct thermal energy or electricity
Metalloids have properties of metals and nonmetals.
+How Scientists Use the Periodic Table New elements are created, named, and added
to the present-day periodic table. Elements (such as Bohrium and Hassium) are
all synthetic or man-made and do not occur naturally on Earth.
They can predict the properties of new elements.
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Vocabulary words:Metal, luster, ductility, malleability, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal
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Drag picture to placeholder or click icon to addLesson 2:
Metals
+What is a metal?
To be a metal, an element must have certain properties. Physical properties describe something without
changing its makeup or identity A metal is an element that it generally shiny.
It is easily pulled into wires or hammered into thin sheets. A metal is a good conductor of electricity and thermal energy.
+Luster and Conductivity
Luster is the ability of a metal to reflect light. Gold is used for jewelry because it has great
luster. Gold is also a good conductor of thermal and
electricity. Gold is too expensive to use in wiring or
cookware so Copper is used instead.
+Ductility and malleability
Ductility is the ability to be pulled into thin wires.
Gold is the most ductile metal. Malleability is the ability of a substance to
be hammered or rolled into sheets. Gold is very malleable.
+Other properties
Density, strength, boiling point, and melting point of metal are greater than those of other elements.
All metals are solid at room temperature except for Hg.
Chemical properties The ability or inability of a substance to change
into a new substance Differ greatly but those is the same group have
similar chemical properties
+Alkali Metals
The elements in group 1 Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium,
and Francium React quickly with other elements
They occur only in compounds Pure alkali metals must be stored so they do not
come in contact with oxygen and water vapor
+Alkali Metals
Physical Properties Silvery appearance Soft Lowest density of all metals
For example, a block of sodium can float on water
+Alkaline Earth Metals
Elements in group 2 Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
React quickly with other elements (but not as quickly as alkali metals)
Pure metals do not occur naturally They combine with other elements and form
compounds
+Alkaline Earth Metals
Physical properties Soft Silvery Low density but it is greater than alkali metals
+Transition Elements
The elements in group 3-12 Includes the center of the periodic table and the
two rows on the bottom Properties
Higher melting points, densities, and strength than AM and AEM
Do not react as fast with oxygen Some can exist as free elements (when it occurs
in pure form, not in a compound)
+Uses of Transition Elements
Make good building materials (Fe) Resistance to corrosion
Make coins (Cu, Ag, Ni, Au) Jewelry, wires, and industrial applications
Artists use transition-element compounds in paints and pigments
Some gems, garnets and emeralds, come from the presence of small amounts of transition elements.
+Lanthanide and Actinide Series
These elements are removed from the main part of the table so periods 6 & 7 are not longer than the other periods.
Lanthanide is between Lanthanum and Halfnium Used to make strong magnets
Actinide is between Actinium and Rutherfordium Plutonium is used fuel for nuclear reactors
+Patterns in Properties of Metals
Elements increase in metallic properties as you read from right to left across a period Elements on far right have no metallic properties
Potassium has the highest luster, is the most malleable, and conducts electricity better than all the elements in this period.
+Patterns within Groups
Metallic properties tend to increase as you move down a group
Whose malleability is greater? Gold, Silver, Copper?
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Vocabulary words:Nonmetal, halogen, noble gas, metalloid, semiconductor
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Lesson 3: Nonmetal
s & Metalloids
+The Elements of Life
The mass of your body comes from four nonmetals- oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen Nonmetals are elements that have no metallic
properties. Of the remaining elements, the two most
common are sulfur and phosphorus. These six elements form compounds in
proteins, fats, nucleic acids, and large molecules.
+How are nonmetals different from metals? Nonmetals are gases at room temperature Those that are solid have no luster Poor conductors
Good insulators
+Nonmetals in groups 14-16
These groups contain metals, nonmetals, and metalloids
The chemical properties are similar but the physical properties can be different
Group 14: Carbon Family Carbon is the only nonmetal It is in most of compounds that make up living
things
+Group 14-16
Group 15: Pnictogen Nitrogen (gas) and Phosphorus (solid) are the
only nonmetals These form many different compounds especially
with oxygen Group 16: Chalcogen
Three nonmetals: Oxygen (gas), Sulfur (solid), and Selenium (solid) Oxygen is essential to organisms
+Group 17: Halogens
A halogen is an element is group 17 Flourine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine Halogen means an element that can react
with a metal and form a salt Chlorine reacts with sodium= table salt Calcium chloride= salt for icy roads
+Halogens
React with other elements and form compounds Therefore, they act only in compounds naturally They do not exist as free elements Usually react with other nonmetals like Carbon They are less reactive as you move down the
group
+Group 18: Noble Gases
Noble gases are elements in group 18 Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, and Radon
Do not react with other elements unless in a laboratory
These were not discovered when Mendeleev made the periodic table because they did not form compounds naturally Once they were discovered, a group was added
on the far right
+Hydrogen
Has the smallest atomic mass Most common element in the universe Is classified as a nonmetal because on Earth it
behaves like nonmetal Gas at room temperature
However, it also has similar properties to Alkali Metals Conducts electricity in its liquid state Reacts with other elements
+Metalloids
A metalloid is an element that has physical properties of a metal and nonmetal. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
Silicon is the most abundant metalloid in the universe. Most sand is made up of a compound containing
Silicon. Used in glass Electronic devices Medical tubing
+Semiconductors
A property of a metalloid is to act as a semiconductor.
A semiconductor conducts electricity at high temperatures, but not at low temperatures. At high temp- metalloids act as metals and
conduct electricity At low temp- they act like nonmetals and do not
allow electricity to flow easily
+Properties and Uses of Metalloids Silicon: compounds create sand, clay, rock,
minerals, & pure silicon are semiconductors for computers and other electronic products
Germanium: semiconductors Boron: water softeners, and laundry products.
It also glows green in fireworks