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Spanish Armada
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Stems from Protestant Reformation
Henry VIII had two daughters◦ Mary [Bloody Mary] (Catholic)◦ Elizabeth (Anglican)
King Phillip II of Spain was married to Mary, Queen of England◦ They were co-monarchs over England
People feared Spain would control England
◦ Returned England back to Catholicism Mary dies, Elizabeth becomes
Queen
Background
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Elizabeth makes the Church of England Anglican again◦ Phillip II thinks she is a heretic
Dutch revolt in the Spanish Netherlands◦ Protestants revolting against Catholic Spain◦ Elizabeth supported the revolt
Francis Drake and his “sea-dogs”◦ Pirates looting the treasures of Spanish trade ships coming back
from the New World◦ Elizabeth makes Francis a knight (now Sir Francis Drake)
Elizabeth executes Mary Queen of Scots◦ Mary had promised to give Phillip the English throne if she
became Queen Phillip II plans to have her overthrown
◦ Supported by the Pope; called it a “crusade”
Bad Blood
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Spanish for “naval fleet”◦ 130 ships◦ 8,000 sailors◦ 18,000 soldiers
To set sail from Portugal 30,000 Spanish soldiers in the Netherlands
◦ were to be picked up to be taken to lead a land invasion of England Original experienced commander, Santa Cruz, died
◦ Replaced by an wealthy and experienced army general He had never been on a boat before
The Armada
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Outnumbered Spanish ships 200-130◦ They were smaller more maneuverable ships
Half of the firepower of Spain◦ Far less cannons
Led by Sir Francis Drake◦ A pirate
English Force
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Mostly a testing out period◦ Spain had advantage in close
fighting More powerful cannons Would use grappling hooks to board
the enemy ships and fight hand-to-hand
◦ England kept their distance No ships were destroyed
◦ Besides two Spanish ships that crashed into each other
◦ Drake snuck off at night to loot these two ships Ended up learning that due to space,
Spain could not reload their cannons
1st Battle
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The Armada anchored off the coast of the Netherlands to pick up troops
Problems:◦ Troops were not equipped and ready◦ No deep-water port, and no small boats
Nobody could actually pick up the troops
Trouble Picking up the Troops
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Armada was anchored at sea in a tight group
England sacrifices eight ships, sets them on fire, and sent them sailing towards the Armada
Few Spanish ships burned◦ But did have to cut anchor
and flee in separate directions
England had now broken up the Armada’s formation
England Takes Advantage
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English ships singled off Spanish ships◦ Provoked Spanish fire◦ Then swarm in close and unleash multiple shots
English run out of ammo◦ Start using chains
Only 5 Spanish ships are destroyed
◦ Forced Spain to leave the troops in Netherlandsbehind
Battle of Gravelines
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Water and food went bad◦ Stored in bad barrels
Spanish were suffering from thirst and exhaustion
Ships were falling apart◦ Some were kept together by having their hulls
bundled up with cables Only option…head for home
◦ English blocked the channel Spain had to sail the long way around England
The War Drags On…
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Gulf Stream blows them further East than intended◦ Makes the trip even longer
Armada gets hit by a storm off the coast of Ireland◦ Ships can’t anchor…◦ At mercy of the gale force winds◦ Many crash into the rocks
More lost due to storms than battle
More Troubles for Spain
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Spanish◦ 8,000 dead◦ 63 ships sunk
England◦ 50 to 100 dead◦ 0 ships sunk
In the End
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Gave heart and hope to Protestant cause◦ God was behind them◦ Commemorative Medals:
“He blew with His winds, and they were scattered”
England was now a major naval power after defeating the mighty Spanish navy◦ Opened up the Atlantic for other countries to settle
the New World
Significance
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Jamestown-1607◦ Poor location, lack of skilled workers and harsh
winters killed many of the original settlers◦ Capture Native princess, Pocahontas
Take her to England where she is a celebrity Gets more people interested in the New World
◦ The growing of tobacco eventually supports the colonies economy No more starving
England’s first Colonies
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Plymouth- 1620◦ Puritans fleeing religious persecution
Were in Netherlands but worried about loss of culture◦ Also struggled in the first year
Many die first winter◦ Squanto a native who used to live in England and
knew English walks up on their settlement one day Teaches them how to farm
◦ By fall, the settlers have three storage sheds of extra food Decide to have the natives over for a party
The first Thanksgiving
England’s First Colonies