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Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth EditionCampbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey
Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life
Lecture by: Richard L. Myers
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You should be able to
1. Describe lifes hierarchy of organization
2. Describe living organisms interactions with theirenvironments
3. Describe the structural and functional aspects of cells4. Explain how the theory of evolution accounts for the unity
and diversity of life
5. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis-based science
6. Describe ways in which biology, technology, and societyare connected
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THEMES IN THE STUDYOF BIOLOGY
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1.1 In lifes hierarchy of organization, newproperties emerge at each level
Lifes levels of organization define the scope of biology
Life emerges through organization of various levels
With addition of each new level, novel properties emergecalled emergent properties
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Biosphere
EcosystemFlorida coast
CommunityAll organisms onthe Florida coast
PopulationGroup of brown
pelicans
Nucleus
Nerve
Spinal cord
CellNerve cell
TissueNervous tissue
OrganBrain
OrganelleNucleus Molecule
DNA
Atom
OrganismBrown pelican
Organ systemNervous system
Brain
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1.1 In lifes hierarchy of organization, newproperties emerge at each level
The upper tier is a global perspective of life Biosphereall the environments on Earth that support life
Ecosystemall the organisms living in a particular area
Communitythe array of organisms living in a particularecosystem
Populationall the individuals of a species within a
specific area
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1.1 In lifes hierarchy of organization, newproperties emerge at each level
The middle tier is characterized by the organism, anindividual living thing
Organsystemshave specific functions; composed oforgans
Organsprovide specific functions for the organism
Tissuesmade of groups of similar cells
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1.1 In lifes hierarchy of organization, newproperties emerge at each level
Life emerges at the level of the cell, the lower tier, Moleculesclusters of atoms
Organellesmembrane-bound structures with specific
functions
Cellsliving entities distinguished from theirenvironment by a membrane
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1.2 Living organisms interact with theirenvironments, exchanging matter and energy
Life requires interactions between living andnonliving components
Producers -photosynthetic organisms provide food
Consumers- eat plants (or animals that profit fromplants)
The nonliving components are chemical nutrientsrequired for life
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1.2 Living organisms interact with theirenvironments, exchanging matter and energy
To be successful, an ecosystem must accomplishtwo things
Recycle chemicals necessary for life
Move energy through the ecosystem
Energy enters as light and exits as heat
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Ecosystem
Producers(such as plants)
Sunlight
Cyclingof
chemicalnutrients
Chemical energy
Consumers(such as animals)
Heat
Heat
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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional unitsof life
Form generally fits function By studying a biological structure, you determine what
it does and how it works
Life emerges from interactions of structures
Combinations of structures (components) provideorganization called a system
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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional unitsof life
Two distinct groups of cells exist
Prokaryotic cells
Simple and small
Ex. Bacteria
Eukaryotic cells
Possess organelles separated by membranes
Ex. Plants, animals, and fungi
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DNA(no nucleus)
Prokaryotic cell
Membrane
Eukaryotic cell
Nucleus(contains DNA)
Organelles
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EVOLUTION, THE CORE THEMEOF BIOLOGY
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1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life havecommon features
DNA is the genetic (hereditary) material of all cells Agene is a discrete unit of DNA
The chemical structure of DNA accounts for its function
The diversity of life results from differences in DNAstructure from individual to individual
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NucleusDNA
CellNucleotide
(a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA
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1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life havecommon features
All living things share common properties1. Order
2. Regulation
3. Growth and development
4. Energy processing
5. Response to theenvironment
6. Reproduction
7. Evolutionary adaptation
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(3) Growth and development (4) Energy processing(2) Regulation(1) Order
(5) Response to the environment (6) Reproduction (7) Evolutionary adaptation
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1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged intothree domains
The three domains (groups) of life (EBA)1. Bacteriaprokaryotic, and most are unicellular and
microscopic
2. Archaealike bacteria, are prokaryotic, and most areunicellular and microscopic
3. Eukaryaare eukaryotic and contain a nucleus andorganelles
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Domain Eukarya
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Fungi
Archaea (multiple kingdoms)
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Bacteria (multiple kingdoms)
Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae
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1.6 Evolution explains the unity and diversity oflife
In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin ofSpecies by Means of Natural Selection
The book accomplished two things
Presented evidence to support the idea ofevolution Proposed a mechanism for evolution called natural
selection
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Video: Galapgos Tortoise
Video: Galapgos Sea Lion
Video: Galapgos Marine Iguana
Video: Galapgos Island Overview
http://e/Chapter_01/A_Prepared_PowerPoint_Tools/01_Lecture_Presentation/01_06AGalapagosIslands_SV.mpghttp://e/Chapter_01/A_Prepared_PowerPoint_Tools/01_Lecture_Presentation/01_06AMarineIguana_SV.mpghttp://e/Chapter_01/A_Prepared_PowerPoint_Tools/01_Lecture_Presentation/01_06ASeaLion_SV.mpghttp://e/Chapter_01/A_Prepared_PowerPoint_Tools/01_Lecture_Presentation/01_06ATortoise_SV.mpg -
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1.6 Evolution explains the unity and diversity oflife
Natural selection was inferred by connecting twoobservations
Individuals within a population inherit differentcharacteristics and vary from other individuals
A particular population of individuals produces moreoffspring than will survive to produce offspring of theirown
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Video: Soaring Hawk
Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual
Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual
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1.6 Evolution explains the unity and diversity oflife
Natural selection is an editing mechanism It results from exposure of heritable variations to
environmental factors that favor some individuals overothers
Over time this results in evolution of new species adapted toparticular environments
Evolutionis biologys core theme and explains unity anddiversity of life
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Population with varied inherited traits1
Elimination of individuals with certain traits2
Reproduction of survivors3
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Pangolin
Killer whale
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THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
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1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learnabout nature
Two approaches are used to understand naturalcauses for natural phenomena
1. Discoveryscienceuses verifiable observations andmeasurements to describe science
2. Hypothesis-basedscienceuses the data fromdiscovery science to explain science
This requires proposing and testing of hypotheses
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S i i i
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1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learnabout nature
There is a difference between a theory and ahypothesis
Ahypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set ofobservations
Atheory is supported by a large and usually growingbody of evidence
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1 8 Wi h h h i b d i d
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1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose andtest hypotheses
We solve everyday problems by using hypotheses An example would be the reasoning we use to answer
the question, Why doesnt the flashlight work?
Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problemis either the (1) bulb or (2) batteries.
The hypothesis must be testable
The hypothesis must be falsifiable
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Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Observations
Question
Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb
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Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Observations
Question
Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb
Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem
Prediction:Replacing bulbwill fix problem
Test prediction Test prediction
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Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Observations
Question
Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb
Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem
Prediction:Replacing bulbwill fix problem
Test prediction Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis
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1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose andtest hypotheses
Another hypothesis: Mimicry helps protectnonpoisonous king snakes from predators wherepoisonous coral snakes also live
The hypothesis predicts that predators learn to avoidthe warning coloration of coral snakes
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1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose andtest hypotheses
Experimentation supports the prediction of themimicry hypothesisnonpoisonous snakes thatmimic coloration of coral snakes are attacked lessfrequently
The experiment has a control group using brownartificial snakes for comparison
The experimental group is artificial snakes with the
red, black, and yellow ring pattern of king snakes
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Eastern coral snake (poisonous).
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Scarlet king snake (nonpoisonous).
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Artificial king snake that was not attacked (left); artificialbrown snake that was attacked by a bear (right).
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BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE
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1 9 CONNECTION: Biology technology and
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1.9 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, andsociety are connected in important ways
Many of todays global issues relate to biology(science)
Many of these issues resulted from applications oftechnology
Science and technology are interdependent, but theirgoals differ
Science wants to understand natural phenomena
Technology applies science for a specific purpose
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1 10 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is
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1.10 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution isconnected to our everyday lives
How is evolution connected to our everyday lives? It explains how all living species descended from
ancestral species
Differences between DNA of individuals, species, and
populations reflect evolutionary change
The environment matters because it is a selective forcethat drives evolution
An understanding of evolution helps us fight diseaseand develop conservation efforts
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THANK YOU
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THANK YOU
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