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From Autonomous to Cooperative
Distributed Monitoring and Control:
Towards the Internet of SmartSmart Things
ERCIM Workshop on eMobilityTampere, 30 May 2008
Dr. Jorge Pereira
European Commission - DG INFSOEmbedded and Control Systems
The opinions herein are those of the author, and in no way commit the European Commission
Dr. Jorge Pereira, EC ERCIM eMobility Workshop2
The Internet of Things
The Internet of Things, ITU Report,November 2005
Machine-to-machinecommunications and person-to-computer communications will be
extended to things, from everydayhousehold objects to sensorsmonitoring the movement of theGolden Gate Bridge or detecting earthtremors.
Everything from tyres to toothbrusheswill fall within communicationsrange, heralding the dawn of a newera.
technologies that will drive thefuture Internet of Things, includingradio-frequency identification(RFID), sensor technologies, smartthings and nanotechnology andminiaturization
In the context of
ubiquitous computing
next-generation networks
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Dr. Jorge Pereira, EC ERCIM eMobility Workshop3
The Internet of Things The vast majority of the one billion of Internet connections
worldwide are devices used directly by humans, such as computersand mobile handsets. But we are entering a new age in which thenumber of "things" connected to the internet will be much largerthan the number of "people". The term "Internet of Things"describes the vision of pervasive and "hidden" computing in whichIP-connected devices will be embedded in the environment allaround us. The key technological drivers behind the Internet ofThings are likely to be radio-frequency identification (RFID),sensors, nanotechnology and intelligent systems.
The Internet of Things requires us to view cyberspace in a differentway. It is always-connected, responsive, adaptive and, above all,omnipresent in all aspects of our lives. The technology is here, butthere is a challenge to build new business models and applicationsthat will exploit the new capabilities.
Dr. Jorge Pereira, EC ERCIM eMobility Workshop4
Trends 1
Embedded Intelligence: PERVASIVE
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Avionics E.g., inertial guidance systems, flight control
hardware/software and other integrated systems in
aircraft and missiles
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Artificial Limbs
Artificial arms withsemi-functional hands,some even fitted with
working opposablethumbs plus 2fingers, and legs withshock absorbing feetcapable of allowing atrained patient to evenrun, have becomeavailable
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Cochlear Implant Improvement of the
ability to interact
socially
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Embedded Shoes
Adidas produced microprocessor-equipped running shoes, thatcan adapt to a runner's size, speed and fatigue level.
At MIT, researchers developed shoes that do everything fromproviding gait therapy to generating powerfor wearableelectronics.
Adding embedded intelligence to a running shoe solves alongstanding problem: ever since running gained widespreadpopularity during the 1970s, shoe manufacturers have beensearching for a way to create an adaptable shoe that couldprovide the appropriate level of cushioning, whether the wearerweighed 50 or 100kg.
The embedded microprocessor calculates the pressure betweenthe runner's foot and the ground five million times per second andcontinuously changes the cushioning to match an adjustablecomfort level. The computer controls a motor that lengthens andshortens a cable attached to a plastic cushioning element.
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Trends 2 Connectivity: IMPROVING
increasingly wireless
growing slower in some places
with quite distinct grades of service
broadband varies tremendously
available wireless technologies
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Internet Growth
Nothing as grown as fast
still a lot to do!
Starting to slow down
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Trends 3
From Person-to-Person
to Person-to-Machine
to Machine-to-Machine
A whole different meaning for handshake!
to Things?
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Networking Everyone and Everything
Appliances &
Sensors/Actuators
People &
Avatars
Places &
Points of Interest
Addressable
everything
JP
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Networking Everyone, Everything
and Anything
Appliances &
Sensors/Actuators
&
Things
People &
Avatars
Places &
Points of Interest
Addressableanything
JP
Dr. Jorge Pereira, EC ERCIM eMobility Workshop20
Factors of 10: the long-term
1010 Cooperating Smart Things
1011 Networked Smart Things
1012 Smart Things
1013 Things
1014 Products
1B
10B
100B
1T10T
100T
The number of communicating data devices will grow from 2.4 bill ion
[in 2004] to 23 billion in 2008 and one trillion by 2012
Krishna Nathan, IBM Research, 2004
versus 109 personal computers
1010 mobile phones
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Only Tagging? The tag or transponder, which
contains an electronic circuit(transponder) is attached to theobject that requires a uniqueidentification code. When thetag comes near the reader, theradio frequency (RF) fieldgenerated by the reader willpower up the tag and cause it tocontinuously transmit its data by'pulsing' the radio frequency.
The data is then captured by thereader and processed in theback-end by applications likethe Enterprise ResourcePlanning (ERP) or Supply ChainManagement systems.
Dr. Jorge Pereira, EC ERCIM eMobility Workshop22
Challenges 1: What for?
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Challenges 4: ConnectivityWhat Connectivity?
Their level of connectivity will vary
tremendously, the same with their
requirements
Most of the traffic will be peer-to-peer
and remain rather local
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Trends 4
Embedded Intelligence: PERVASIVE +
NETWORKED!!!
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Nike iPod Sports Kit The wireless kit lets Nike's new Air
Zoom Moire shoes send fitnessdata to the iPod Nano - via asensor tuck inside the running shoeand a small receiver that attachesto the Nano.
As you run, the sensor recordsyour distance, time, pace and
calories burned in real time anddisplays data on the Nano. At thepush of a button, audio feedback isdelivered through Nano's earbuds.
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Cooperative Vehicles
SpeedYaw
Engine
Radar
GPSNavigationSystem
BrakepedalBrake
SteeringAngle
ESC
Display
Engine NavigationSystem
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Conclusion 1 Embedded systems are becoming ever more pervasive,
permeating all things and everything: from (home) appliances
to all sorts of electronic equipment/consumer electronics (videos,cameras, HiFi)
to vehicles (cars, trains, ships, airplanes)
to industrial, scientific and medical equipment (motor drivers,monitors)
Miniaturisation (micro-systems, micro and nano-electronics) and development tools (middleware) andsystem management tools makes them cheaper,easier to integrate, and even more pervasive, infiltratingever more segments of the economy.
Dr. Jorge Pereira, EC ERCIM eMobility Workshop30
Conclusion 2
As all this smart things become even smarter, theyincorporate enhanced sensing/monitoring andactuation capabilities and are getting increasinglynetworked. At that stage, the next step can be taken,
that of moving from autonomous (non-networked, thusindividual) to cooperative (networked, local to global)optimisation/operation/control, and also fromhomogeneous to heterogeneous sensing/monitoringand control.
As systems and processes become ever more complexand of increasing scale, this networked heterogeneity(and the ensuing data fusion, modelling, inference anddecision making) is the only means to address thecontrol problems that arise across the economy/society.
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Conclusion 3 In the end, we are talking of smart, networked
(mostly wireless) heterogeneoussensors/actuators embedded in everything,for a purpose: optimising the performance ofequipment and/or processes by enhancingcontrol
The tremendous potential of the ensuingInternet of SmartSmart Things is that one can gobeyond the blind individual, ad hocoptimisation of device performance/elementalprocesses, to a rather more all encompassingend-to-end optimisation of the overarchingprocesses/organisations via cooperation
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Monitoring and Control of
Large-Scale, Networked Smart Systems
WP 07-08
NetworkedEmbedded and
Control Systems
WP 09-10
Engineering of Large-Scale Monitoring and
Control Systems
Wireless Sensor Networks and Cooperating Objects
Control of Large-Scale Distributed Systems