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Modal Model of the Mind
Long-term memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
AttentionEncoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
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Modal Model of the Mind
Three memory store that differ in function, capacity and duration
Control processes - control movement of information within and between memory stores
Long-term memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
AttentionEncoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
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Sensory Memory Store
Function - holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics
Capacity - large can hold many items at once
Duration - very brief retention of images .3 sec for visual info 2 sec for auditory info
Sensory
InputSensoryMemory
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Sensory Memory Store
Divided into two subtypes: iconic memory - visual
information echoic memory -
auditory information Visual or iconic memory
was discovered by Sperling in 1960
Sensory
InputSensoryMemory
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Sperling’s Experiment
Presented matrix of letters for 1/20 seconds
Report as many letters as possible Subjects recall only half of the
letters
Was this because subjects didn’t have enough time to view entire
matrix? No How did Sperling know this?
K Z R
Q B T
S G N
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Sperling’s Experiment
Sperling showed people can see and recall ALL the letters momentarily
Sounded low, medium or high tone immediately after matrix disappeared tone signaled 1 row to report recall was almost perfect
Memory for image fades after 1/3 seconds or so, making report of entire display hard to do
K Z R
Q B T
S G N
High
Medium
Low
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Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment
Q C F T
S K G O
W R J B
1. Letters are displayed on a screen for 1/20 of a second
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Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment
2. Screen is blank
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Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment
Length of timevaries up to one second
HIGH
LOW
MEDIUM
3. Tone is sounded, indicating row
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Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment
4. Subject reports letters in row indicated by tone
S, K, G, ...
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Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment
G V U
L S J
N A Z
A M K
X F Q
O U N
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What Letters Do You See?
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What Letters Do You See?
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What Letters Do You See?
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What Letters Do You See?
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What Letters Do You See?
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Sensory Memory Store
Sensory memory forms automatically, without attention or interpretation
Attention is needed to transfer information to working memory
Sensory
InputSensoryMemory
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Working Memory Store
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
Attention
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Working Memory Store Function - conscious processing of information
where information is actively worked on
Capacity - limited (holds 7 +/- 2 items) Duration - brief storage (about 30 seconds) Code- Often based on sound or speech even with
visual inputs.
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
Attention
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Working Memory Store
What happens if you need to keep information in working memory longer than 30 seconds?
To demonstrate, memorize the following phone number (presented one digit at a time):
8 361975
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Working Memory Store
What is the number? 857-9163The number lasted in your working memory longer than 30 secondsSo, how were you able to remember the number?
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Maintenance Rehearsal
Mental or verbal repetition of information allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
Attention
Maintenance Rehearsal
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Maintenance Rehearsal
What happens if you can’t use maintenance rehearsal? Memory decays quickly To demonstrate, again memorize a phone number
(presented one digit at a time) BUT, have to count backwards from 1,000 by sevens (i.e., 1014,
1007, 1000 … etc.)
6 490582
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Working Memory Store
What is the number? 628-5094Without rehearsal, memory fades
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Peterson’s STM Task
Test of memory for 3-letter nonsense syllables
Participants count backwards for a few seconds, then recall
Without rehearsal, memory fades
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Working Memory Store
What happens if you need to remember more than 7 +/- 2 items?
To demonstrate, memorize the following 16 digit number (presented one digit at a time):
181219982 00 11492
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Chunking
Grouping small bits of information into larger units of information expands working memory load
Which is easier to remember? 4 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6 483 792 516
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Working Memory Model
Baddeley (1992) 3 interacting components
Central Executive
VisuospatialSketch Pad
PhonologicalLoop
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Working Memory Model
Visuospatial sketch pad - holds visual and spatial info Phonological loop - holds verbal information Central executive - coordinates all activities of working memory;
brings new information into working memory from sensory and long-term memory
Central Executive
VisuospatialSketch Pad
PhonologicalLoop
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Long-Term Memory Store
Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory
Long-term memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
AttentionEncoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
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Long-Term Memory Store
Function - organizes and stores information more passive form of storage than working memory
Unlimited capacity Duration - thought by some to be permanent
Long-term memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
AttentionEncoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
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Long-Term Memory Store
Encoding - process that controls movement from working to long-term memory store
Retrieval - process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store
Long-term memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
AttentionEncoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
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Summary
Modal model of memory three memory stores (sensory, working
and long-term memory) control processes (attention,
maintenance rehearsal, encoding and retrieval) govern movement of information within and between stores