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IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
2. Energy efficient urban planning
John Dulac
Bangkok, 1 April 2019
IEA #energyefficientworld
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2IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
2. Energy efficient urban planning
2. Energy efficient urban planning
Trainer(s): John Dulac
Scenario: There is increasing urbanisation and increasing demand for
urban services
Question: How can we design a more energy efficient urban system?
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3IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Training Overview
1. Urban planning and design
• Role of urban design and energy use
• What designs allow you to consume energy less?
2. How to get there?
• Development and planning concepts
• Additional strategies to reduce urban energy use
25 mins
35 mins
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4IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
1. Urban planning and designRole of urban planning and design in energy use
Which designs consume energy less
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5IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
1. Urban planning and design. Role of urban design
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
• As discussed in Session 1, structural aspects from urban design affect energy use
• More sprawled cities use more energy than
dense ones
• The more grid-like, the more it traps heat
Source http://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/CityTextureUHI_Feb2018.pdf
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6IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
1. Urban planning and design. Role of urban design
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
• For example: Trapped heat aggravates urban heat island effect, increases air
conditioning use
• The more grid-like, the more it
traps heat
Source
http://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/CityTextureUHI_Feb2018.pdf
Source: LBNL (2013), Heat Island Group, http://heatisland.lbl.gov/
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7IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
1. Urban planning and design
So what designs are better?
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
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8IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
CommercialParking
Retail
1. Urban planning and design. What designs work?
• Mixed-use design instead of sprawled design
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Source: https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/assets/documents/ACC-DIGS-mixed-use-development-guide.pdf
Vertical mixed-useHorizontal mixed-use
Residential space
Commercial space
Retail space
Car parking
Residential
Public space
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9IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
1. Urban planning and design. What designs work?
• Mixed-use design instead of sprawled design
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Source: https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/assets/documents/ACC-DIGS-mixed-use-development-guide.pdf
Horizontal mixed-use development in Auckland, New Zealand
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10IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
1. Urban planning and design. What designs work?
• Natural design (trees, colours, shading, spacing) instead of concrete jungles
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Source: http://www.lowcarbonlivingcrc.com.au/sites/all/files/publications_file_attachments/rp2024_guide_to_urban_cooling_strategies_2017_web.pdf
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11IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
1. Urban planning and design. What designs work?
• Natural design (trees, colours, shading, spacing) instead of concrete jungles
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Vertical greenery and green roofs in
Singapore
Permeable and reflective block
pavers for cool surfaces
White reflective coating for cool
roofs in New York, USA
Sources: http://www.lowcarbonlivingcrc.com.au/sites/all/files/publications_file_attachments/rp2024_guide_to_urban_cooling_strategies_2017_web.pdf ;
http://www.lowcarbonlivingcrc.com.au/sites/all/files/publications_file_attachments/rp2024_guide_to_urban_cooling_strategies_2017_web.pdf
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12IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
1. Urban planning and design. What designs work?
• Case study: Amsterdam
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Sources: https://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/cue/pdfs/White%20Paper%20-%20Urban%20and%20Energy%20Planning.pdf ;
https://www.c40.org/profiles/2014-amsterdam ; https://interestingengineering.com/11-most-eco-friendly-cities-of-the-world
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13IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
1. Urban planning and design. What designs work?
• What does an energy efficient energy system look like?
Source: IEA Digitalisation and Energy Efficiency Presentation 2019
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
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14IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
2. How to get there?Development and planning concepts
Additional strategies to reduce urban energy use
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15IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
2. How to get there?
Land use planning
Mixed-use development
Transit-Oriented Development
Integrated Urban Energy Planning
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Co
mp
lexit
y
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16IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Land-use planning > reserving areas for public transit
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Adequate public transit Walkable & cycling streets
Integrated public transportDifferent options for different
markets
Promoting walkable cities with non-motorised options and increased public transport use
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17IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Land-use: Sustainable Streets
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Source: http://www.earthpowernews.com/humans-make-comeback-battle-cars/
Sustainable streets on Times Square
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18IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Land-use: Sustainable Streets
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Source: https://www.vienncouver.com/2015/01/aucklands-city-centre-shared-space-programme/
Shared Streets Program in Auckland, New Zealand
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19IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Land-use: Sustainable Streets (encouraging public transport)
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Dublinbikes located close to residential homes and alternative public transport
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20IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Land-use > Mixed-use > Transit-Oriented Development
Kuala Lumpur embraces Transit-Oriented Development in its 2020 City Plan.
Mixed-use planning to be done around stations to promote public transport.
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
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21IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Land-use > Mixed-use > Transit-Oriented Development
Kuala Lumpur embraces Transit-Oriented Development in its 2020 City Plan.
Mixed-use planning to be done around stations to promote public transport.
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Transit hub, KL Sentral
Residential
zone
Commercial
zone
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22IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Land-use > Mixed-use > Transit-Oriented Development
• 2008/2009: massive traffic jams in KL, currently 30% public transport 70% private-
> goal set is 60% public to 40% private,
• Park and ride schemes: 30% developer discount on zones near train stations if
they build parking areas to encourage Park and Ride
• Direct planning requirements: Zones must be placed between 200m to 400m
of the train stations (similar to Singapore model)
• Direct development guidelines: Residential zones to build homes at 800 sq. ft.
(~75sq. m), at USD 112 600
• More Transit-Oriented-Development Focus for Bandar: although recently there
has been no successful bids so far
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23IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Transit-oriented development: the context of cities
City contexts within the urban land-use and travel framework
• Travel demand
management
programmes
• Improved
travel-
managed
technologies
• Discouraging
private
motorised
travel
• Dedicated
facilities for
bus/cycling
lanes
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
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24IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Specific opportunities for cities
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
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25IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Sustainable streets & access and proximity to transit
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Source: http://www.uncrd.or.jp/content/documents/711420190924_EST_LUT_Final(1).pdf
Sustainable Streets Proximity to Transit
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26IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Integrated urban design and planning
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Sources: file:///C:/Users/Mbazima_N/Downloads/energies-11-01857%20(4).pdf ; https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/31/is-your-building-gobbling-energy/
[To be reworked]
Mapping of energy intense areas if cities for more informed planning
Map of energy balance in municipalities through an
E-City platform
Spatial distribution of urban building energy
consumption by end use using GIS
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27IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Get smart: travel demand management
• Improved ICT connections for virtual mobility, e.g. teleworking
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
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28IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Additional strategies to
reduce urban energy use
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29IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Policy options for more energy efficient urban design
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
• Mixed-use development and sustainable streets
- Zoning by-laws and development regulations
- Urban planning and street design guidelines
- Street codes to favour walking and cycling
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30IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Policy options for more energy efficient urban design
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
• Sustainable transport
- Travel demand management
- Development standards to address
transport efficiency
- Subsidies/tax incentives for low-carbon
transport city design/planning
- Freight logistics
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31IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Policy options for more energy efficient urban design
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
• Improved ICT
- Mobility management & marketing (e.g. IT-based communications)
• Information tools to raise awareness of real travel costs
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32IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Thermal storage – for example using a district cooling network – could take advantage of solar output
to meet cooling energy demand and alleviate peak strain on the power system
The potential role of storage and renewables in India
Demand-side management: what is the potential?
0
200
400
600
800
1 000
0h 6h 12h 18h 0h 6h 12h 18h
GW
ele
ctric
ity g
ener
atio
n
With thermal energy storage
0
200
400
600
800
1 000
0h 6h 12h 18h 0h 6h 12h 18h
Without thermal energy storage
Thermal power Other renewables Solar PV
Excess solar to pumped hydro Excess solar to thermal storage Demand met by thermal storage
Space cooling demand
Solar
curtailment
Solar to
storage
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33IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
The technical potential for demand-side response is up to 20% of demand, with electric vehicles set to
play a larger role through 2040
Technical potential of demand-side response by region in the 2 °C scenario
Demand-side management: what is the potential?
Source: WEO 2016 Renewable Energy Webinar
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34IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Demand-side management: what is the potential?
Almost a third of electricity demand in India could be shifted in summer, while highest VRE share are
observed in winter
Share of load that can be shifted for typical days in two seasonal periods in India in the 2°C scenario, 2040
Source: WEO 2016 Renewable Energy Webinar
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35IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Demand-side management programmes
- Strong institutional capacities
- Sufficient technical/admin capabilities
- Sufficient implementation capacity
- Thorough understanding of customers
- Incentivised to manage peak load,
electricity demand
• Utilities can implement demand-side management programmes:
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36IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Demand-side management programmes
Demand side management opportunities:
Demand
ResponseRate-induced demand response
Incentive-based demand response
End use energy
efficiencyIncentives to customers/manufacturers to
purchase/provide energy efficient products
Distributed
generation close
to consumption
E.g. roof mounted solar PV systems
Source: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/26316/113214-WP-P147807-Utility-Scale-Opportunities-PUBLIC.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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37IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
www.iea.orgIEA #energyefficientworld