Download - 2. ethical theories part 2 (1)
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Egoism
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Egoism
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Introduction to Ethics
Egoism: the ethical theory that
rightness depends upon what is
in each individual’s self-interest
egoism vs. altruism
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Introduction to Ethics
Egoism: the ethical theory that
rightness depends upon what is
in each individual’s self-interest
What is the opposite of
self-interest?
Altruism: unselfish regard
for the good of others
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Introduction to Ethics
Altruism: opposite of egoism
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Introduction to Ethics
Egoism: the ethical theory that
rightness depends upon what is
in each individual’s self-interest
Is there a difference between “self-
interest” and “selfishness”?
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Introduction to Ethics
What examples of ‘good’ self-
interest can you think of?
• Study for a test
• Saving for the future
• Getting a good education
• Working hard
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Introduction to Ethics
Adam Smith
(1723-1790): political
economist who
famously argued that
everyone pursuing self-
interest distributes
goods in the best way.
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Introduction to Ethics
Egoism:
Is self-interest better
than altruism in
producing a better
society for all?
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Introduction to Ethics
Basic Arguments for Egoism:
• Helping others makes them
dependent.
• We are naturally egoists.
• We should all help ourselves
first
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Introduction to Ethics
Practice
What would egoism say about
this problem?
You are driving home along the
Emirates Road with a friend. Your
friend tells you that the next 5
speed cameras are broken so it’s
okay to go at 160 km/h.
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Contractarianism
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Contractarianism
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Introduction to Ethics
Contractarianism is the theory that we all
follow an unwritten social contract.
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Introduction to Ethics
What is a “social contract”?
social contract:
an agreement among the
members of a society to create
rules for that society
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Introduction to Ethics
Contractarianism says:
we are naturally self-interested, but if
everybody behaved in a purely self-
interested way we would not be able
to live together in society. If we
want to live in society, we have to
respect other people's interests.
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Introduction to Ethics
the ethical theory in which
individuals select the right rules
when choosing under an
unwritten social contract.
NS P
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Introduction to Ethics
An example
• it might be in our interest to drive at 180 km
per hour on a road that doesn't have speed
cameras (e.g. so we are not late for work), but
we don't drive at this speed
WHY?
• because we might put other people's lives in
danger and we would not want other people
to drive like this and put our life in danger
http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_contractarianism.html
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Empathy Ethics
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Introduction to Ethics
Empathy Ethics:
The idea that good actions are
based upon understanding and
sensitivity of other people.
We should put ourselves into
another person’s position and see
the world through their eyes.
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-
35253527
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Introduction to Ethics
Empathy Ethics
Think again about the trolley problem.
How could understanding and seeing the
world through another’s eyes affect
decisions here?
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Empathy can also be explained
in terms of the “Golden Rule”
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Deontologism
Contractarianism
Consequentialism
Egoism
Virtue Ethics
Empathy Ethics