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BIG BOXES,SMALL PAYCHECKS How the Retail Lobby Blocks Increases in the Minimum Wage
MINNESOTANS FOR A FAIR ECONOMY
MARCH 2014
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$10
2012.
$18,500
.
INTRODUCTION There are more than 15 million workers in retail stores in the U.S., 1 so it is
not surprising that the industry spends a lot of money to keep wages down.
The National Retail Federation (NRF) and the Retail Industry Leaders
Association (RILA) have been waging fierce lobbying campaigns to prevent
increases in the minimum wage.These two associations spent almost $10 million on DC lobbyists in 2012
alone.2 These associat ions are a lso extremely powerfu l at the state
level, working in conjunction with local lobbying groups to deceive
the publ ic about the impact of ra is ing the minimum wage.
The reta i l t rade associat ions port ray their members as smal l
mom and pop businesses because th is p lays wel l pol i t ica l ly and
gives pol i t ic ians cover. In real i ty, some of the b iggest corporat ions
in the country are the most inf luential members of the associat ions.
For instance, the Minnesota Retai lers Associat ion includes over200 companies, but Target is by far the largest source of funds.
Target executives have made two-thirds of al l contributions to the
Associat ion’s PAC since 2000. 3
Brands like Target and Walmart spend millions on advertising to make their
brands household names, but when it comes to things like keeping workers in
poverty, they prefer to hide behind their lobby associations. Both Target and
Walmart say they have not taken a position on increasing the minimum wage, 4
but their political contributions and leadership in industry trade associations
make it clear that the two largest retailers oppose raising the minimum wage.
The recent strikes at Walmart and by janitors who clean Target and other big
box stores have pierced the veil of these two associations and exposed the
poverty wages the retail industry pays its workers.
The average hourly wage of a Wal-Mart sales associate is just $8.86 and for
a cashier it’s $8.51. The average pay for cashiers at Target is $8.10/hour, while
the pay for sales floor
team members is only slightly higher -- $8.34/hour.5
A full-time worker at these wages earns less than $18,500 – well below
the poverty line and not nearly enough to provide food, housing, health care,
transportation and other basic needs for their families.6 However, over half
of the workers in these positions at Target and Wal-Mart don’t even earn this
much because they are involuntarily part-time.7
The situation is not much different at other retail stores. According to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, the typical retail sales person earns just $10.29 per
hour.8 Cashiers earn even less – an average hourly wage of $9.12.9
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$20
$10,000/
1,300
.
20,000
.
Benefits are also scarce for retail department store workers who say that
the health plans are too expensive or inaccessible. Only about half of
Walmart associates are covered by the company’s health plan,10 while only
about a third of Target store team members participate in Target’s plan.11
Opponents of raising the minimum wage claim that low wage jobs are
mostly for teenagers, yet more than 95 percent of year round employees at
large retail companies are ages 20 and above and more than half (54.2%)contribute at least 50 percent of their family’s total income. A large number
of them – almost 1 in 5 – are the sole earner for their family.12
Bruce Nustad, the president of the Minnesota Retailers Association, said
last year that raising the minimum wage higher than the federal amount
would force businesses to make difficult choices such as setting aside plans
for expansion or capital investments or cutting workers’ hours. “There’s this
fantasy perception that there’s this incredible amount of [profit] margin in
retail,” Nustad said. “I don’t know where that came from.”13
The perception could have come from the fact that the two largest
retailers in Minnesota and in the U.S., Walmart and Target, both posted record
profits in 2012 of $17 billion and $3 billion respectively,14 and the CEOs of both
companies received over $20 million in compensation in 201215 – about
$10,000 an hour or 1,300 times more than the minimum wage.
The NRF touts retail as a “force for strong economic expansion, job creation,
and business growth.”16 However, the combination of poverty wages and no
benefits, often coupled with part-time hours, means that many of the familiesof retail workers must rely on taxpayer-funded safety net programs.
We estimate that over 20,000 Big Box department store employees in
Minnesota are enrolled in a public assistance program for themselves or family
members, at a cost of over $150 million a year to taxpayers.
Included in this total is $45 million a year that taxpayers pay to help almost
6,000 Target store employees in Minnesota who must rely on public assistance
and $41 million a year to help 5,300 Walmart employees in Minnesota.
In state after state, Walmart, Target, and other Big Box retailers are among the
employers with the most employees receiving public assistance. This shifting oflabor costs on to the taxpayers amounts to a public subsidy for Big Box corporate
giants and provides an unfair financial advantage over others.
Raising wages for Big Box retail workers would benefit individual workers, their
families and community, and taxpayers. The more that Target and Walmart pay
their workers, the less it will cost taxpayers to provide public assistance.
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OPPOSITION TO RAISING THE MINIMUM WAGE
Both Target and Walmart say they have not taken a position onincreasing the minimum wage, yet their political contributions andleadership in industry trade associations make it clear that the two largestretailers oppose raising the minimum wage at the federal or state level.
Minnesota Retailers Association
The Minnesota Retailers Association is a trade group representing over200 member businesses with more than 1,500 retail stores in the state.
Target executives have made 65% of all contributions to the PACsince 200017 -- making Target by far the largest contributor.
The Association opposes raising the state minimum wage above thefederal amount. It opposes indexing and fought last session against
both the bill that passed the House to raise the minimum wage to$9.50 and the version that passed the Senate to raise it to $7.75.
The Association’s board is made up of lobbyists from a number ofother Big Box retail stores, such as Walmart, Home Depot, Sears,JC Penney and Macys, in addition to Target. The Best Buylobbyist chairs the group’s legislative committee.
The Association’s 2014 Day at the Capitol will focus on lobbyingagainst indexing future minimum wage increases to inflation. Thelobby day’s main sponsors are Big Box corporations whose CEOS
are not only among the highest paid in Minnesota, but they alsoreceived large increases in their compensation from 2009 – 2012.
B B18 B
D
$2.4 $8.2 245%
19
G
$6 $12 100%
20 G
$16.1 $23.5 46%
Target executives gave over $115,000 since 2003 to the RetailersAssociation and other state business PACs21 that in turn spent over$525,000 in contributions and independent expenditures to supportstate legislators who voted against raising the minimum wage.
$9.5
$7.75.
2000.
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Political Contributions
In March 2013, the U.S. House of Representatives rejected a bill to raisethe federal minimum wage from $7.25 per hour to $10.10 by 2015.
Rep. John Kline (R-MN) led the opposition to the bill, saying “Weneed jobs out there. The best approach right now is to get federalspending under control and government out of the way of the
nation’s job creators.”22
o Kline’s largest single source of campaign funds has beenfrom Target executives, their family members, and thecompany’s political action committee (PAC). Since 2005,they have given Kline $125,000 in contributions, more thanto any other current member of congress. 23
Walmart has contributed over $30,000 to eight USRepresentatives since 2008. Six of them voted against theminimum wage increase last year.24
Retail Industry Leaders Association
The Retail Industry Leaders Association (RILA) is a leading public policyadvocate for retail corporations. Its members represent more than $1.5trillion in sales and operate more than 100,000 stores, manufacturingfacilities, and distribution centers in the world.
RILA “opposes any increase in the minimum wage and does notbelieve that states and localities should impose a patchwork ofemployment regulations on employers.”25
Target CEO Gregg Steinhafel served as the 2013 chair of thenational Retail Industry Leaders Association (RILA).
In addition to Steinhafel, RILA’s board is comprised of the CEOsfrom other big box retail companies including Walmart, Best Buy,Lowes, Home Depot, Sears, and Kmart.
Since 2010, RILA has contributed almost two and a half times moreto the U.S. Representatives who voted against raising the minimumwage in 2013 than to the ones who voted for it.26
Minnesota Forward
In 2010 Target gave $150,000, the largest single contribution, to theMinnesota Forward PAC which was created to elect Tom Emmer governor.After coming under fire because of Emmer’s anti-gay positions, Targetexplained that it had made the contribution because it supported Emmer’splans for economic growth and job creation and that Emmer would createa positive environment for businesses. One of Emmer’s main proposedeconomic policies was to lower the minimum wage for waiters andwaitresses.27
. ,
.
2
.
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TAXPAYER SUBSIDIES OF POVERTY WAGES IN MN
Low wages not only harm workers and their families – they cost taxpayers.When Big Box retail employees are unable to afford the basic necessities of life,taxpayers pick up the tab for the public benefit programs that workers need inorder to get by.
Based on the utilization rates by working families of Medicaid, Food Stamps, the Earned Income Tax Credit and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, we
estimate that over 20,000 Big Box department store employees in Minnesota are
enrolled in one of these four public assistance programs for themselves or family
members, at a cost of over $150 million a year to taxpayers. 28
Included in this total is $45 million a year from taxpayers to help almost 6,000
Target employees in Minnesota who must rely on public assistance and $41
million a year to help 5,300 Walmart employees in Minnesota.
Big Box Employees on Public Assistance in Minnesota29
20,000
,
$150
.
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OTAL
,
,
.
SUBSIDIZED HEALTH CARE
In state after state, Walmart, Target, and other Big Box retailers are amongthe employers with the most employees receiving public assistance.
MASSACHUSETTS In 2010, over 4,300 Walmart employees in Massachusetts, a quarter of the
company’s total workforce in the state, used subsidized health care for
themselves or family members, costing taxpayers $14.6 million. Over
2,600 Target employees,30 more than a third of the company’s
Massachusetts workforce, used subsidized care, costing the state $8.3
million. 31 Big Box retail chains made up ten of the thirty companies with
the most employees on Medicaid in Massachusetts.
RANK # $
BY
COSTEMPLOYER
EMPLOYEES USING
SUBSIDIZEDCARE
COST FOR EMPLOYEES &
COVERED DEPENDENTS
1 WAL-MART 4,327 $14,602,933
4 TARGET 2,610 $8,325,571
8 HOME DEPOT 1,929 $5,678.420 14 MACY’S 1,723 $4,059,919 16 TJ MAXX 1,027 $3,280,228 19 KOHLS 969 $2,743,794
20 MARSHALLS 900 $2,648,489 24 LOWES 826 $2,211,397 25 SEARS/ KMART 1,052 $2,124,144
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RANK
# #
BY
TOTAL COST
EMPLOYER EMPLOYEESENROLLED
SPOUSE/ DEPENDENTS
ENROLLED
TOTAL ENROLLED
1 WAL-MART 2,306 4,993 7,299
2 TARGET 1,199 2,379 3,578
3 LORD&TAYLOR 1,008 1,945 2,953
5 TOYS R US 771 1,513 2,284 6 KMART 746 1,646 2,392 12 KOHLS 565 1,120 1,685
14 HOME DEPOT 487 1,188 1,675 18 SEARS 456 854 1,326
23 JC PENNEY 373 733 1,106 28 MARSHALLS 328 580 908
WISCONSIN
Retail Employers in New Jersey with Most Employees Receiving Subsidized Care32
In Wisconsin, over 3,200 Walmart employees are enrolled in Badger Care, the state’s Medicaid program,
accounting for a total of 9,200 enrollees including the children and adult dependents of these employees. Six other Big Box retail stores were also among the employers with the most employees receiving subsi-
dized care. 33
# # RANK EMPLOYER
EMPLOYEESENROLLED
TOTAL ENROLLED
INCLUDING ADULT
DEPENDENTS & CHILDREN
1 WAL-MART 3,216 9,207
4
MENARDS
784
2,245
11 TARGET 562 1,592
15 KOHLS 508 1,340
27 KMART 278 772
34 HOME DEPOT 242 663 46 SEARS 217 580
Retail Employers in Wisconsin with Most Employees Receiving Subsidized Care33
NEW JERSEY
In New Jersey, Walmart and Target are the top two employers with the most employees
enrolled in the state’s Medicaid program, followed by many of the same Big Box retail stores
as on the above Massachusetts list.
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,
15,000
.
OTHER PUBLIC ASSISTANCE
Most state reporting has only included data on Medicaid and not other publicassistance programs. In addition, the data has only reflected the actuaenrollment in the Medicaid programs. The number of Big Box employees anddependents who are eligible to participate is likely much higher.
It is clear that Walmart, Target, and other Big Box retail store employees
must also rely on additional public benefits. For instance, in Florida, over 9,000
Walmart employees receive food stamps.34 In California, a study found that the
average Walmart worker required $730 in taxpayer-subsidized healthcare and
$1,222 in other types of public assistance, such as food stamps and subsidized
housing per year to get by.35
OHIO Data from the state Department of Jobs and Family Services shows that Walm
had more employees or household members on food stamps (14,684)
Medicaid (14,056) than any other company in the state. Target was 11th for m
employees or family members on Medicaid (2,479) and food stamps (2,383).36 The number of Walmart employees or household members in Ohio on pub
assistance almost doubled from the previous five years, and it was not relatedan overall increase in employees. There was a 74 percent increase in the numbof Walmart employees receiving food stamps and a 95 percent increase in tnumber enrolled in Medicaid, while Walmart’s total employment in the sta
declined by 10 percent during this period.37
RANK EMPLOYER
# EMPLOYEES &
FAMILY MEMBERSENROLLED
RANK EMPLOYER
# EMPLOYEES &
FAMILY MEMBERSENROLLED
1 WAL-MART 17,679 14 TARGET 2,602
16 LOWE’S 2,470 21 SEARS 2,155
33 JC PENNEY 1,631 29 K-MART 1,686 27
KOHLS 1,876 28
HOME DEPOT 1,874 40 MACYS 1,481
1 WAL-MART 14,684 13 TARGET 2,201
17 SEARS 1,860 20 LOWES 1,787
26
KMART 1,546 27
HOME DEPOT 1,546
29 KOHLS 1,494 39
JC PENNEY 1,256 40
MACYS 1,217
Ohio Medicaid Enrollment - January 2012 Ohio Food Stamps Enrollment - January 201
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OTHER PUBLIC ASSISTANCE
WISCONSIN
In a report earlier this year, the U.S. House Committee on Education and the
Workforce estimated that a single 300 employee Walmart Supercenter store in Wisconsin costs taxpayers between $900,000 and $1.7 million per year – or
$3,000 to $5,800 per employee.38
The lower estimate assumes that only those workers enrolled in Badger Care
also enroll in other taxpayer-funded programs. The upper estimate assumes
that an additional quarter of a store’s employees enroll in other taxpayer-
funded programs.
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
Free & reduced price lunches (under the National School Lunch Program)
Free & reduced-price breakfasts (under the School Breakfast Program)
Subsidized housing assistance (Section 8)
Earned Income Tax Credit Medicaid Enrollment under Badger Care
Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (formerly Food Stamp program)
Wisconsin Shares Child Care Subsidy
LOW-END ESTIMATE
$25,461
$12,938
$155,406
$72,160 $251,706
$11,414
$96,007
$279,450
UPPER-END ESTIMATE
$58,228
$29,588
$355,350
$165,000 $251,706
$26,100
$219,528
$639,090
.
TOTAL $904,542 $1,744,590
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.
INVOLUNTARY PART-TIME WORK
Widespread practices of involuntary part-time work and unstable schedulingby Big Box department stores push the incomes of retail workers even
lower. Nationally the number of involuntary part-time retail workers (those
who would rather have full-time hours) has increased 144 percent from644,000 in 2006 to 1.5 million in 2010.39
The retail industry has embraced “just-in-time” computerized scheduling
systems, which are designed to cut costs by matching staff size to custome
traffic hour by hour. This gives managers increased flexibility, but for workers i
means unpredictable schedules that vary from week to week and even day
to day.
Retail workers are expected to keep their schedules open in case they
may be needed and to call in on the days they’re scheduled to see if they
should come to work that day.40 These scheduling systems allow Big Box
stores to manage a large part-time labor force working short shifts that caneasily be changed.41
According to data that Walmart reported to the Partnership for a Healthy
America, more than half of the employees hired to
work in new stores were
hired on a part-time basis.42
Target has said at different times and in different settings that part-time
employees make up between 55 percent and 80 percent of its retai
workforce. Target said that 55 percent of the workers at a proposed
Supercenter in San Rafael, CA would be part-time. However, a Target human
resource manager told the San Rafael City Council that on average 65 percenof team members were part-time. Target’s own materials say tha
approximately 80 to 85 percent of employees per store are part-time.43
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BIG BOX RETAIL STORE’S USE OF CONTRACTED CLEANING COMPANIES
It’s not just workers employed directly by Big Box retail stores who are paidpoverty wages. In order to cut costs and avoid responsibility, many Big Box
stores often contract out their janitorial work. There is fierce competition among the janitorial companies for these contracts, with each company trying to underbid the other. Since labor is by far the largest and most costlyexpense in a cleaning contract, the company with the lowest labor coststends to win the contract. In some cases, the janitorial companies try toreduce their labor costs with practices such as paying below minimum wageor not paying overtime.
A number of the companies that clean Big Box stores in Minnesota have
been the subjects of lawsuits and Department of Labor investigations for not
paying their workers the overtime wages they earned.
Diversified Maintenance, which is based in Florida, is the largest janitorial service provider to Target, with contracts covering over 600 stores nation-
wide.44 Last year, the company settled a lawsuit for $675,000 45 that had
been filed by workers in Minnesota alleging that:
This is not an isolated case. In the last ten years, Diversified has settled atleast nine private lawsuits as well as six investigations by the U.S. Department
of Labor (DOL), all alleging violations of minimum wage and overtime laws.
One of the DOL investigations in Minnesota found that not only did Diversi-
fied require employees to work seven days a week without any overtime pay,
but Diversified also held new employees’ pay as a “deposit” that they would
receive when they left the company.46
Unfortunately, these problems pervade the retail janitorial industry. Other
cleaning companies with which Twin Cities Big Box stores contract have also
been the subjects of similar lawsuits and Department of Labor investigations
for not paying their workers the overtime wages they earned.
,
●Employees regularly worked 56-60 hours a week without full overtime pay.
● Employees were required to work seven days a week – six days undertheir own name and one day under a “ghost name”.
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,
.
BIG BOX RETAIL STORE’S USE OF CONTRACTED CLEANING COMPANIES
Prestige Maintenance, based in Plano, TX also cleans Target stores i
Minnesota. In 2009 the company settled a lawsuit brought by sixteen of it
workers who claimed the company owed them overtime pay. The workers wh
brought the lawsuit cleaned Target stores in Maryland overnight from 10:30 p.m
to 8:00 am every night.47
Prior to the lawsuit, Prestige Maintenance was investigated by th
Department of Labor at least three times, resulting in more than 400 violation
for
failing to pay overtime to workers in Minnesota, Florida, and New York. 48
The way in which Target drove the prices down so low in its janitorial con-
tracts came to light in another lawsuit brought by cleaning workers in Texas.
Target controlled the bidding process in a way that pitted its cleaning
contractors against one another, forcing them to underbid each other. Target
structured this bidding process to consist of three rounds with a rule that
each cleaning contractor could submit a lower bid – but not a higher bid – in
each successive round.49
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TAKE ACTION!
Raising wages for Big Box retail workers will benefit individual workers, theiramilies and community, and taxpayers. The more that Target and Wal m art pay
their workers, the less it will cost taxpayers to provide public assistance .
Unlike manufacturers that must compete with offshore producers that have
ower labor and production costs, Big Box retail stores compete with each other.
The low-wage structure of the industry is not due to the competitive global
market, but rather a mixture of market conditions and policy changes. 50
One of the main arguments against raising the minimum wage is that
consumers would suffer higher prices, but economic analysis has shown that even
f retailers passed the entire cost on to consumers instead of paying for it by cutting
CEO compensation or redirecting unproductive profits, raising the pay of retail
workers to $25,000 a year ($12/hour) would cost consumers just pennies more per
shopping trip. But productivity gains and new consumer spending associated with
he raise make it unlikely that stores would need to generate the entire cost If
etailers passed half the cost of a wage increase on to their customers, the average
household would pay just 15 cents more per shopping trip – or $17.73 per year.51
Pay in the Big Box industry could be increased through a variety of means.
1. Target, Walmart, and other Big Box stores should pay a living wage. The
Minneapolis and St. Paul City Councils have set $14.41/hr as their current
iving wage levels,52 almost double what some retail workers are currently paid.
2. The State of Minnesota should raise its minimum wage. Many retail
workers earn close to the minimum wage and would benefit from an increase inhe minimum wage. The Minnesota House last year passed HF 92 to raise the
minimum to $9.50/hr, indexed to inflation. However, differences with the Senate
egislation kept the bill stuck in conference committee at the end of session.
3. Target and Walmart should stop interfering with their employees’ rights tospeak out for better jobs. Big Box retail employers could listen to theiremployees’ calls for change, rather than retaliate against them for speaking out.
Last year, a federal judge set aside an unsuccessful unionization election at a
Target store in New York State and ordered a new vote, finding that Target
managers had intimidated workers and violated federal labor laws.53 Walmart
workers report regular aggressive acts of intimidation and retaliation by the
company against workers who try to exercise their rights to stand up and speak
out for fair treatment and respect at work.
4. Target and other Big Box stores should use responsible cleaning
contractors. Responsible contractors compensate workers at or aboveprevailing wages and benefits, seek to maximize continuity at workplaces,
prioritize worker safety, respect the right of their employees to bargain
collectively, and provide employees with a bona-fide grievance procedure.
,
,
,
.
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CITATIONS
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M DB (FL), J M (D) . B (DCA), H C (D
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2010, C M, C H I A, F 20132011 A A E H I, J D H BC E E, 4 202, D H A G M, , F, D. 6, 2012 H C M J, A D K J,A 2, 2004 , C F, J , J 22, 2013, , J 22, 2013
C E , M 2013
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D J: H 2012, L, C C M I
F, A
A F, A , 10/17/12, G M A, K M J, K M, M 8, 2008, C E , M 2013
L, A 2011D M H M M 2011, J 12, 2011 A . . D M , LLC , . 0:1103106L D C, D M D L, C ID: 1479614, M, M D , L 200725003336 .. D C D M G $3.8 , C , 12/9/09 .. D L H D C ID 1183955, 1351131, 1147129
J I I, . . C, . , C A . A06CA0568, D C, D , A D A, ,, 2013. A, ,, 2013 C M L / B A E , .
A C, C 98
G E , , G, M 21, 2012.
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