![Page 1: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
3.2 Macromolecules Notes
IB Biology HL 1Mrs. PetersFall 2013
![Page 2: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Macromolecules
• Polymer: a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds Ex: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
![Page 3: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Polymers
• Polymers are made up of monomers Monomers are small repeating units; the
building blocks of polymers. Ex: Glucose is a monomer, starch is a polymer:
many glucose bonded together make starch.
GlucoseStarch
![Page 4: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
3.2.5 Condensation Reaction
• Condensation Reaction- building polymers Two molecules are joined to form a larger molecule, held
by covalent bonds; requires an enzyme and produces one water molecule.
Each monomer contributes to water that is made, one provides the -OH, one the -H.
Also known as dehydration reaction
![Page 5: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
3.2.5 Condensation Reaction
Condensation Example:
Glucose + Galactose Lactose + water(monomer) + (monomer) (polymer) + water
** Lactose is really called a dimer (only two monomers are bonded together) Di- means 2
** Polymer is for many monomers bonded together; Poly- means many
![Page 6: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3.2.5 Hydrolysis
• Hydrolysis- How to break polymers into monomersbonds between monomers of a polymer are broken by the addition of water molecules; requires enzymes a H from water attaches to one monomer OH from water attaches to the other monomer
![Page 7: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
3.2.5 Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis Example:
Lactose + water Glucose + Galactose
(polymer) + water (monomer) + (monomer)
![Page 8: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Classes of Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Proteins• Nucleic Acids
![Page 9: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
3.2.3 Monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides: simplest carbohydrates simple sugars General formula (CH2O)n
Major nutrients for cells Serves as raw material for
synthesis of other molecules
Used to make disaccharides and polysaccharides
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose C6H12O6
![Page 10: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
3.2.3-4 Monosaccharides
• **Glucose: energy source carried by the blood to cells
• **Fructose: used to make fruit sweet tasting and attractive to animals
• Galactose: used to make milk
![Page 11: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
3.2.2 Glucose Structure
Draw a glucose molecule!
(You must be able to ID this molecule from others!)
![Page 12: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
3.2.3 Disaccharides
• Disaccharides: two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (covalent bond between monosaccharides using condensation) Ex: sucrose;
maltose; lactose
![Page 13: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
3.2.3-4 Disaccharides
• **Sucrose: glucose + fructose; carried by phloem to transport energy to cells in plants
• Maltose: 2 glucose; used in creating starch
• **Lactose: glucose + galactose; the sugar in milk; source of energy
![Page 14: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
3.2.3 Polysacchrides
• Polysaccharides: storage and structural macromolecules made from a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides Ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose
![Page 15: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3.2.3-4 Polysaccharides
Storage Polysaccharides Starch: found in
plants, polymer made of glucose molecules, used for energy
**Glycogen: found in animals, a highly branched polymer of glucose (short term energy storage in liver and muscle cells)
![Page 16: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
3.2.3-4 Polysaccharides
Structural Polysaccharides **Cellulose: used to
make strong fibers; major components on plant cell walls
Bioweb.wku.edu
![Page 17: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Time to Build!!
• Practice condensation and hydrolysis reactions by building different types of carbohydrates.
![Page 18: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
3.2.6 Lipids
• Long term energy storage molecules in plants and animals
• Solids are known as fats; liquids are known as oils Animals: store fat Plants: store oils
![Page 19: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
3.2.6 Lipids
• Functions Long term energy storage Insulation Buoyancy Prevent water loss in plants
![Page 20: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Types of Lipids
Fatty Acid: a long hydrocarbon “tail” with a carboxyl group at the head end Saturated: have no
double bonds in the carbon chains
Unsaturated: have double bonds in carbon chains
![Page 21: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
3.2.2 Fatty Acid Structue
Fatty Acid: Draw a fatty acid
You must be able to ID it from others!
![Page 22: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Types of Lipids
• Fat: Composed of a fatty acid attached to glycerol
• Triglyceride: Consists of three fatty acids linked to glycerol by condensation reactions
Draw the general lipid Structure:
• Glycerol attached to one or more fatty acids
![Page 23: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
General Lipid Structure
Draw the general lipid structure:• Glycerol attached to one or more fatty acids
![Page 24: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Types of Lipids
Phospholipids: major components of cell membranes Hydrophilic head Two fatty acid
tails (hydrophobic)
Draw and label a phospholipid
![Page 25: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
3.2.7 Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
Carbohydrates• Easily digested,
energy is released more rapidly
• Soluble in water, easy to transport
• Short term energy storage
• Stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants
Lipids• Twice as much energy
per gram than carbs, but harder to break down (slow process)
• Non-polar, insoluble• Long term energy
storage• Lipid storage is lighter
for same amount of carbs
• Used for insulation and buoyancy in animals
![Page 26: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Time to build!!
• Practice condensation and hydrolysis reactions by building different types of lipids.
![Page 27: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Proteins
• Functions: Structural support Storage (not of energy) Digestion Transport Signaling Movement Defense Hormones Enzymes
• Function depends on structure and interactions of amino acids of polymer
![Page 28: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Proteins
• Made up of amino acids• Amino acid chains form
polypeptides, based on a specific sequence and vary in length from a few to thousands
• Proteins consist of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific formations
![Page 29: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Amino Acids
• Amino Acid Structure:• An amino group
bonded to a central carbon bonded to a carboxyl group, an “R” group (some other functional group) bonded to the central carbon
![Page 30: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3.2.2 Amino Acid Structure
• Amino Acid: Draw an amino acid
• You must be able to ID it from others.
![Page 31: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Amino Acids
• Types of Amino Acids 20 different (don’t
memorize) Grouped by the
properties of side chain Non-polar side chains =
hydrophobic Polar side chains =
hydrophillic
![Page 32: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
7.5.1 Protein Structure
• Four levels of Structure Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
![Page 33: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
7.5.1 Protein Structure
• Primary Structure: polypeptide chain Unique sequence of amino acids
held together by a peptide bond Created by condensation
reactions (amino acids are monomers)
Chain can be 100’s of amino acids long
Primary structure determines the next three levels, a slight change in one amino acid can affect the protein’s form and function
![Page 34: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
7.5.1 Protein Structure
• Secondary Structure: Coiling and folding of the polypeptide Created by H bonds
between the oxygen in one carboxyl group and the hydrogen of an amino group
![Page 35: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
7.5.1 Protein Structure
• Secondary Structure Types of structures
Alpha Helix: delicate coil held by H bonds between every fourth amino acid
Beta Pleated Sheet: two or more regions of polypeptide chains lie parallel to each other with H bonds holding structure together
![Page 36: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
7.5.1 Protein Structure
• Tertiary Structure: polypeptide bends and folds over itself. Irregular
contortions resulting in interactions between R groups of amino acids
Forms a definite 3D structure important in determining the specificity of the protein
![Page 37: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
7.5.1 Protein Structure
Tertiary Structure Types of bonds:
Disulfide bridges: strong covalent bond between sulfur atoms
H bonds between Polar side chains
Van der Waals: strong interactions between Hydrophobic side chains
Ionic bonds between + and – charged side chains
![Page 38: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
7.5.1 Protein Structure
• Quaternary Structure Overall protein structure Involves multiple
polypeptide chains combined to form a single protein structure
All types of bonds in other levels involved in this level also
![Page 39: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
7.5.2 Types of Proteins
• Two types of proteins Fibrous Globular
![Page 40: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
7.5.2 Types of Proteins
Fibrous: composed of many polypeptide chains in long narrow shape, usually insoluble in water
Ex:• Collagen: connective
tissue of humans• Actin: component of
human muscle, involved in contractions
![Page 41: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
7.5.2 Types of Proteins
Globular: 3D in shape, mostly water soluble
Ex: Hemoglobin:
delivers oxygen to body tissue
Insulin: involved in regulating blood glucose levels
![Page 42: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
7.5.4 Examples of Proteins
Protein Function
Hemoglobin (haemoglobin)Contains iron, transports oxygen in the body (transport)
Actin and MyosinInteract in muscle contractions of animals (movement)
InsulinHormone that aids in the maintenance of blood glucose levels in vertebrates
Immunoglobulins Act as antibodies to fight bacteria and viruses (defense)
Amylase Digestive enzyme that breaks up starch (digestion)
Pepsin Digestive enzyme that breaks down protein in stomach (digestion)
Collagen Strengthens bone, component of tendons, ligaments and skin (structural)
![Page 43: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Proteins
• Denaturation (break down) of proteins is caused by: Change in pH Salt concentration Temperature Other environmental aspects
![Page 44: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Time to Build!!
• Practice condensation and hydrolysis reactions by building proteins.
• Create models of the four protein structures.
![Page 45: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Nucleic Acids
• Types: DNA and RNA• Made of repeating units
of nucleotides• Nucleotides created by a
sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base.
• DNA contains deoxyribose sugar
• RNA contains ribose sugar
![Page 46: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
3.2.2 Ribose Structure
• Draw a Ribose molecule
• You have to be able to ID it from others.
![Page 47: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
3.2.2 Identify the following
• Glucose• Ribose• Fatty Acid• Amino acid
![Page 48: 3.2 Macromolecules Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2013](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6f5503460f94a50ac1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
3.2.5 Role of Condensation and Hydrolysis
• Describe how condensation