Download - 7.2 the Respiratory Structre
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7.2The respiratory structures and
breathing mechanisms in humans and animals
Prepared byAzneezal Ar-Rashid
6 October 2009
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Curious to know about..
• Protozoa
• Insects
• Fish
• Amphibian
• Human?
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Respiratory structure of organisms
Organism Respiratory structure
Human Lungs
Protozoa Plasma membrane
Fish Gills
Insect Tracheal system
Amphibian Lungs
Skin
Mouth
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Protozoa, eg : Amoeba sp., Paramecium sp.
• Unicellular– Does not need any special respiratory structure
• Plasma membrane– Serves as its respiratory surface
• Very small in size– Has a relatively LTSA (large total surface area)
• Body surface is always moist– It lives in the pond and lake, to allow gases to dissolve easily
• Simple diffusion– Takes place quickly, across the thin plasma membrane
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Amoeba BreathingDid you know?
Because amoeba is so small,
the surface area of its cell membrane is very large compared with the
small volume of its cytoplasm.
The demands of the respiratory processes
in the cytoplasm can
therefore be met by simple diffusion of
carbon dioxide between the cytoplasm and the surrounding water. Oxygen diffuses in
and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
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carbon dioxide
oxygenmaximum distance for diffusion is about 0.1mm
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Paramecium sp.
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How about insects?Insect Internal Structures
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Insects eg : bee, grasshopper
• Special respiratory structure• Tracheal system
– Network of air tubes called trachea• Trachea
– Wall of each trachea is lined with ring of chitins, to prevent it from collapsing
– Open to the outside through 10 pairs of tiny holes called spiracles• Spiracles
– Present along the sides of the thorax and abdomen • Valves
– Each spiracle has valves, which open or close to allow the air moving in or out of the body
• Tracheoles– Each trachea branches into many smaller tubes called tracheoles– Numerous tracheoles provide big surface area– Go deep into the muscle tissues
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Insects
• The breathing system in insects consists of a series of tubes called tracheae.
• The tracheae connect to the atmosphere by openings called spiracles. Air diffuses through the spiracles and tracheae to all parts of the body supplying the organs directly with air.
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Insects
• The tracheae branch repeatedly until they end as very fine, thin-walled tubules through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse freely into and out of the tissues
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Breathing mechanisms of insects
• Rhythmic – Rhythmic contractions & expansion of the
abdominal muscles cause the air to move into and out of the trachea, through the spiracles
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• During inhalation– Abdominal muscles relax– Valves of the spiracles are open– Air pressure decreases
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• During exhalation– Abdominal muscles contract– Air pressure increases, in the trachea– Forces the air out, through spiracles
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trachea
spiracles
Diagram of insect tracheal system
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Cockroach
spiracles
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Tracheal supply to muscle tissue
tracheaspiracle
muscle
tracheolefluid
rings of chitin
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Caterpillar
spiracles
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Fisheg : tilapia (tropical fish)
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Fish gills Gill filament
Gill bar
There are usually 4 gills on each side
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Fish Gill Filaments
The thousands of fine branches on each filament expose a large surface area to the water. Blood circulates in the filament branches and is separated from the water by a thin
epithelium so that oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through easily
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Respiratory Flow in Fish
mouth gills
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Breathing current
• Water is taken in through the mouth, passes over the gills and is expelled via the operculum.
• Movements of the mouth floor and operculum create the current and the ‘valves’ (skin flaps) maintain a one-way flow
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How aboutamphibians?
Frog
The frog has a
moist skin
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Toad
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nostrilWater surface
Buccal cavity
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Frog
• Breathe through :– Skin– Mouth– Lungs
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• Amphibia are vertebrates, represented in the UK by frogs and toads.
• Amphibia can survive both on land and in water. • In water they obtain oxygen by absorbing it
through their skin. • On land they can breathe through their skin but
they also use their lungs. • Although, in the UK, amphibia can spend a great
deal of time on land, they have to return to water to reproduce
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Breathing mechanisms
• The frog draws air in through its nostrils and pumps it into the lungs by movements
of its mouth floor.
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Body temperature. Amphibia are often described as ‘cold-blooded’ but, in fact, their temperature varies with that of their surroundings.
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The adaptations of the skin for gaseous exchange in water and on land
• Thin– Their skin is thin– Very permeable
• Moist– It is kept moist with secretions from its mucus
glands
• Blood capillaries– Rich supply of blood capillaries
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The adaptations of the mouth for gaseous exchange in water and on land
• Large buccal cavity
• Blood capillaries
• Muscular floors – Act as a pump to suck in air and to pump out
the air alternately
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• Two lungs• Elastic, connected to the mouth by an opening
called glottis• Folded
– The inner wall of the lungs are folded, to increase the surface area for gaseous exchange
• Moist– Wall of the lungs are moist, to enable fast diffusion
• Blood capillaries
The adaptations of the lungs for gaseous exchange in water and on land
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Breathing mechanisms of the frog
• Inhalation
• Exhalation
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Inhalation
• Mouth and glottis are close, nostrils are open, buccal cavity lowers
• Low pressure in the buccal cavity occurs, causes the air from the outside to flow in through the nostrils
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• The nostrils close, the glottis open and the buccal cavity rises
• The increased air pressure forces air from the cavity into the lungs through glottis
• Lungs become inflated, when air is pushed in from the buccal cavity
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Exhalation
• Lung muscles contract
• Air is pushed out through nostrils
• Abdominal muscles and the elasticity of the lungs help to exhale the air
• This method is called positive pressure
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Did you know?
• The lungs of frogs are less efficient as compared to the human
• They do not have ribcage
• No diaphragm, to help in the contraction of the lungs
• Only by pumping action– Of the muscula floor of buccal cavity to inhale
and exhale through the nostrils
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Credit & million of thanks to
http://www.biology-resources.com/
Thanks to Dr D G Mackean
Whizz Thru Biology – Oxford Fajar (2009)