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Acct 2210 Chp 3
The Double-Entry Accounting System (including Debit & Credit Notation)
McGraw-Hill/IrwinMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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LO 1
Describe business
events using debit/credit terminology.
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Debit/Credit Terminology
= +Debi
tCredi
t
Assets
Debit
Credit
Liabilities
Debit
Credit
Equity
Claims
+ + +- - -
In every transaction, the total dollar value of all debits equals the total dollar value of all credits.
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LO 2
Record transactions in T-accounts
and show their effect on
financial statements.
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Double-Entry Accounting
Let’s see how debits and
credits work by looking at
transactions for Collins
Brokerage Services.
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Collins Brokerage Services began the period with the following balances: $5,000 in cash, $4,000 in common stock, and $1,000 in retained earnings.
Assets = Liab. +Cash Comm. Stk. Ret. Earn.
5,000 = n/a + 4,000 + 1,000
Equity
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit CreditBal. 5,000 4,000 Bal. 1,000 Bal.
Ret. Earn.EquityAssets Liabilities
Cash Common Stock
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Event 1: Collins acquired $25,000 from the issue of common stock.
1. Increase assets (cash).
2. Increase equity (common stock).
Asset Source
Transaction
Assets = Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income 25,000 = n/a + 25,000 n/a - n/a = n/a 25,000 FA
Cash Flow
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit+ - - +25,000 25,000
Assets Liabilities EquityCash Common Stock
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Event 2: Collins purchased $850 of supplies on account.
1. Increase assets (supplies).
2. Increase liabilities (accounts payable).
Asset Source
Transaction
Assets = Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income 850 = 850 + n/a n/a - n/a = n/a n/a
Cash Flow
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit+ - - +
850 850
Assets Liabilities EquitySupplies Accounts Payable
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Event 3: Collins collected $1,800 as an advance to provide future services over a one-year period starting March 1.
1. Increase assets (cash).
2. Increase liabilities (unearned revenue).
Asset Source
Transaction
Assets = Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income 1,800 = 1,800 + n/a n/a - n/a = n/a 1,800 OA
Cash Flow
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit+ - - +1,800 1,800
Assets Liabilities EquityCash Unearned Revenue
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Event 4: Collins provided $15,760 of services on account.
1. Increase assets (accounts receivable).
2. Increase stockholders’ equity (consulting revenue).
Asset Source
Transaction
Assets = Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income 15,760 = n/a + 15,760 15,760 - n/a = 15,760 n/a
Cash Flow
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit+ - - + + -15,760 15,760
Assets Liabilities EquityAccounts Receivable Consulting Revenue
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Event 5: Collins purchased land for $26,000 cash.
1. Increase assets (land).
2. Decrease assets (cash).
Asset Exchange
Transaction
= Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income (26,000) + 26,000 = n/a + n/a n/a - n/a = n/a (26,000) IA
Cash Flow Assets
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit+ - + -
26,000 26,000
CashLiabilities Equity
LandAssets
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Event 6: Collins paid $1,200 cash for a one-year insurance policy with coverage starting August 1.
1. Increase assets (prepaid insurance).
2. Decrease assets (cash).
Asset Exchange
Transaction
= Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income (1,200) + 1,200 = n/a + n/a n/a - n/a = n/a (1,200) OA
Cash Flow Assets
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit+ - + -
1,200 1,200
Liabilities EquityPrepaid Insurance
AssetsCash
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Event 7: Collins collected $13,400 from accounts receivable.
1. Increase assets (cash).
2. Decrease assets (accounts receivable).
Asset Exchange
Transaction
= Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income 13,400 + (13,400) = n/a + n/a n/a - n/a = n/a 13,400 OA
Cash Flow Assets
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit+ - + -13,400 13,400
CashLiabilities Equity
Accounts ReceivableAssets
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Event 8: Collins paid $9,500 for salaries expense.
1. Decrease assets (cash).
2. Decrease equity (salaries expense).
Asset Use Transaction
Assets = Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income (9,500) = n/a + (9,500) n/a - 9,500 = (9,500) (9,500) OA
Cash Flow
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit+ - + -
9,500 9,500
Assets Liabilities EquityCash Salaries Expense
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Event 9: Collins paid an $800 cash dividend.
1. Decrease assets (cash).
2. Decrease equity (dividends).
Asset Use Transaction
Assets = Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income (800) = n/a + (800) n/a - n/a = n/a (800) FA
Cash Flow
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit+ - + -
800 800
Assets Liabilities EquityCash Dividends
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Event 10: Collins paid $850 to settle accounts payable.
1. Decrease assets (cash).
2. Decrease liabilities (accounts payable).
Asset Use Transaction
Assets = Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income (850) = (850) + n/a n/a - n/a = n/a (850) OA
Cash Flow
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit+ - - +
850 850
EquityCash Accounts Payable
Assets Liabilities
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Event 11: Collins recognized $1,900 of other operating expenses on account.
1. Increase liabilities (accounts payable).
2. Decrease equity (advertising expense).
Claims Exchange
Transaction
Assets = Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income n/a = 1,900 + (1,900) n/a - 1,900 = (1,900) n/a
Cash Flow
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit- + + -
1,900 1,900
Assets Liabilities EquityOther Oper. Exp.Accounts Payable
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Adjustment 1: Collins Consultants recognized $750 accrued interest revenue.
1. Increase assets (interest receivable).
2. Increase equity (interest revenue).
Asset Source
Transaction
Assets = Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income 750 = n/a + 750 750 - n/a = 750 n/a
Cash Flow
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit
+ - - +
750 750
Assets Liabilities Equity
Interest Receivable Interest Revenue
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Adjustment 2: As of December 31, 2013, Collins had earned $1,500 of the $1,800 of revenue that it deferred in Event 3.
1. Decrease liabilities (unearned revenue).
2. Increase equity (consulting revenue).
Claims Exchange
Transaction
Assets = Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income n/a = (1,500) + 1,500 1,500 - n/a = 1,500 n/a
Cash Flow
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit- + - +1,500 1,500
Assets Liabilities EquityConsulting RevenueUnearned Revenue
$ 1,800 12 months =150$ 10 months =
$150 per month $1,500 revenue
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Adjustment 3: As of December 31, 2013, Collins had $800 of accrued salaries expense that will be paid in 2014.
1. Increase liabilities (salaries payable).
2. Decrease equity (salaries expense).
Claims Exchange
Transaction
Assets = Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income n/a = 800 + (800) n/a - 800 = (800) n/a
Cash Flow
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit
- + + -
800 800
Assets Liabilities Equity
Salaries ExpenseSalaries Payable
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Adjustment 4: As of December 31, 2013, Collins had used $500 of the $1,200 of insurance coverage that it had paid for in Event 6.
1. Decrease assets (prepaid insurance).
2. Decrease equity (insurance expense).
Asset Use Transaction
Assets = Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income (500) = n/a + (500) n/a - 500 = (500) n/a
Cash Flow
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit+ - + -
500 500
Assets Liabilities EquityPrepaid Insurance Insurance Expense
$ 1,200 12 months =100$ 5 months =
$100 per month $500 insurance expense
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Adjustment 5: As of December 31, 2013, a physical count of supplies on hand revealed that $125 worth of supplies were available for future use.
1. Decrease assets (supplies).
2. Decrease equity (supplies expense).
Asset Use Transaction
Assets = Liab. + Equity Revenue - Expenses = Net
Income (725) = n/a + (725) n/a - 725 = (725) n/a
Cash Flow
= +
Debit Credit Debit Credit+ - + -
725 725
Assets Liabilities EquitySupplies Supplies Expense
Beginning Balance
+ Purchases =Asset
Available for Use
-Ending
Balance=
Asset Used
-$ + 850$ = 850$ - 125$ = 725$
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LO 3
Record transactions
using the general journal
format and show their effect on the financial statements.
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The General Journal
Accountants initially record
data from source documents into a
journal.
Special Journals
General Journals
Date Account Title Debit CreditAug. 1 Cash 1,000
Service Revenue 1,000
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LO 4
Prepare a trial balance and
explain how it is used to prepare financial
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LO 5
Use a return on assets ratio, debt
to assets ratio, and a return on equity ratio to analyze
financial statements.
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Return on Assets Ratio
Net IncomeTotal Assets
Evaluating performance requires considering the size of the investment
base used to produce the income.
This ratio measures the relationship between the level of income and the size of the investment. A larger ratio means the company did a better job
of managing its assets.
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Debt to Assets Ratio
Total DebtTotal Assets
Borrowing money is risky business. This ratio helps evaluate the level of
debt risk.
A smaller ratio indicates that there is less debt risk for the company.
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Return on Equity Ratio
Net IncomeStockholders’
Equity
Owners are interested in this ratio to determine their return on their
investment in the company.
A larger ratio indicates that the owners have a higher return on their
investment.
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Stockholders like a lot of debt if the company can
take advantage of positive financial
leverage.
Creditors prefer less debt and more equity
because equity represents a buffer of
protection.
Stockholders vs. Creditors
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End of Chapter Three
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