Download - Adulteration
![Page 1: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
To make impure by adding extraneous, improper, or inferior ingredients
ADULTERATION
![Page 2: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ADULTERATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
• It is the practice of substituting original crude drug either partially or wholly with other similar looking substances, which are either free from or inferior in chemical & therapeutic properties. It is the debasement of an article.
• In general it occurs when the drug is either scarce or expensive though not scarce.
• Adulteration is done deliberately or it may occur accidentally or due to ignorance.
• An adulterant must be cheaper and abundant
![Page 3: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Classification (Types)• Adulteration by substitution
– Admixture (Mixing similar looking things with original); Ignorance/accidental/deliberate
– Sophistication (intentional or deliberate adulteration);
– Inferiority (Substitution of substandard) Deliberate;
• Adulteration by Ignorance / Carelessness– Deterioration (the impairment in the quality)
– Spoilage (Microbial deterioration)
• Methods:
![Page 4: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Adulteration by substitution (Methods)
1. Manufactured substances– Materials are artificially manufactured & mixed with
original drugs. It is priced for much costlier drugs.
• Examples:– Paraffin wax is made yellow colored & substituted
for bees wax.– Artificial invert sugar for honey.– Nutmegs WITH cut pieces of bass wood.– Artificial ergot is made from dough in a mould of
correct size & shape & colored.
![Page 5: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
2. Inferior commercial varieties – The adulterants use here may resemble original
crude drug by morphological, chemical, or therapeutic characters, but are substandard in nature this is the most common practice of adulteration.
• Examples– Capsicum annum & Japanese chilies for fruits of
Capsicum minimum– Arabian senna & Obavate senna for Indian senna.– Cochin, African & Japanese ginger to adulterate
medicinal ginger
![Page 6: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3. Substitution with exhausted drugs: – The same drug is admixed but devoid of medicinally
active constituents as they are already extracted out. – It is more common in case of volatile oil containing drugs
like fennel. coriander, clove, cardamom, & caraway etc. the dried exhausted drug material closely resembles the genuine drug. Artificial colors and fragrances are used
• Examples– Exhausted ginger & exhausted clove are adulterated with
genuine drugs.– Sometimes the coloring matters are removed & the
residue is re colored by artificial dyes like saffron & rose petals.
– Cinnamic acid is removed from Balsam of Peru.
![Page 7: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
4. Substitution with superficially similar but cheaper drugs– Morphologicaly similar but, usually no relation in
botanical, chemical or therapeutic values to the original normal drug
• Examples;– Indian Dill with European Dill or Caraway.– Clove stalk & mother cloves are often mixed with cloves.– Roots of Hybanthus for Ipecacuanha– Peach kernel oil for olive oil.– Sterculia gum for Tragacanth.– Japanese wax for Beeswax.– Dandelion leaves for Henbane.– Leaves of Xanthium for Stromonium.– Saffron is admixed with dried flowers of Carthamus
tinctorius.– Papaya seeds with pepper.
![Page 8: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
5. Substitution with Harmful adulterants and (or) worthless heavy material – Several times the wastes from market are
collected & mixed with authentic drugs. This is particularly true in liquids or unorganized drugs
• Examples:– Pieces of amber colored glasses in colophony.– Lime stones in asafoetida.– Lead shots in pieces of opium.– Manganese & its dioxides to black-grain
cochineal.– Barium sulfate to silver grain cochineal.– Rodent fecal matter to cardamom seeds
![Page 9: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
6. Substitution with synthetic principles– Sometimes, synthetic chemicals are admixed to
enhance the natural characters of the genuine drugs
• Examples– Addition of citral to lemon oil & orange oil.– Benzyl benzoate to balsam of Peru.– Methyl salicilate to oil of wintergreen– Synthetic colours in spices like Turmeric and
chilly powder
![Page 10: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
7. Substitution with vegetative matter from the same plant or sometimes the other miniature (adventitious)
– Plants growing along with the medicinal plants are mixed with drugs due to their resemblance in colour & odour with genuine drugs.
• Example– The lower plants (Epiphytes) like lichens,
mosses, liver warts, growing on the banks are mixed with Cascara & Cinchona bark.
– Excess amounts of other parts of same plants like Stalks in senna leaves, stalks in clove etc.
![Page 11: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Adulteration of powders
• Besides entire drug the powdered forms are frequently adulterated with powdered drugs.
• Examples:– Powdered olive stones are added to drugs like
powdered gentian, licorice & pepper.– powered guaiacum wood to nuxvomica.– Exhausted ginger powder with colocynth &
ginger.– Dextrin to ipecac powder.– Red sander’s wood to chillies.– Brick powder with barks drug powders.
![Page 12: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
GOOD PRACTICES TO AVOID IGNORANT & ACCIDENTAL
ADULTERATION
![Page 14: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Collection of crude drugs
• Leaves: just before flowering stage (Maturity) Ex. Senna, Digitalis, Belladona and Vinca.
• Leaf of aloe are collected when they are sufficiently thick• Flowers before pollination or full expansion Ex. Saffron,
Clove buds, Chammomile.• Roots : collected in autumn before vegetative process stops • Rhizomes collected when they store ample of reserve food
material and maximum chemical constituents. Ex. Valarian.• Barks: collected in spring or early summer when the
cambium is active; ex. Cinnamon.• Fruits: Collected depending upon the part of the fruits which
are Pharmacuetically important. They are collected either ripe, half ripe or fully grown.
![Page 15: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Drying • Before marketing the crude drug, it necessary to process it
properly, so as to prevent it for a longer time & also to acquire better pharmaceutical elegance– Inhibition of microbial growth .– Inhibition of enzymatic activity. eg: vanilla, pods, cocoa seeds, gentian
roots.– facilitate pulverizing or grinding.
• Some special methods are required to be followed to attain specific standards – fermentation of cinnamon bark, tea leaves & gentian.
• Slicing is required to make it into smaller pieces to enhance drying-glycyrrhiza.
• Drugs containing volatile oils are liable to loose their aroma if not dried CAREFULY
![Page 16: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Depending on the type of chemical constituents, a method of drying should be suitably selected
• Natural drying; sun drying or shade drying.
• Artificial drying; tray drying, vacuum drying & spray drying
![Page 17: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Garbling or dressing
• After drying process the drug is dressed to remove sand, dirt, foreign organic matter that is not a constitute of the drug to meet the official standard
• Excessive stems in case of lobelia, stromonium.• Stalks in cloves.• Roots, rootlets & stem bases in rhizomes.• Pieces of iron (with the magnet) in castor seeds.• Sifting is done in case of vinca & senna leaves• Pieces of bark in gum acacia.
![Page 18: Adulteration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081413/54726fd7b4af9ff7248b46f1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Preservation of crude drugs
• Low moisture
• Light & temperature
• Fumigation
• Ionizing radiation
• Cold storage