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VAN ITALIAN GRAMMAR
WITH EXERCISES
BY
MARY VANCE YOUNG"i
Professor of Romance Languages, Mount Holyoke College
UNIVERSITY
NEW YORK
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
1904
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Copyright, 1904,
BY
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
ROBERT DRUMMOND, PRINTER, NEW YORK
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PREFACE.
This book is intended for class use and reference.
Practical utility has been considered more than harmony
of. design. This will explain what might be taken for a
lack of plan. For instance, the general rules for the
inflection of adjectives being given in the first chapter,
the chapter on adjectives is placed after those on verbs
and pronouns. In order that regular verbal inflection
may be thoroughly learned before irregular forms are
taken up the chapter on irregular verbs is rather widely
separated from that on the regular, and for the same
reason the regular conjugations are given before the
auxiliaries (the present tenses of the principal auxiliaries
being familiar to the pupil from the first lesson) ; the
chapter on the modification of nouns by means of pre-fixes
and suffixes does not follow that on nouns, and
numerals are treated of quite at the end of the book.
Numerals belong rather to the dictionary than to the
grammar and may conveniently be learned in connection
with reading or oral exercises. This chapter, as well
as that on prepositions, is intended largely for reference.
Although every part of the book has been independently
worked out, it in no way claims to be a work of investiga-tion.
Among grammars consulted in its preparation
should be mentioned Moise's Regole ed Osservazioni della
Lingua Italiana, from which material for the lists of
iii
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iv PREFACE.
prepositions,etc., has been drawn, and Mariotti's Gram-mar;
and for certain parts Meyer-Liibke's,Grandgent's,
Sauer's, and Benelli-Marucelli's have also given hints.
The dictionaries of Rigutini-Fanfani and of Edgren,
Josselyn'sEtude sur la phouetiqueitalienne , and the section
on the Italian language in Grober's Grundriss der Romani-
schen Philologiehave been helpful.
The author returns thanks to Mr. T. Comba, who furnished
the material for several exercises and read most of the
book in manuscript; to Mr. Freeman Josselyn,Jr.,who
read the chapter on phonetics and made valuable sug-gestions;
to Mr. Grandgent and Messrs. D. C. Heath " Co.,
by whose permission a device for representingto the eyethe irregularitiesof certain verbs, similar to that em-ployed
in Mr. Grandgent's Grammar was adopted; to
Mr. Ramsey, by whose permission the paragraphs on
the correspondences between Italian and English words
have been borrowed from his Spanish Grammar; and to
Messrs. Fraser and Squair, whose French Grammar fur-nished
the model for No. 190 seq. in the chapter on prepo-sitions.
The material for the exercises has been gathered from
various sources. In that taken from an Italian school
history no responsibility for facts is assumed. Only
a few oral exercises are furnished, since the teacher will
usually prefer to make his own from the vocabulary in
the exercises.
The author hopes that this Grammar may be useful to
her Romanic fellow workers, and that they in return will
kindly point out its defects.
Mary Vance Young.
Mount Holyoke College, September, 1903.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Pronunciation, Orthography, and Graphic Signs i
CHAPTERS
I. First Principles. Articles and Nouns 27
II. Articles with Prepositions. Syntax of the Ar-ticle
29
III. Nouns, their Gender and Number 37
IV. Regular Verbs 48
V. Auxiliary Verbs 56
VI. Personal Pronouns. Disjunctive Personal Pro-nouns
65
VII. Conjunctive Personal Pronouns. Reflexive Verbs 72
VIII. Adjectives and Participles 82
IX. Possessives 98
X. Demonstratives. Relatives. Interrogatives. In-definites
102
XT. Prefixes and Suffixes 111
XII. Irregular Verbs. Impersonal Verbs. Defective
Verbs 116
XIII. Prepositions. Dependent Infinites123
XIV. Conjunctions. Moods and Tenses 142
XV. Adverbs. Numerals and Numerical Values. In-terjections
156
Irregular Verbs by Conjugations 171
Alphabetical Table of Irregular Verbs 198
Exercises 207
Italian-English Vocabulary244
English-Italian Vocabulary 258
Index 269
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UNIVE. ,
ITALIAN GRAMMAR.
PRONUNCIATION ORTHOGRAPHY, AND GRAPHIC
SIGNS.
i. The followingtables contain all the sounds ordi-narily
used in spoken Italian, classified according to
the localityand to the manner of their production.
(a) Vowels are distinguishedwith reference to their
localityonly, as frontand back vowels. (/?)Consonants
are classified (a) according to locality,as: (i) bi-
labials,formed by the upper and lower lips;(2)labio-dentals,
formed by the lower lipand the upper teeth;
(3) linguo-dentals, by the tongue and upper teeth;
(4) front-palatals,by the tip of the tongue against
the front part of the hard palate; (5) back-palatals,
by the ridge of the tongue against the back part of
the hard palate; (6) gutturals, by the ridge of the
tongue against the soft palate; (b) according to
manner of production, as: (1) stops, to form which
the breath is stoppedby the actual touching or closing
of the organs, as in p\ (2) continuants, in which the
breath is only squeezed,not stopped, as in /; (3)
liquids,which differ from other continuants in that
they partake more of the character of vowels, as /.
These classes of consonants must also be subdivided
into voiceless,in the production of which the vocal
cords do not vibrate, and voiced, in which they do
vibrate. For instance, p is the voiceless bi-labial
stop, i.e.,in forming it the breath is stopped by the