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Ancient IndonesiaComprising ov er seventeen thousand islands,
Indonesia has been a strategic center of trade since
ancient times, and is home to the ancient cultures of
Bali, Java and Sumatra
NAMERICA
America
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Guatemala
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SAMERICA
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Peru
T H E H I S T O R Y O F T H E I N D O N ES I A N
A R C HI P E LA G O
Home Explore The Map of the Ancient World Ancient Indonesia
The earliest known book to map
world geography w as written by
the Greek astronomer Claudius
Ptolemy toward the end of the first
century AD. In the "Geographia,
Ptolemy wrote about an intriguing
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Denmark
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Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Scotland
Spain
Sweden
N E A R E A S T
Arabia
Armenia
Israel
Iraq
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A F RI CA
Egypt
Ethiopia
Nigeria
Head of Bodhisattva
Av alokite shv ara, Central
Java; Vo lcanic ston e, 9th
century
island located to the east of the
Indian subcontinent called
Labadius. The island "... is said to
be a most fruitful one, and to
produce much gold," wrote
Ptolemy. "It has a metropolis on
the north side toward the westcalled Argentea...." The name
Labadius probably was derived
from the Indian Sanskrit word
Yavadvipa, the name that the
natives of the Indian subcontinent
first used to refer to the island of
Java in religious texts that were
written in the third century BCE.
Archaeological digs in western
Java have produced Chinese
ceramics that date from the period of the Han dynasty that once ruled
China during the opening centuries of the Common Era. These
important discoveries demonstrate that western Java had indeed once
been a stop-over point along the m aritime trade route that connected
China with India and Persia. In addition, a Chinese text has been found
that describes a mission to China from an undisclosed port that was
ruled by King Devavarman. Some scholars believe that this port city
may have been located on the coast of western Java.
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South Africa
Tunisia
A SI A
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Thailand
Tibet
OCEANIA
Australia
New Zealand
Philippines
the Buddha Vairochana,
from Java 9th century
The Early Indonesian Archipelago
The earliest Indonesians in
the anthropological sense
probably arrived in the
islands of Southeast A sia
betwe en thre e and four
thousand years ago, at
whic h tim e they largely
superseded earlier
populations. The linguistic
and archaeological
evidence suggests thatthese natives may hav e
crossed over from the
Chinese mainland v ia
Taiwan and the
Philippines. I ndonesia's
history, has been
profoundly affected by the
sea. Major waves o f human
immigration to the islandsoccurred as long ago as
300 0 BCE, and continued
piecemeal for the best part
of 3000 y ears. It is not
known, though exactly
where the se p eo ple came
from southern China or
the Pacific islands. Certainly they brought with them the ir language,
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Austro nes ian, Howev er , be cause the y arr iv ed in small groups and
established independently settlements all around the coast, sometimes co-
existing with the distant desc endants of Java Man, this language rapidly
diver sified, so that now there are some thing like 200 different languages, all
derived from Austronesian, spoken within Indonesia.
At the same t ime that pe ople were immigrating to Ind one sia, ear lier
settlement were sailing to other parts of the wor ld in order to trade. The first
reco rds of this are probably in the works fo Pliny Elder, whose "Historia
Naturalis" seems to re fer to trade be tween peo ple from Indonesia and the
cultures of easter n Africa. It was about this time that Hinduism first came to
Indonesia, with the arrival of Indian traders. However, the real impact of
Hinduism was to come to I ndonesia much later, as a deliberate missionary
act by Brahmans, probably in the 5th century, by luck of coincidence some of
the basic ideas of Hindusim accorde d well with existing Indonesian mountain
worship, a nd a strange hy brid o f the two religio ns emer ged . Indo nesia's
major trading partner b y this time was southern China, thus Buddhist
influences also be gan to play a part.
Buddhist and Hindu Kingdoms reaches Sumatra
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The Buddha Srivijaya,
from an exce ptionally
naturalistic fragme nt of a
once com plete statue
e rs u s s arr ve
in Indonesia from around
100 to 200 AD from India.
One of the most famous
Buddhist kingdoms in
Indonesian history is
Sailendra (75 0-850 A D).
During this period, the
famous Buddhist temple at
Borobudur was built.
Records from these days
in Indonesia are scarce,
but we do kno w that
sophisticated cultures
already existed. The kings
and cities of Sumatra and
Java are mentioned in
reco rds from China,
because ambassado rs
wer e se nt ther e. A rab s and
Persians knew about the
area from traders, and
even the Greeks and
Romans had very distant
reports.Records from
inside Indonesia are very
few, though, since writing
was d one on p alm le av es
and other materials that did not survive well. Much of our knowledge comes
from stone buildings and inscriptions. By the time we start to get a c lear
history of Java and Sumatra, there are already great buildings in stone, fine
sculptures, classical music and dance, much as we know them today.
Under founding of
denmark the picture
of a statue is not gorm
the old, but holger
danske/ ogier the
dane.
Holger Danske is
normally regarded as a
Danish national
symbol. He is first
mentioned in
literature as one of the
French king
Charlemagnes
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The kris or keris is a
distinctive, asymmetrical
dagger indigenous to
In don esia, and are o ften
considered to have an
spiritual presenc e
Srivijaya empire
The Srivijaya empire was a maritime and comme rcial kingdom that flourished
betwe en the 7 th and the 1 3th century in the Mala y Arc hipelago. The
kingdom, which originated in Palembang on Sumatra, soon ext ended its
influence and c ontrolled the Strait of Malacca. The kingdom's power was
based o n its c ontro l of int ernationa l sea trade . I t es tab lished t rade relatio ns
not only with the st ates in the archipelago but also with China and India.
Until perhaps as late as the
7 th century the peoples of
Indonesia still retained
their multiplicity of
comparatively small
communities, trading and
sometimes fighting with
each other. By then,however, a major Buddhist
kingdom, Srivijay a, had
established itself with its
center probably just to the
west of modern
Palembang, in Sumatra. It
seems the rulers of
Srivijaya had considerable
wea lth as a re sult of bo th
an extensive trade
network and great
industry in the region. At
the end of the 7 th century Srivijaya moved to conquer all the smaller
communities along the northern coast of Sumatra and thereby snatched a
monopoly of the lucrative trade with China. The Maharajahs made various
treaties with the nativ es of smaller islands in the region so that merc hant
warriors in La
Chanson de Roland
from around 1060. In
this Chanson he is
called Oger le Danois,
his name being the
only link to Denmark.
In the later epos La
Chevalerie dOgier de
Danemarche (1200-
1215) he is portrayed
as the main character
and is described as a
son of the Danish king
Gudfred (d. 810), an
enemy of
Charlemagne.
His first appearance in
Nordic literature is in
the saga
Karlemagnssaga
from the latter part of
the 1200s, which in
the main consists of
passages translated
from French texts. His
name here is given as
Oddgeir danski. T his
saga was translated
into Danish during the
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The Hindu God Shiva, from
a Javanese temple
ships could pass unmolested. In this way, the kingdom surviv ed until the10th
century, it being convenient for the Chinese to deal with only one center.
However, the Chinese then began trading with local production centers
elsewhere in the region, and there was little Srivijaya could do to stop them.
The kingdom may have dragged on until sometime in the 14th ce ntury, but
by the n its p ower was a mere husk.
Srivijaya was also a religious cente r in the
region. It adhere d to Mahayana Buddhismand soon became the stopping point for
Chinese Buddhist pilgrims on their way to
India. The kings of Srivijay a eve n founded
monasteries at Negapatam in India.
Srivijaya co ntinued to grow; by the ye ar
100 0 it controlled most of Java but soon
lost it to Co?a, an Indian maritime and
comme rcial kingdom, which found
Srivijaya an obstacle on the sea routebetwe en South and East A sia. In 1 02 5 Co ?a
seized Palembang, captured the King, and
carried o ff his treasures and also attacked
other par ts of the kingdom. By the end of
the 12th century , Srivijaya had been
reduce d to a small kingdom and its
dominant role in Sumatra was taken by
Malayu (based in Jambi), a vassal of Java.
A Jav anese kingdo m, Majapahit , so on b egan to dominate t he I ndo nesian
political scene.
Central Javanese Kingdoms
Meanwhile, from about the 8th century, central Java had been ruled by the
Sailendra princes. Their small kingdom was argriculturally rich, and they
14 00s and thereafter
Holger Danske
became part of Danish
folklore with several
accounts in the Danish
Chronicle first
published around
1509.
The Danish national
writer Hans Christian
Andersen in 1845
wrote the fairytale
Holger Danske, where
he is described as
sitting fast asleep in
the casemates of the
Castle of Kronborg,
with his beard having
grown into the table in
front of him and his
sword in his lap,
prepared to wake up
to action in case of
Denmark being
threatened from
outside forces. T oday
his statue can be seen
in the casemates of
Kronborg as described
by Hans Christian
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A scene for th e Ram ayana,
a Hindu epic poem
wer e ab le to sp end lav ishly on the e rect ion of re ligio us monu ments. The v ast
sanctuary and burial edifice of Borobudur was built over some 50 years from
the end of the 8th century onwards. The Temple to Siva at Prambanan began
to be c onstructed at about the same time that Borobudur was completed,
although its builder were not the Sailendras. However , something seems to
have happened at about the start of the 1 0th century, for there was a sudden
cessation in the production of monuments, inscriptions and other artifacts
from central Java.
In 12 68, the Javanese s King Kertanagara came to the thro ne, and within a fewy ear s he ex tended his kingdom t o inc lude southern Sumatra's anc ient
kingdom of Malayu. He was over thrown and killed in 12 92, but not be fore he
stupidly se nt the env oy of Kublai Khan home with his nose c ut off and 'No'
tattoo on his forehead. By the time a punitive Mongol expedition arrived in
Java, the usurp er himself had been despatche d by Kertanagara's son-in-law
Kertarajasa, who used wile to repel the threat from overseas, then set up his
new capital at Majaphit. Kertarajasa and his successor s gradually established
.
During the German
occupation of
Denmark in 194 0-45
one of the principal
partisan organizations
was named after
Holger Danske.
in Ancient Denmark
A nice article full of
facts about the
Netherlands, but not
very usefull as a
realistic
representation of thehistory of this area.
Moreover, a
disproportionate
share of this article is
about the history of
the ancient Frisians
(who are different
from the modernFrisians) and the more
internationaly
political, military and
religious
developments and not
particulary about the
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One of the dem on guards at
dominance ov er most of today 's Indonesia as well as parts of Malaysia.
The Hindu Kingdom of Mataram
The dynasty 's replace ment, the Hindu kingdom of Mataram began the era of
Hindu kingdoms. The mightiest Hindu kingdom in Indone sia's ancient history
was the Majapahit Empire. Under the reign of King Hay am Wuru k (133 1-1364
AD), the emp ire enjo y ed t rib utary re lationships with territo ries as far away
as Viet nam, Cambodia, and the Philippines. Mataram was an Indianized
kingdom based in Central Java bet ween the 8th and 10 th centuries A D and
was e stablished by king Sanjay a, he was a lso known as t he fo unde r o f Sanjay a
dynasty. The Sanjaya dynasty reign the kingdom, but then in later period the
kingdom was ruled by Isyana Dynasty. Although initially eclipsed in power
by the riv al Sailendra Dyna sty , by 850 it had b ec ome the d ominant po wer in
Java and was a serious rival to the hegemonic Srivijaya Empire.
The early account of
Mataram kingdom is
mentioned in Canggal
inscription, dated 73 2,
discovered in Canggal
v illage, So uthwest fro m
the town of Magelang. This
inscription was written in
Pallava letters and in
Sanskrit, and tell abo ut the
erec tion of a lingga
(symbo l of Shiva) on the
hill in the Kunjarakunja
area. This area is located
at a noble island called
Y awad wipa (Jav a) which
blessed with abunda nce of
is just a part of the
Netherlands, just like
Friesland). There is so
much more to tell
about the ancient
history of the
Netherlands! I hopeyou will find this
feedback usefull, and
if you need/like to
have any help, you can
contact me.
p.s.: Pier Gerlofs
Donia is not a national
hero of the Dutch, but
a regional hero to
some Frisians. Hes
also not someone who
could count as an
ancient hero, as he
was born in 1480
in Ancient Netherlands
hello, id just like to
add the fact that these
polynesians belong to
the austronesian race.
They share similar
cultures and languages
(Mada ascar Cham
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the Plaosan Temple
Mataram
An 18 th c entury
lithograph showing Bugis
Warriors, from Mataram
rice and gold. This
inscription tells that
Y awad wipa was r eigned by
king Sanna, which his long per iod of reign was mar ked with wisdom and
v irtue. After king Sanna died the kingdom fell into disu nity . Confused because
lost of ruler and patron, Sanjaya ascend to thro ne, he was the son of Sannaha
(sister of Sanna). He was king that mastered holy scripture s, martial art, and
also military prowess. He conquered neighboring area around his kingdom,
his wise reign blessed his land with peace and prosperity for all his subjects.
King Sanna and Sanjaya also known in Carita Parahyangan, a book from later
period whic h mainly tell the histo ry of Pasundan (Sunda Kingdom). This book
mentioned that Sanna was defeated by Purbasora, king of Galuh, then he
retreate d to mount Merap i. Later Sanna's succe ssor Sanjaya rec laim Sanna's
kingdom and ruled West Jav a, East Java, and Bali. He also involv ed in battle
with Malay u and Keling (against the ir king Sang Sriv ijay a). I n main the me o f
Carita Parahyangan is co rrespo nds to Canggal inscription.
From the time of its founding until 928, the
kingdom was ruled by the Sanjaya Dynasty.
The first king of Mataram was Sanjaya, who
left inscriptions in stone. Although little is
known about the kingdom at this time due
to the do minance of the Sailendra. The
kingdom leaves several temples and
monuments. The monumental Hindu
temple of Prambanan in the vicinity ofY ogy akarta built dur ing Hindu Ma taram
era, is the fine example of ancient Mataram
art and architecture. The grand temple
complex was dedicated to Trimurti (Shiva,
Brahma, Vishnu), the three highest god in
Hindu pantheon. I t was the largest Hindu
temple ever built in Indonesia, the evidence of immense wealth and cultural
achievement of the kingdom.
from Vietnam,
Philippines, Malaysia,
Indonesia, etc)
i like most of the infos
though. Very
informative.
in Ancient New Zealand
nice article and posts!!
My only comment is,
why is the Philippines
in the Oceana
continent and not with
its southeast asian
neighbors?in Ancient Philippines
You used to have a
fantastic interactive
map of Mesoamerica.
Wheres it gone? The
site is not the same
without it.in Ancient Mexico
This is a fascinating
subject. Ive been
interested in Native
American civilization
for years. Ive read an
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At cer tain p oint of the time , the c entre of the kingdo m was shifted from
Central Java to East Java by Mpu Sindok, who established the Isy ana
Dynasty. The exact cause of move of location still uncertain. However
probably have been caused by an eruption of the volcano Gunung Merapi or
a power st ruggle. The later king Dharmawangsa ordered t he translation of the
Mahabharata into Old Javanese in 996 . The kingdom collapsed at the end of
Dharmawangsa's reign under military pressure from Srivijaya. A irlangga, a
son of Uday ana of Bali and a relativ e of Dharmawangsa re-established thekingdom (including Bali) under the name of Kahuripan. In 1 045 Airlangga
abdicated his throne to resume the life of an ascetic, and divided the kingdom
betwe en his two so ns, Jangala and Kediri and fro m this point on the kingdom
is known as Kediri.
The Arrival of Islam
In the 1 1th c entury, traders brought Islam to the islands of the archipelago.
Just as the Indonesian had earlier adapted Buddhism to their own needs and
beliefs, so the y acce pte d Is lam v ery muc h on the ir o wn te rms. Gujarati and
Persian merchants who embraced Islam started to visit Indonesia in the 13th
century. Along with trade, they introduced Islam to the Indonesian Hindus,
particularly in the coastal areas of Java. Islam then spread further east to the
Bone and Goa Sultanates in Sulawesi, Ternate and Tidore in the northern part
of Maluku, and the east part of Lombok. Besides those areas, Islam also
exp anded to into Banjarmasin, Palembang, Minangkabau, Pasai, and Perlak.
Altho ugh Mu slim t raders first tr av ele d thro ugh So uth East A sia e arly in the
Islamic era, the earliest evidence of Islamized populations in Indonesia dates
to the 13th century in northern Sumatra. Although it is known that the spread
of Islam began in the west of the archipelago, the fragmentary evidence does
not suggest a rolling wave of conversion through adjacent areas; rather, it
suggests the process was complicated and slow. The spread of Islam was
driven by increasing trade links outside of the archipelago; in general, traders
account of one tribe of
people who came to
America about 600 BC
from the Israel area
and set up a
civilization under the
Law of Moses. Its
called the Book ofMormon and gives
some background into
the formation of the
Native American
tribes, ancient military
history on the
continent, and some of
the ruins found inMesoAmeria. Its quite
interesting.
in Ancient America
What a shame! You
used to have a
fantastic interactive
map of Mesoamerica.Wheres it gone? The
site is not the same
without it.
Sadly,
R. Nathan (Teacher at
La una Blanca School
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and the royalty of major kingdoms were the first to adopt the new religion.
Other I ndonesian areas gradually adop ted Islam, making it the dominant
religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most
part, Islam ov erlaid and mixed with ex isting cultural and religious influences,
whic h shaped the predominant for m of Isla m in I ndo nesia, part icular ly in
Java. Only Bali retained a Hindu majority. In the e astern archipe lago, both
Christian and Islamic missionaries were activ e in the 16t h and 17 th centuries,
and, currently, there are large communities of both religions on theseislands.
History of Bali
Bali has been inhabited for a long time. Sembiran, a village in nort hern Bali,
was b elie ved t o ha ve been home t o the p eo ple of the I ce Age, prov en b y the
discovery of stone axes and adzes. Further discoveries o f more sophisticated
stone too ls, agricultural technique s and basic pott ery at Cekik in Bali's far
west, point to the people o f the Neo lith ic e ra. At Cekik, there is ev idence of a
settlement together with burial sites of around a hundred people thought to
be from the Neo lithic t hro ugh to the Bronze A ge. The m assive dr ums of the
Bronze Age, together with their stone moulds have bee n discovered
throughout the Indonesian archipelago, including the most famous and
largest drum in Southeast A sia, the Moon of Pejeng, nearly two mete rs wide,
now housed in a temp le in east Ubud. In East Java and Bali, there has also
been a c onc entrat ion o f car ved s tone sarc ophagi, which we c an se e in the Bali
Museum in Denpasar and Purbakala Museum in Pejeng.
in Santa Barbara, CA)
in Ancient Mexico
OUR SPONSORS
You r support keeps the
An cie nt We b runnin g!
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The Ulundanu Water
Temple in Bali
Bali was busy with trade from as early as 200 BC. The prasasti, or metal
inscriptions, Bali's earliest written rec ords from the ninth century AD, show a
significant Buddhist and Hindu influence; esp ecially in the statues, bronzes
and rock-cut cav es around Mount Kawi and Gajah Cave. Balinese soc iety was
pretty sophisticated by about 900 AD. Their marriage portrait of the Balinese
King Udayana to East Java's Princess Mahendratta is capture d in a stone
carv ing in the Pura Korah Tegipan in the Batur area. Their son, Erlangga, born
around 991 AD, later succeeded to the throne of the Javanese kingdom and
brought Jav a and Bal i to gether unti l his d eat h in 1 04 9.
In 12 84, Bali was conquere d by Kertanegara, the r uler of the Singasari; until
the turn of the c entury , saw Bali under its own rule under the hands o f King
Bedaulu of Pejeng, east of Ubud. 1 343 AD, is an important date in Bali's
history. It was then that the whole island was conquered by East Java under
the mighty Hindu Majapahit kingdom. This resulted in massive changes in
Balinese society, including the introduction of the caste system.
B li h did t b th h
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The Hindu and Balinese
Goddess of Rice, Dewi Sri
Balinese who did not embrac e the changes
fled to the isolated and remote
mountainous areas and hill areas. Their
descendants are known today as Bali Aga
or Bali Mula that means t he "original
Balinese". They still live separate ly in
v illages l ike Tengana n near Dasa Temple
and Trunyan on the sho res of Batur Lake,
and maintain their ancient laws and
traditional way s. When Majapahit in East
Java fell in 1515, the many small Islamic
kingdoms in the island merged into the
Islamic Mataram empire , Majapahit's most
dedicated Hindu priests, craftsmen,
soldiers, nobles and artists fled east t o Bali,
and flooded the island with Javanese
culture and Hindu practices. Considering
the huge influence and power of Islam at
the time, it is worth ponder ing why and
how Bali still remained strongly Hindu and
Buddhist.
Batu Renggong, also known as Dewa
Agung, means gr eat god , be came king in
155 0, and this title became hereditary
through the succeeding generations of the
kingdom of Gelgel, and later Klungkung,until the twentieth century. Bali reached
the pinnacle of its Golden Era under the
reign of the Batu Renggong, the great god
ruler. Bali's dec line started when Batu
Renggong's grandson, Di Made Bekung, lost
Blambangan, Lombok and Sumbawa. DI Made Bekung's c hief minister, Gusti
Agung Ma rut i, eventually rebelled and reigned from 1 65 0 till 1 686, when he
in turn was killed by DI Made Bekung's son Dewa Agung Jambe who the n
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in turn was killed by DI Made Bekung s son, Dewa Agung Jambe , who the n
mov ed the co urt to Klungkung, and named his new palace the Semarapura,
Abo de o f the Go d of Lo ve.
The Temples of Prambanan
Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple c ompound in Central Java in
Indonesia, located approximately 1 8 km east of Yo gyakarta. And it is
characterised by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple
architecture, and by the 47 m high central building inside a large complex of
individual temples. Prambanan was built around 850 CE by either Rakai
Pikatan, king of the sec ond Mataram dy nasty, or Balitung Maha Sambu,
during the Sanjaya Dynasty . Not long after its construction, the t emple was
abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began
in 1918.
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The Prambanan Temple
Complex, a m asterwork of
In don esian Arch itecture
The Prambanan temple complex consists of three zones. The outer zone is a
large space marked by a rectangular wall (destroy ed). The original function is
unknown; possibilities are that it was a sacred p ark, or prie sts' boarding
school (ashram). The supporting buildings for the temple complex were madefrom organic material; as a consequence no remains occur.
The middle zone co nsisted of four rows o f 224 individual small shrines and
these concentric rows of temples were made in identical design. These
shrines are c alled "Candi Perwara" or c omplementary temples, the additional
buildings of the m ain temp le. Some believed it was offer ed t o the king as a
sign of submission. The Perwara are arranged in four rows around the c entral
temples, some believed it has something to do with four castes, made
according to the rank of the people allowed to enter them; the row nearest to
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The Prambanan Temple
with it's central spires is
dedicated to Shiva
according to the rank of the people allowed to enter them; the row nearest to
the central compound was accessible to the priests only, the o ther three were
reserved for the nobles, the knights, and the simple people respectiv ely.
The central compound is the holiest among the three zones. Its the square
elevated platform surrounded by square stone wall with stone gates on each
four cardinal points. This holiest compound is assembled of eight main
shrines or candi. The three main shrines, called Trimurti ("three forms"), are
dedicated to the three gods: Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Keeper, andShiva the Destroye r. The other thr ee shrine in front of three main temples is
dedicated to vahana of each gods.
The Shiva shrine at the center contains five chambers, four small chamber in
every cardinal direction and one bigger main chamber in central part of the
temple. The east chamber connect to ce ntral chamber that houses a three
meter high statue of Shiva Mahadeva. The statue o f Shiva stands on Y oni
pedestal that bears the carving of Naga serpents on north side of pedestal.
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pedestal that bears the carving of Naga serpents on north side of pedestal.
The other thre e smaller chamber s contain statues of Hindu Gods related to
Shiva; his consort Durga, the rishi A gastya, and Ganesha, his son. Statue of
Agasty a oc cu py the south chamb er, the we st c hamber ho uses the st atue of
Ganesha, while the north c hamber co ntains the statue of Durga
Mahisasuramardini depicting Durga as the slayer of Bull demon. The shrine o f
Durga is also called the t emple of Lara Jonggrang (Javanese: slender virgin),
after a Javanese legend of princess Lara Jonggrang.
The two other main shrines are that of V ishnu on the north side of Shiva
shrine, and the one o f Brahma on the so uth. In front of each main temple is a
smaller temples on the east side, dedicated to the mounts (vahana)of the
respec tive go ds - the bull Nandi for Shiva, the gander A ngsa for Brahma, and
Vishnu's Eagle Garuda. Garud a ho lds im po rtant role for Ind one sia, whic h
serves as the national symbol of Indonesia till this day.
The bas-reliefs along the balustrades on the gallery ar ound Shiva and Brahma
temple depic t the Ramayana legend. They illustrate ho w Sita, the wife of
Rama, is abducted by Ravana. The monkey king Hanuman brings his army to
help Rama and rescue Sita. This story is also shown by the Ramayana Ballet,
regularly pe rformed at full moon at Trimurti open air theater in west side of
the illuminated Prambanan complex . On the balsutrades in V ishnu temple
there is series of bas-relief depict the story of lord Krishna.
The popular legend of Lara Jonggrang is what connec ts the site of the Ratu
Boko Palace, the o rigin of the Durga statue in northern ce ll/chamber o f the
main shrine, and the origin of the Sewu temple co mplex near by . The legend
tells of the story about Prince Bandung Bondowoso who fell in lov e withPrincess Lara Jonggrang, the daughter o f King Boko. But the pr incess rejec ted
his propo sal of marriage bec ause Bandung Bondowoso had killed King Boko
and ruled her kingdom. Bandung Bondowoso insisted on the union, and
finally Lara Jonggrang was force d to agree for a union in marriage, but she
posed one impo ssible condition: Bandung must build her a thousand temples
in only one night.
The Prince entered into meditation and co njured up a multitude of spirits
(demons) from the earth Helped by supernatural beings he succeeded in
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(demons) from the earth. Helped by supernatural beings, he succeeded in
building 999 te mples. When the princ e was about to co mplete the c ond itio n,
the princess woke her palace maids and ordered the women of the village to
begin pounding ric e and set a fire in the e ast of the te mple, atte mpt ing to
make the prince and the spirits believe that the sun was about to rise. As the
cocks began to crow, fooled by the light and the sounds of morning time, the
supernatural helpers fled back into the gro und. The prince was furious about
the trick and in revenge he cursed Lara Jonggrang to stone. She became the
last and the most beautiful of the thousand statues. Acc ording to the
traditions, the unfinished thousandth temple created by the demons become
the Sewu temple c ompounds nearb y (Sewu means "thousands" in Javanese),
and the Princess is the image o f Durga in the north c ell of the Shiva temp le at
Prambanan, which is still known as Lara Jonggrang or Slender Virgin.
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