Download - Animal-Like Protists
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Animal-Like ProtistsHeterotrophicClassified by means of locomotion: flagella, cilia,
pseudopods, or none (sessile)Many free living, some parasites of humans and
animalsParamecium (many species) is free living
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Animal-Like ProtistsPhylum Protozoa
Locomotion by pseudopodia cytoplasmic streaming/cyclosis amoeboid movement
Prey on bacteria, ingest food particles in water using pseudopodia vesicle, intracellular digestionSubphylum Sarcodina - amoebas: freshwater, marine
or soil; some have a test/shell around cell membraneSubphylum Mycetozoa – some have glassy shells
(radiolarians)
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Simple tests (or shells) are made by either secretion or by the agglutination of foreign material or a combination of both. Environmental changes can be determined by analyzing the
composition of tests, including fossil tests, which may indicate past climatic conditions.
Testate Amoebas
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Radiolarian (marine amoeba) shells
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Animal-Like ProtistsPhylum Ciliophora
Locomotion by ciliaAsexual reproduction – binary fissionMost elaborate organelles of any protist:
Macronucleus that controls cell functionsMicronucleus exchanged through conjugation (sexual
reproduction)pellicle (elastic layer of protein) surrouding cell membraneFood acquisition: oral groove mouth pore gullet food
vacuolesExcretion: anal pore contractile vacuole
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Animal-Like ProtistsPhylum Sarcomastigophora
One or more flagellaSubphylum Mastigophora – many free living, some parasites
genus Trypanosoma Infect blood in many vertebratesTransmitted by insect vectors
Ex.: African sleeping sickness, caused by two species of trypanosomes, transmitted by tse-tse fly fever, lethargy, eventual coma, death;Giardia – found in fresh water gastrointestinal disease
Tsetse fly (vector)
Trypanosomes in human blood
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Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis, an intestinal infectionFound in freshwater – streams & riversCysts carried in animal feces
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Animal-Like ProtistsPhylum Apicomplexa (former sporozoans)
no adaptations for locomotion all animal parasitesApical complex = organelles specialized for entry into host
cells/tissuesComplex life cyles with sexual and asexual stages, often more
than one hostPlasmodium – mosquito vector malariaToxoplasma gondii – affects developing fetuses, newbornsCryptosporidium – found in water, animal feces
gastrointestinal disease
Plasmodium faciparum
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Malaria350–500 million
cases / year, killing one to three million
people
Malaria life cycle on UTube
Anopheles mosquito vector
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Fungus-Like ProtistsSlime Molds & Water MoldsUni- or multi-cellular, all heterotrophicSaprophytic, some parasitic
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Fungus-Like ProtistsPhylum Myxomycota – Plasmodial Slime MoldsFeeding stage = Plasmodium, a
multinucleated (2n) mass of cytoplasmAmoeboid movement by
cytoplasmic streamingphagocytosis of decaying
matterReproductive state = Fruiting
bodies produce haploid spores by meiosisSpores produce haploid (n)
reproductive cells that fuse (2n)mitosis w/o cytokinesis
multinucleated plasmodium (unicellular)
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Physarum life cycle
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Fungus-Like ProtistsPhylum Dictyostelida – Cellular Slime Molds
Individual haploid cells live independentlyScarcity of food triggers release of chemical that
attract othersMany cells gather to form a multi-cellular
pseudoplasmodium – (each cell retains its membrane) develops fruiting bodies haploid spores new independent haploid cells
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How do cellular slime molds differ from plasmodial slime molds?
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Fungus-Like ProtistsPhylum Oomycota – Water MoldsAsexual reproduction -- flagellated zoospores
threadlike cellsSexual reproduction – egg and sperm produced
fertilization tubes zygote threadlike cells
Water mold on dead mayfly larva
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Fungus-Like ProtistsPhylum Chytridiomycota – Water MoldsMost unicellular, parasiticMake flagellated gametes
and zoosporesChitin in cell walls,
filamentous cells, enzymes and biochemistry similar to fungi some classify them in
kingdom Fungimay be a transitional
form between protists and fungi
Healthy Tasmanian frog
Infected frog
Chytrid (microscopic)