Animal Science
Introduction to Animal Science
What is Animal Science?
Care, management and production of domestic animals
Animals used for food, clothing & tools
What was the first domesticated animal?
Dog for tracking, then herding
Domestication
After animals become domesticated, they become dependent on man
Most can’t survive in wild
Most poultry can’t fly
Sheep don’t shed wool
Cows produce 20,000 lbs milk / year
Birds produce 250 eggs / yr. (20 in wild)
Animal Use as Food
Meat - (muscle tissue) Beef, Pork, Lamb, Goat, PoultryMost efficient way to get proteinOnly way to harvest some natural
resources like grass Milk - inexpensive source of protein
Cheese, ice cream, yogurt Eggs - pastries, mayonnaise, custards
Animal Use as By-Products
Bones - buttons, glue, mineral supplement for livestock feed (Calcium)
Fat - chemicals, salves, creams, dressings, lubricants, soaps, food
Glands - medicines, food additives
Collagen - (connective tissue in joints) glue & gelatin
Intestinal & Stomach tissue - lunch meats, surgical sutures, strings for musical & sports instruments (contents = fertilizer)
Cultivate land
Transportation
Animals Use as Work
Control other animals
Assist physically & mentally handicapped
Rehabilitation of disabled
Other Animal Use
Hides - leather
Hair - wool, mohair, fiber
Lab Animals - mice, rats, guinea pigs etc.
Pets
What is the future of Animal Science?
Embryo Transplant - can produce 20 calves from one cow per year
Cloning - using an animal cell to grow an identical duplicate animal
Animal “Pharming” – producing animals to produce drugs and chemicals
Terminology of Animal Science
Cow- a female bovine that has had offspring Bull- a male bovine capable of reproducing Heifer- a young female bovine that has not
had offspring Steer- a castrated male bovine Calf- a young bovine (less than 30 mo) Calve- the act of giving birth to a calf
Terminology of Animal Science
Wean- to remove a young animal from it’s mother
Colostrum- nutrient rich milk from the mother following birth
Lactation- the period when a female produces milk after a birth
Freshen- when a female produces milk prior to giving birth
Cull- the act of removing unproductive animals from a group
Terminology of Animal Science
Sow- a female hog that has given birth Boar- a male hog capable of breeding Gilt- a young female porcine Barrow- a young male porcine Piglets- very young porcine Farrow- the act of giving birth to piglets Litter- a group of piglets born at one time
Terminology of Animal Science
Ewe- a female sheep that has lambed Ram- a male sheep also known as buck Ewe lamb- a young female ovine Whether- a castrated male ovine Lamb- a young ovine Lambing- the act of giving birth to lambs Dock- the act of removing the tail of a
young lamb
Terminology of Animal Science
Mutton- the meat of sheep animals
Shearing- the act of removing wool or mohair from an animal
Wool- natural fiber produced by ovines
Mohair- a less textured hair usually harvested from goats for fiber
Cashmere- a valuable hair from cashmere goats
Terminology of Animal Science
Doe- a female goat that has reproduced, also called a nanny
Buck- a male goat capable of reproducing
Kid- a young caprine
Kidding- the act of giving birth to young caprine
Chevon- a goat grown for meat
Terminology of Animal Science
Mare- an adult female horse Stallion- a male horse capable of
reproducing also called a stud Gelding- a castrated male equine Foal- a young equine Colt- a young male equine Filly- a young female equine Draft- a horse produced for work
Terminology of Animal Science
Hen- a female chicken Rooster- a male chicken also known as a
cock Capon- a castrated male rooster Clutch- a set of eggs being hatched Molt- the act of losing feathers Layers- poultry used to produce eggs Fryers- poultry used for meat
Terminology of Animal Science
Pedigree- tracking the ancestors of an animal
Breed- a variety of animal with specific traits
Breed Association- a group of producers that ensure breed traits
Commodity Group- a group of producers producing a similar product
Anatomy and Physiology
Skeletal SystemMade of bone and cartilageGives the animal structure and
flexibilityProtects the organs of the animalJoints use tendons and ligamentsMarrow in bones produces red blood
cells
Types of Bones
FLAT
Irregular
Anatomy and Physiology
Muscular SystemProvides movement for animal and supports
lifeKeeps blood flowing and cells livingHelps with digestion of foodProvides a proteins source for humansVoluntary and involuntary, smooth and
striated, and red and white
Anatomy and Physiology
Circulatory System
Heart and blood vessels
Arteries and Veins
Provides oxygen and nutrients to each individual cell
Removes wastes from the cells
DID YOU KNOW…. A Blue Whale’s heart is the same size as a VW Bug??
Anatomy and Physiology
Respiratory System
Consists of lungs and airways
Provides necessary oxygen to bloodstream
Removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
Anatomy and Physiology
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Nervous system is brain, spinal cord, nerves and nerve endings
Endocrine system is series of glands that secrete hormones
Hormones have chemical effect on body organs
Anatomy and Physiology
Digestive System
Provides the bloodstream with necessary nutrients to deliver to cells
Breaks food into basic nutrients to be used by the body
Removes unneeded products
Can be simple (monogastric) or ruminant (polygastric)
Anatomy and Physiology
Digestive System- Simple
Human, Pig, Dog, Horse, Birds
Animal ingests food
Food is chemically broken down into elements by acid in the stomach
Elements are absorbed by intestines
Waste is excreted
Anatomy and Physiology
Digestive System- RuminantCow, Sheep, Goats, DeerAnimal ingests foodRumen ferments cellulosic fiberReticulum filters contents Omasum extracts water in layersAbomasum is true stomach where
chemical breakdown takes place
Anatomy and Physiology
Reproductive System
Ovaries and testes produce cells
Female cells are called eggs or ovum
Male cells are called sperm
Animals mate and cells are combined
Each sex cell contributes one half of offspring’s DNA
Pregnancy- carrying a fetus
Fertilization-the union of the egg and sperm nuclei
Conception- Occurrence of fertilization
Ovulation- Release of an ovule from the female
Gestation- The time from fertilization or conception of a female until she gives birth
Female Reproductive System
Vulva: Exterior portion of reproductive tract, and opening of reproductive tract, provides visual signs of heat.
Vagina: Between vulva and cervix, channel for birth and copulation (cows and ewes, semen is deposited here)
Cervix: “Mouth of the womb,” Divides vagina and uterus and is opening into uterus. (Mares and sows, semen is deposited here). At birth, cervix stretches to allow baby to pass. During pregnancy, cervix become blocked with a mucous plug to prevent infection.
Uterus: Provides nourishment for fetus
Horns of Uterus: Two branches of uterus. Where fetus grows
Fallopian Tube: Where fertilization occurs, lined with cilia which aid in egg migration.
Ovaries: Houses all eggs, possess large number of eggs in all stages of development. Produces hormones
Male Reproductive System
Testes: Produce sperm and testosterone
Epididymis: Tube connects to testes, collects and stores sperm
Vas Deferens: Tube connects to epididymus, transports sperm
Penis: Places sperm in female
Sperm: Male Reproductive Cell
Semen: Fluid that carries sperm
Scrotum: Protects testes and maintains temperature
Sheath: Opening of reproductive tract.
Urethra - begins at bladder and continues through penis
Sigmoid Flexure - "S" shape in urethra allows for extension of penis outside of body for reproduction
Cowpers Gland, Prostate Gland, Seminal Vesicle: Produce Semen and provide medium for transporting sperm, adds volume, provides nutrients, cleans and flushes urinary tract
Animal Reproduction
Estrous CycleThe cycle of a female producing eggsCan be monoestrous or polyestrous
Artificial InseminationPlacing sperm from male into female
Embryo TransferFertilizing many eggs from one female and
placing them in host females
Animal Reproduction
Pure BreedingBreeding specific breeds to the sameUsually registered with an association
Cross BreedingMixing breeds for desirable traits
Grading UpBreeding purebreds to commercial
animals to increase value of offspring