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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 1
Announcements/Opportunities
• Next year’s Aircraft Design class:– We will (again) have a joint team with ME to build and
fly a morphing airplane– Send me email: [email protected] to apply– We will have 4 AEs on this team
• Undergraduate research:- lots of opportunities to help the design class software
and do student AIAA papers, see me if you areinterested.
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 2
AOE 3054AOE 3054Aerospace and Ocean EngineeringAerospace and Ocean Engineering
Instrumentation and LaboratoryInstrumentation and Laboratory
A Lectureon
Aerodynamic Testing
W.H. Mason
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 3
Overview
• Where you test• Why you test• How you test• Some specifics for your lab
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 4
The NTF at NASA LangleyHampton, VA
Performance: M = 0.2 to 1.20PT = 1 to 9 atmTT = 77° to 350° Kelvin
Feb. 1982
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 5
The Full Scale Tunnel at NASA Ames
80x120 FootTest Section
40x80 FootTest Section
Aviation Week & Space Technology, Dec. 7, 1987
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 6
Information Sources
• Lot's of introductory material on Aero Test in the manual: read it!• The standard reference book:
Barlow, Rae and Pope,Low Speed Wind Tunnel Testing
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 7
Wind Tunnel Testing is Expensive
Preparation and planning are required to get into any tunnel:• Make pre-test estimates• Prepare a pre-test report including a Run Schedule
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 8
So Will the Computer Eliminate the WT?
One complete airplane development requiresabout 2.5 million aerodynamic simulations.
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 9
Key Items• Safety, accidents can happen• Pretest Planning - the key to success• Model Design• The Run schedule• Typical Tests:
- force and moment both performance, stability, and control- pressure distributions- flow diagnostics on and off surface flow visualization
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 10
Test Hours, F-16 WT Test
0 500 1000 1500 2000
general arrangementwing planform,camber
LE & TE flapsstrake developmentcontrol deflections
storesstore loads
pressure loadsinlet
flutterstore separation
spin/stallspillage and nozzle
miscellaneous
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 11
Research Fighter Configuration (RFC)Visualization with a Tuft Grid
Small Model in Grumman Tunnel
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 12
Another Way To Do Flow Diagnostics
Kurt Chankaya, Grumman (now Lockheed)
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 13
Typical way to put tufts on the wing
From Pope and Harper’s text, taken in the Wichita State tunnel
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 14
Oil Flows for Surface Visualization 1
SC3 Wing, M = 1.62, a = 8° (nominally attached)
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 15
Oil Flows for Surface Visualization 2
SC3 Wing, M = 1.62, a = 12° (TE flow separation)
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 16
Laser Light Sheet example
Aviation Week & Space Technology, July 29, 1985
Light Sheet from anargon laser, theflow is seeded withan standard smokegenerator.
Northrop IR & Dexample of vortexflow over a deltawing configuration.Exhibited at the36th Paris air show.
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 17
Model Fabrication:
• Accuracy important!- drag, under all conditions- low speed near max lift- transonic cruise condition
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 18
WT model with high LE accuracy Req’ts.Supercritical Conical Camber (SC3)Wing, developed using CFD.The leading edge contour accuracy iscritical.
Note the arc of the wingalong the trailing edge,a sort of “gull shape”
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 19
Inspecting the Model Leading Edge
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 20
Fab agrees with designed contour!
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 21
Simulation Issues
• Fundamental: Mach number and Reynolds number- Match Mach, do your best on Reynolds, leads to:- transition fixing
• Test issues:- wall interference, flow angularity, nonuniformity
• Adjustment from model scale to full scale
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 22
Tunnel/Mounting Interference
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 23
Sue Grafton with RFC at NASA Langley
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 24
RFC in the 30x60 at Langley: static tests
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 25
Free Flight Setup: A complicated activity
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 26
RFC Model in Free Flight at Langley
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 27
The Tunnel
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 28
The Virginia Tech Stability Tunnel• A high quality flowfield
- uniform mean flow- low turbulence level- low flow angularity
• came from NASA in 1958• 6'x6' test section, 24 ' long• 600 hp motor/14' fan• 275 fps max speed
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 29
Virginia Tech Stability Tunnel Layout
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 30
Velocity Variation in the Test Section
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
V/Vref, U = 125 fps, Z = 0 ftV/Vref, U = 125 fps, Z = 0.5 ftV/Vref, U = 200 fps, Z = 0.0 ftV/Vref, U = 200 fps, Z = 0.5 ft
Virginia Tech Stability Wind TunnelMean Flow Calibration Characteristics
V/Vref
VPI Aero-161, Dec. 1987
y, ft
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 31
Upwash Variation in the Test Section
-1.50°
-1.00°
-0.50°
0.00°
0.50°
1.00°
1.50°
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Alpha, U = 125 fps, Z = 0 ftAlpha, U = 125 fps, Z = 0.5 ftAlpha, U = 200 fps, Z = 0.0 ftAlpha, U = 200 fps, Z = 0.5 ft
Virginia Tech Stability Wind TunnelMean Flow Calibration Characteristics
a
y, ft
VPI Aero-161, Dec. 1987
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 32
Sidewash Variation in the Test Section
-2.00°
-1.50°
-1.00°
-0.50°
0.00°
0.50°
1.00°
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Beta, U = 125 fps, Z = 0 ftBeta, U = 125 fps, Z = 0.5 ftBeta, U = 200 fps, Z = 0.0 ftBeta, U = 200 fps, Z = 0.5 ft
Virginia Tech Stability Wind TunnelMean Flow Calibration Characteristics
b
y, ft
VPI Aero-161, Dec. 1987
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 33
Use a Strain Gage Force Balanceto Measure Loads
Tension change in wire changes resistance
You used one before?
• Assume that the balance is adequatelycalibrated - we will not check it this year
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 34
Strain Gages
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 35
Mechanics for this lab:
• two weeks• 1st week - get ready
- check out tunnel, make pretest estimates• 2nd week: test!
- run the model
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 36
The Tests!
New this year: we have 2 possibilities:1. The “standard” rectangular wing2. The Pelikan Tail (from a senior design project)Your choice!
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 37
Objective:
Use Experimental techniques to find aero characteristics of:1. A rectangular, unswept wing
• with and w/o transition stripsor
2. A novel tail concept almost used on the Boeing JSF,and subsequently adopted by our senior UCAV-N team
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 38
The Rectangular Wing Model
The airfoil: originally a Clark Y, recently modified(thickened) to strengthen the model -How does this change the test estimates?
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 39
Rectangular WingModel Airfoil Section
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
CLARK Y Airfoil for Aero Lab TestTheoretical Coordinates and Coordinates after Wing reinforcement
y/c uppery/c lowery/c measured
y/c
x/c
Not to scale
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 40
Expected Lift Coefficient Variation:Rectangular Wing Model
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
-15° -10° -5° 0° 5° 10° 15° 20° 25°
CL
a, deg.
Estimate,(Inviscid Theory)
Clark Y AirfoilAR = 5.6 Rectangular Wing
NACA dataRe = 1.0x106
VPI data,Re = .3x106
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 41
Expected Pitching Moment:Rectangular Wing Model
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
-0.15-0.10-0.05-0.000.05
CL
CmCm
Clark Y AirfoilAR = 5.6 Rectangular Wing
NACA data,Re = 1.0x106
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 42
Expected Drag Coefficient Variation: Rectangular Wing Model
-0.30
-0.00
0.30
0.60
0.90
1.20
1.50
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
CL
CD
NACA Data, Clark Y airfoil, rectangular wing, AR = 5.6, Re = 1x10 6
Theoretical 100%Suction Polar, e = .98
Theoretical 0% Suction Polar
Wind tunnel test data
Note: Theoretical polars shifted to match experimental zero lift drag
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 43
The Pelikan Tail
= HINGE LINE
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 44
Pelikan Tail Plan View
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 45
Let those seniors talk?
• Why should you do this?
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Aerospace andOcean Engineering slide 46
Wind Tunnel Testingis
Fun!
Good Luck