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AS level PsychologyThe core studiesThe Social Approach
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Social PsychologyThe MILGRAM Experiment
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Social ContextWW2 ended in 1945
• The behaviour of the German people during the the holocaust
• The Nurenberg trials• The article by Hannah ArendtEichmann in Jerusalem : a report
on the banality of evil
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Milgram's Questions ...
• Why do we obey authority?
• What conditions foster obedience?
• What conditions foster independent behaviour?
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Milgram's hypotheses ...
• That American people would not obey orders that led to them harming another person
• That ‘German men’ are different to American men
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Milgram’s method
• A LAB experiment at YALE University
• there was NO IV
• could be called a ‘non naturalistic’ observation
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Milgram’s participants
• A self selecting (volunteer) sample– (answered advertisements asking for help with Yale
university research into memory & learning)
• 40 20 - 50 year old men• They were paid $4 for one hour of their time
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Milgram’s advertisement
You can see that a wide range of
occupations were sampled
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The Procedure• The participant was paired with
a colleague of Milgram (the stooge was Mr Wallace)
• Told they were taking part in an experiment on Memory / Learning
• Electric Shock machine– slight/severe/danger of severe shock
• Volts ranged between 15 - 450 volts
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The Procedure• The participant (teacher) given a mild 15v electric shock• Then stooge wired up to the electric shock machine in
next room• The experiment began
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The TASK
• Teacher read series of word pairs – e.g. blue sky, green grass, red balloon
• Learner had to memorise these• Teacher then reads out one word
– e.g. Green …..• Learner to respond with the ‘pair match’
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The TASK
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If a mistake was made
• Teacher told to give electric shock to learner
• Rising by 15 volts each mistake from 15 volts to 450 volts
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What happened?
• The participants shook, trembled, and sweated• They were pressed to continue
– “You must go on”– “The experiment is important” – “Please continue”
Read your text book and notes FOR MORE INFO...
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What happened?
• The learner shouted and yelled
• He could be heard through the wall
• He remained silent after 300 volts
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How many went to 450 volts?
• 65% of participants went to 450 volts!
• 26 of the 40 participants would have followed orders and killed the stooge for making too many mistakes!
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Remembering Methodology ….
• What was the dependent variable?
• The level of obedience measured by the voltage of the electric shock that was given
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Was this experiment ethical?
• What do you think?
• If you were a member of an Ethics committee would you allow Milgram to repeat this study?
• Why or why not?
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Did the ends justify the means?
• Was the knowledge gained worth the pain of the participants?
• How can we decide this question?• Who should decide this question?