BASIC CHEMISTRY
WHAT IS MATTER?
• Anything that takes up space
• Mass is equal to the amount of matter in an object and is constant regardless of gravity
STATES OF MATTER
• What are the 3 states?
• Solid, Liquid, Gas
ENERGY
• Capacity to do work
• Kinetic-Motion• Potential-Stored
WHAT ARE SOME FORMS OF ENERGY?
• Chemical- Stored in Bonds• Electrical-Movement of charged particles• Mechanical-Involved with moving matter• Radiant-Energy in waves
COMPOSITION OF MATTER
• Elements are unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
• Four elements-Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen make up 96% of our body weight
• Atoms are smallest particles of an element
• Elements are designated a one or two letter abbreviation called the atomic symbol
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
• Each atom has a nucleus with tightly packed Protons and Neutrons
• Protons=Positive charge and weigh 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
• Neutrons=No Charge and weigh 1 amu
• Electrons-Negative Charge and move around the nucleus and are weightless (0 amu)
• Atoms are neutral in charge and number of electrons = number of protons
IDENTIFYING ELEMENTS
• Elements are identified based on number of protons, neutrons and electrons
• Atomic # is EQUAL to Number of PROTONS
• Mass # of an element is equal to number of protons PLUS number of neutrons
ISOTOPES
• Structural Variations of an atom that have same number of Protons but differ in number of Neutrons
• Atomic weight is an average of all the relative weights of all known isotopes of and element
CHEMICAL BONDS
1. WHAT ARE THE ROLE OF ELECTRONS IN CHEMICAL BONDING?
• Electrons occupy space called electron shells
• Each shell represents a different energy level
• Each Electron Shell holds a specific number of electrons
• Octet Rule (Rule of 8’s) Atoms are stable with 8 electrons in their valence shell
CHEMICAL BOND TYPES
• Ionic-Transfer one electron from one atom to another• Ions-charged particles
• Anions-electron acceptor carrying a net negative charge
• Cation- electron donor carrying a net positive charge
COVALENT BONDS
• Shared Electrons
• Can result in double or triple bonds with sharing
• Nonpolar share electrons evenly between two atoms
• Polar-partial neg charge for one atom the other has a partial pos charge
HYDROGEN BONDS
• Weak attractions in polar molecules
• Water molecules
CHEMICAL REACTION
• Occur whenever bonds are formed, rearranged or broken
• Chemical equations describe what happens in a reaction
• Balanced
CHEMICAL REACTION PATTERNS
• Synthesis-Combination• Decomposition- Broken DOWN• Exchange-( Displacement) involve both Synthesis
and Decomposition• Oxidation-Reduction= Special exchange reaction
ENERGY FLOW
• Exergonic-Release energy as product• Endergonic- Absorb energy
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Chemicals react when they collide with enough force to overcome the repulsion of their electrons• Increase in temperature• Smaller particles= faster rate of reaction• Higher concentration of particles= faster rate of
reaction• Catalysts increase the rate of a chemical reaction
without taking part in the reaction