BASIC CHEMISTRY

WHAT IS MATTER?

• Anything that takes up space

• Mass is equal to the amount of matter in an object and is constant regardless of gravity

STATES OF MATTER

• What are the 3 states?

• Solid, Liquid, Gas

ENERGY

• Capacity to do work

• Kinetic-Motion• Potential-Stored

WHAT ARE SOME FORMS OF ENERGY?

• Chemical- Stored in Bonds• Electrical-Movement of charged particles• Mechanical-Involved with moving matter• Radiant-Energy in waves

COMPOSITION OF MATTER

• Elements are unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

• Four elements-Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen make up 96% of our body weight

• Atoms are smallest particles of an element

• Elements are designated a one or two letter abbreviation called the atomic symbol

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

• Each atom has a nucleus with tightly packed Protons and Neutrons

• Protons=Positive charge and weigh 1 atomic mass unit (amu)

• Neutrons=No Charge and weigh 1 amu

• Electrons-Negative Charge and move around the nucleus and are weightless (0 amu)

• Atoms are neutral in charge and number of electrons = number of protons

IDENTIFYING ELEMENTS

• Elements are identified based on number of protons, neutrons and electrons

• Atomic # is EQUAL to Number of PROTONS

• Mass # of an element is equal to number of protons PLUS number of neutrons

ISOTOPES

• Structural Variations of an atom that have same number of Protons but differ in number of Neutrons

• Atomic weight is an average of all the relative weights of all known isotopes of and element

CHEMICAL BONDS

1. WHAT ARE THE ROLE OF ELECTRONS IN CHEMICAL BONDING?

• Electrons occupy space called electron shells

• Each shell represents a different energy level

• Each Electron Shell holds a specific number of electrons

• Octet Rule (Rule of 8’s) Atoms are stable with 8 electrons in their valence shell

CHEMICAL BOND TYPES

• Ionic-Transfer one electron from one atom to another• Ions-charged particles

• Anions-electron acceptor carrying a net negative charge

• Cation- electron donor carrying a net positive charge

COVALENT BONDS

• Shared Electrons

• Can result in double or triple bonds with sharing

• Nonpolar share electrons evenly between two atoms

• Polar-partial neg charge for one atom the other has a partial pos charge

HYDROGEN BONDS

• Weak attractions in polar molecules

• Water molecules

CHEMICAL REACTION

• Occur whenever bonds are formed, rearranged or broken

• Chemical equations describe what happens in a reaction

• Balanced

CHEMICAL REACTION PATTERNS

• Synthesis-Combination• Decomposition- Broken DOWN• Exchange-( Displacement) involve both Synthesis

and Decomposition• Oxidation-Reduction= Special exchange reaction

ENERGY FLOW

• Exergonic-Release energy as product• Endergonic- Absorb energy

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

• Chemicals react when they collide with enough force to overcome the repulsion of their electrons• Increase in temperature• Smaller particles= faster rate of reaction• Higher concentration of particles= faster rate of

reaction• Catalysts increase the rate of a chemical reaction

without taking part in the reaction