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Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca
BI103 Marine BiologyBI103 Marine Biology
Laboratory Notes 06Laboratory Notes 06
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mollismollis from Latin = softfrom Latin = soft
Molluscs are softMolluscs are soft--bodiedbodied
invertebratesinvertebrates
Molluscs exhibit extreme diversity inMolluscs exhibit extreme diversity inexternal body planexternal body plan
The Mollusca is the second largestThe Mollusca is the second largest
phylum of animals, with more thanphylum of animals, with more than110,000 species described110,000 species described
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General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics
1)1) Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry
2)2) Body mass (or visceral mass)Body mass (or visceral mass)
3)3) Protective armor (usually a dorsalProtective armor (usually a dorsal
shell)shell)4)4) Head, with sensory and feedingHead, with sensory and feeding
organsorgans
5)5) Muscular ventral foot for locomotionMuscular ventral foot for locomotion
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Specialized StructuresSpecialized Structures
Two structures are unique to theTwo structures are unique to the
MolluscaMollusca1)1) MantleMantle = extension of the visceral= extension of the visceral
massmass
Extends outward and downward to form aExtends outward and downward to form a
mantle cavity between its outermost edgemantle cavity between its outermost edge
and the visceral massand the visceral mass
2)2) RadulaRadula = Latin for= Latin for scraperscraper Can be considered aCan be considered atoothed tonguetoothed tongue
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Functions of the MantleFunctions of the Mantle
1)1) Secretes the molluscan shell,Secretes the molluscan shell,
increasing it in size and strengthincreasing it in size and strength
2)2) Houses respiratory surfaces (i.e.,Houses respiratory surfaces (i.e.,
gills orgills orlunglung))a)a) Mantle cavity is lined with cilia thatMantle cavity is lined with cilia that
pass water current over thepass water current over the
respiratory surfacesrespiratory surfacesb)b) Current also eliminates fecal matter,Current also eliminates fecal matter,
excretory products, and reproductiveexcretory products, and reproductive
materialmaterial
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3)3) Houses external openings ofHouses external openings ofdigestive, excretory, anddigestive, excretory, andreproductive systemsreproductive systems
4)4) Houses olfactory sensory organsHouses olfactory sensory organs5)5) Provides spaceProvides space
a)a) Head and foot can be retracted intoHead and foot can be retracted intomantle cavity for protectionmantle cavity for protection
b)b) Forms a brood pouch in someForms a brood pouch in somespeciesspecies
c)c) Is modified into jet propulsion organIs modified into jet propulsion organin squids and octopusesin squids and octopuses
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RadulaRadula TheThe radularadula essentiallyessentially
consists of up toconsists of up to250,000 teeth250,000 teethattached to a flexible,attached to a flexible,chitinouschitinous membrane,membrane,mounted on amounted on a
cartilaginous rodcartilaginous rod The radula isThe radula is
extended from theextended from themouth andmouth andlickedlickedororscraped across thescraped across the
surface upon whichsurface upon whichthe mollusc is feedingthe mollusc is feeding(i.e., like a rasp)(i.e., like a rasp)
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The radula may be modified forThe radula may be modified fordifferent feeding strategiesdifferent feeding strategies
DrillDrill
(e.g., moon snails and some(e.g., moon snails and some muricidsmuricids))
DartDart
(e.g.,(e.g., ConusConus, some, some turridsturrids andand terebridsterebrids))
Reduced or absentReduced or absent
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EvolutionEvolutionThe fossil record ofThe fossil record ofmolluscs ismolluscs is
long (down to the earlylong (down to the early
Cambrian),Cambrian),
extensive (about 70extensive (about 70000 fossil species have000 fossil species have
been described), andbeen described), and
highly informative.highly informative.
Because the formationBecause the formation
of the gastropod orof the gastropod orbivalvebivalve protoconchprotoconch isis
correlated with the typecorrelated with the type
of larval life (e.g.,of larval life (e.g.,
lecithotrophic versuslecithotrophic versus
planktotrophic), the fossilplanktotrophic), the fossilrecord of molluscs alsorecord of molluscs also
provides informationprovides information
about the life cycle ofabout the life cycle of
extinct species and taxaextinct species and taxa
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ClassificationClassification ClassClass
PolyplacophoraPolyplacophora a.k.a.a.k.a. chitonschitons
Shell consists of 8Shell consists of 8
platesplates
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Class AplacophoraClass Aplacophora
a.k.a.a.k.a. solenogasterssolenogasters Small, wormSmall, worm--likelike
More common inMore common in
deep water (i.e.,deep water (i.e.,600600--1,200 feet),1,200 feet),
but may be foundbut may be found
in shallowin shallow
interstitialinterstitialcommunitiescommunities
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ClassClassMonoplacophoraMonoplacophora
SegmentedSegmented
limpetslimpets Mostly occur inMostly occur in
deep waterdeep water
(6,000(6,000--21,00021,000
feet)feet)
Thought to beThought to be
extinct sinceextinct since
Silurian (400Silurian (400 MyaMya))until 1957until 1957
NeopilinaNeopilina = living= living
fossil, discoveredfossil, discovered
until 1957until 1957
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Class BivalviaClass Bivalvia a.k.a. clams,a.k.a. clams,oysters, andoysters, andmusselsmussels
Shell consists ofShell consists oftwo articulatedtwo articulatedvalves heldvalves heldtogether by atogether by a
chitinouschitinous ligamentligament Lack radula andLack radula and
head, andhead, andsometimes lacksometimes lack
the muscular footthe muscular foot Mostly suspensionMostly suspension
feeders, but alsofeeders, but alsodeposit feedersdeposit feeders
and predatorsand predators
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Class CephalopodaClass Cephalopoda
Includes squids,Includes squids,cuttlefishes,cuttlefishes,
octopuses, andoctopuses, and
nautilusesnautiluses
Most advancedMost advancedmolluscan nervousmolluscan nervous
systemsystem
All are activeAll are active
predatorspredators Shell reduced orShell reduced or
absentabsent
Foot modified intoFoot modified into
tentaclestentacles
Only about 800 extantOnly about 800 extant
species, compared tospecies, compared to
about 7,500 fossilabout 7,500 fossil
speciesspecies
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Class ScaphopodaClass Scaphopoda a.k.a. tusk shells,a.k.a. tusk shells,
although namealthough name
literally meansliterally meansshovel footshovel foot
(which actually(which actually
refers to therefers to the
head)head) Shell is open onShell is open on
both endsboth ends
Scaphopods areScaphopods areburrowers in mudburrowers in mud
and sedimentsand sediments
Lack eyesLack eyes
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Class GastropodaClass Gastropoda
Includes snailsIncludes snails
and slugsand slugs
Most specioseMost speciosegroup of molluscsgroup of molluscs
(~70% of species(~70% of species
in Mollusca)in Mollusca)
Asymmetrical,Asymmetrical,
univalvedunivalved, usually, usually
spiral shellspiral shell
Characterized byCharacterized bytorsiontorsion
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TaxonomyTaxonomy
Haliotis sp.
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Patella flexuosa
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Patelloida chamorrorum
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Trochus niloticus
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Turbo petholatus
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Modulus tectum
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Planaxis sulcatus
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Cerithium nodulosum
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Dendropoma maxima
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Strombus dentatus
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Lambis lambis
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Cypraea tigris
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Cypraea talpa
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Cypraea vitellus
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Cypraea lynx
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Cypraea carneola
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Cypraea aurantium
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Natica gualtieriana
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Tonna perdix
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Casmaria ponderosa
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Cassis cornuta
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Charonia tritonis
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Chicoreus brunneus
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Drupella rugosa
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Vasum turbinellus
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Harpa amouretta
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Nassarius papillosus
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Costellariidae
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Conus geographus
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Conus striatus
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Conus tulipa
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Conus textile
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Terebra maculata
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Hastula lanceolata
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Chromodoris n. sp.
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Halgerda tessellata
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Haminoea cymbalum
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Anadara sp.
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Hyotissa hyotis
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Lopha cristagalli
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Pinctada margaritifera
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Pinna muricata
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Spondylus violacens
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Tridacna gigas
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Tridacna derasa
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Tridacna maxima
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Tridacna squamosa
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Tridacna crocea
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Hippopus hippopus
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Hippopus hippopus (bleached)
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Periglypta sowerbyi
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Octopus cyaneus
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Octopus ornatus
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Sepia latimanus
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Sepioteuthis lessoniana