BIOL 3151:
Principles of Animal
Physiology
ANIMAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Dr. Tyler EvansEmail: [email protected]
Phone: 510-885-3475
Office Hours: M,W 10:30-12:00 or appointment
Website: http://evanslabcsueb.weebly.com/
TODAY’S SCHEDULE
• Course Description
• Unifying themes in
physiology
• the primary goal of this
course is to give you an
understanding of physiology
that will be valuable to you,
not only in attaining your
career objectives but also in
understanding processes
that govern your daily life.
• specific learning outcomes
are listed on the course
syllabus
LEARNING OUTCOMES(What I hope you will gain from this course)
LECTURES
• lectures will be presented using Powerpoint.
• each lecture will be posted on Blackboard prior to class.
• it is important to realize that these Powerpoint slides
represent only a basic outline of the material covered.
Important details that will be covered in exams will be
added by the instructor verbally in each lecture.
• thus attending class and taking detailed notes is the key
to success.
TEXTBOOK AND READINGS• the primary source of information for this course will be
the lectures
• the textbook will be used mainly to illustrate or clarify
materials presented during lectures
• however, specific reading assignments may be given
throughout the course.
• you will be notified of reading assignments and if that
reading assignment will be covered on the exam
LECTURES
TEXTBOOKPrinciples of Animal
Physiology
(2nd edition)
by Christopher D. Myers and
Patricia M. Schulte.
BIOL 3151: Principles of Animal Physiology
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
• provide students with an opportunity to directly observe and discuss the
principles discussed in lecture and described in your textbook
• provide students with hands-on experience in collecting physiological data
• expose students to the scientific method, hypothesis testing and deductive
reasoning
• interpreting experimental data and integrating information from lecture, labs
and the scientific literature
• develop scientific communication skills, both written and oral
• stimulate your scientific curiosity
LABS• you will be performing laboratory exercises designed to help you understand
certain fundamental physiological principles.
• Lab materials will be posted on Blackboard each week
LAB LEARNING OUTCOMES
LABS
ATTENDANCEYour attendance in lab each week is mandatory. In order to get credit for a missed
lab, you must:
1. notify the instructor before your lab session
2. provide written documentation (proof) for your absence
3. attend a lab later in the week (this may be impossible for Thur section students,
so plan accordingly).
Any unexcused absence from a lab will result in 0 credit for the missed lab.
As common courtesy, let your lab partners know ahead of time if you will not be in
the group that week.
You are required to stay for the entire lab session, or until excused by the instructor.
You will check out with your lab instructor, showing you have met the lab learning
objectives, completed your notebook, and that your computer and lab space have
been returned to their original condition.
GRADING
Midterm Exam #1………..20% (April 26)
Midterm Exam #2………..20% (May 20)
Final Exam…………………..30% (June 12)
Lab Component…...…….30% (Weekly April 10-June 6)
Lab Reports/Assignments...20%
Participation/Notebook.…..10%
Problem Sets………………..5% (BONUS)
Your final grade will be determined by three exams and
the laboratory component:
• exams will
focus on
lecture
materials
COURSE POLICIES(in accordance with CSUEB guidelines)
Academic Dishonesty• please review CSUEB’s policies and understand what is considered academic dishonesty:
http://www20.csueastbay.edu/academic/academic-policies/academic-dishonesty.html
Missed Exams• make every effort to avoid missing scheduled exams. In case of an emergency or
legitimate conflict, you may be eligible to take a specially scheduled make-up exam.
However, you must provide verifiable, written documentation for your absence. Any
unexcused absence from an exam will result in a score of 0 for that exam.
Special Academic Accommodations: • if you have a documented disability, accommodations can be arranged for exams and
other activities. For more information please visit:
http://www20.csueastbay.edu/af/departments/as/
Courtesy: • Please turn off all audible sounds to any electronic devices (phones, PDAs, etc.)
while in lecture and refrain from using your laptops for activities not related to
lecture during class time
• Use of these items is strictly prohibited during all exams, unless special
accommodations have been arranged.
KEYS TO SUCCESS IN BIOL 3151
• Attend lectures and labs
• Prepare and take thorough notes
• Study those notes
• Ask questions!
QUESTIONS?
TODAY’S LECTUTREINTRODUCTION AND UNIFYING THEMES IN
PHYSIOLOGY
What is animal physiology?
• study of “how animals work”
-Knut Schmidt Nielsen
• study of the structure and function of
various parts of an animal and how
these parts work together to allow
animals to perform normal behaviors
and respond to the environment
Knut Schmidt Nielsen textbook pg 4
UNITY IN DIVERSITY• there are more than a MILLION different species of animals that
live on Earth
• animals display a large diversity of adaptations to deal with the
challenges posed by a specific environment
Diversity of Environments = Diversity of Animals
• Temperature: -40 – 300oC
• Oxygen: Anoxia (no oxygen) to supersaturated
• Pressure: < 1atm (sea level) to ~ 1200atm (deep ocean)
• Salinity: Freshwater up to many-fold more concentrated than
seawater
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• despite this great diversity, there are many commonalities within
physiology and unifying themes that apply to all physiological
processes
• this “Unity in Diversity” is the result of:
• organisms are faced with a common set of challenges
• organisms have to follow the same set of “rules”
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges
3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.
4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations
textbook pg 10
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws
• animals are constructed from natural materials and therefore must obey the
same chemical and physical laws that apply to everything around us
• biological materials, like proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, have characteristic
physical properties that make them useful for some processes but not others
textbook pg 10
The rigidness of bones are
the result of the molecular
properties of bone forming
cells and the nature of the
connections between these
cells
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws
• electrical laws are involved in many physiological processes
• electrical potentials are a fundamental physiological currency
• just like we use electricity to power many machines, animals use to power cells
• cells create a charge difference across membranes by moving ions and
molecules to create an electrical gradient that power physiological processes
Nerve cell Muscle fiber
Muscles and nerve cells
use electrical signals and
changes in membrane
potentials to drive
muscle contraction
textbook pg 11
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws
• differences in body size have a profound effect on physiology
• heat is produced by tissue metabolism and therefore the metabolic rate of an
animal depends on body size
• a larger animal has more difficulty shedding metabolic heat than does a small
animal
A mouse will lose
heat much more
quickly than an
elephant, which
has important
consequences for
thermal biology
textbook pg 11
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges
• most organisms are faced with environmental variation, which in
turn influence physiological processes
• multicellular animals can be classified according to the strategies
they use to cope with changing conditions:
1. CONFORMERS: allow internal conditions to change with
variation in external conditions
2. REGULATORS: maintain relatively constant internal conditions
regardless of conditions in the external environment
textbook pg 12
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges
CONFORMERS
e.g. seasonal rainbow trout body temperatures
SUMMER:
High body temperatureWINTER:
Low body temperature
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges
REGULATORS
e.g. human body temperatures
your body temperature is likely to be 37°C whether you are sunning yourself on the
beach or outside on a cold day
your body has mechanisms to maintain its internal temperature (within limits)
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges
CONFORMERS REGULATORS
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges
CONFORMERS vs. REGULATORS
• each strategy has its costs and benefits
• physiological processes require energy so conforming is
much less expensive than regulating
• environmental changes have deleterious effects on
physiology, so regulating provides a much more stable
environment
textbook pg 12
• Refers to coordinated physiological processes that
collectively work to maintain internal conditions in the
face of environmental change
• A common way to maintain homeostasis is through
the use of FEEDBACK LOOPS
• Feedback loops can be POSITIVE or NEGATIVE
HOMEOSTASIS
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges
textbook pg 13
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP• response sends a signal back to the stimulus to reduce intensity of
stimulus
During early digestion,
in coming food causes
the stomach to swell
and this change in
volume triggers a
negative feedback
loop that reduces
hunger
textbook pg 13
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal
conditions within acceptable ranges
POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP• Maximize changes in the regulated response, rather than reducing
the response
When a toxin is
detected in the
stomach, a positive
feedback loop is
triggered to induce
forceful contractions
that induce vomiting
textbook pg 13
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its
phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-
up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.
• Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction
with the environment
GENOTYPE: genetic makeup
PHENOTYPE: morphology, biochemistry, physiology, and behavior
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY: single genotype generates more than
one phenotype depending on environmental conditions
textbook pg 13
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its
phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-
up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.
• phenotypic plasticity is an important mechanism to
regulate physiology to function under certain
conditions
• for example if identical twins were raised in different
environments, one twin might grow larger than the
other due to differences in diet
textbook pg 14
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its
phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-
up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.
e.g. Height and Nutrition
• Poor nutrition
responsible for
differences in stature
between children in
the U.K.
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its
phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-
up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.
• Phenotypic plasticity occurs as when animals remodel
their physiological machinery in response to external
conditions
• two terms given to ways in which animals may adjust
physiology:
i. Acclimation
ii. Acclimatization
textbook pg 14
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its
phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-
up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.
i. Acclimation
Process of physiological change occurring in a controlled
environment (usually a laboratory)
e.g. holding animals under identical conditions
except for temperature change for extended
periods of time (weeks)
5°C15°C
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its
phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-
up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.
ii. Acclimatizaton
Process of physiological change occurring in the wild
e.g. sampling animals in their natural environment at
different times of the year
Comparing trout sampled in
summer with those
sampled in winter
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a
population of organisms over many generations
Evolutionary Changes (i.e. Adaptation)
Physiological change occurring by the process of natural
selection (i.e. evolution)
• occurs over the course of many generations rather than
within the lifetime of an organism
• e.g. pesticide resistance in mosquitos
textbook pg 15
UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a
population of organisms over many generations
.
i. Adaptation e.g. pesticide resistance
in mosquitos
• pesticides target the enzymes
acetylcholinesterase
• some mosquito have a mutation in the
acetylcholinesterase gene that makes in
resistant to pesticide
• because pesticide resistant mosquitos
survive better, their numbers expand
over time
textbook pg 15
LECTURE SUMMARYConcept of UNITY IN DIVERSITY: despite this great diversity, there are many
commonalities within physiology and unifying themes that apply to all physiological
processes
Four unifying themes in physiology:
1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws
e.g. Muscles and neurons obey laws governing electricity
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within
acceptable ranges
• conformers vs. regulators
• negative and Positive Feedback Loops
• homeostasis
3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the
product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its
environment.
• phenotypic plasticity
• acclimation
• acclimatization
4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms
over many generations
• adaptation
LECTURE SUMMARY
• the SUMMARY (pg 16)
and CONCEPT CHECK (pg
17) sections at the end
of Chapter 1 in your
textbook provides a
good overview of today’s
lecture
NEXT LECTUREBasic Principles of Chemistry and Biochemistry in
Physiology (Chapter 2)