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Blood/Immunity Lab
BIOL 326L
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Composition of Blood
• Total blood volume is ~ 5L
• Consists of formed elements (cells) suspended in plasma
• Plasma is liquid consisting of H20 & dissolved solutes– Includes
proteins/antibodies, ions, organic molecules, hormones
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Characteristics of Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells are:• Erythrocytes• Biconcave discs • One-third hemoglobin or:
• Oxyhemoglobin(+ oxygen)• Deoxyhemoglobin
• Able to readily squeeze through capillaries• Lack nuclei and mitochondria
.
Top view
2.0 micrometers
7.5 micrometers
Sectional view
(a)
(b)
b: © Bill Longcore/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Blood Type and Blood Typing using Antibody-Antigen
Immune Reaction
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Antibodies/Antigens
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Blood Typing & RBC Antigens • Antigens present on RBC surface specify blood type (A and B)• Major antigen group
– Type A blood has only A antigens– Type B has only B antigens– Type AB has both A & B antigens
• AB
– Type O has neither A or B antigens
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**many more antigens have been identified, and typing is going towards “gene chips”
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Rh Factor
• Is another type of antigen found on RBCs
• Rh+ has Rho(D) antigens; Rh- does not
• RH+ most common
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Anitbodies• Type A blood = has
antibodies to Type B antigens• Type B blood = has
antibodies to Type A antigens• Type AB blood = doesn’t
have antibodies to either Type A or B antigen (“universal recipient”)
• Type O blood = has antibodies to both Type A & B antigens(“universal donor”)
• If different blood types are mixed, antibodies will cause mixture to agglutinate
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Agglutination• Type O- is “universal donor” because lacks
A & B antigens– Recipient’s antibodies won’t agglutinate donor’s
RBCs
• Type AB+ is “universal recipient” because doesn’t make anti-A or anti-B antibodies– Won’t agglutinate donor’s RBCs
• Can cause problems when Rh- mother has Rh+ babies– In Erythroblastosis fetalis, this happens & antibodies cross
placenta causing hemolysis of fetal RBCs
**remember, rxn. To donor antigens by
Recipient blood that causes problem, donor antibodies insignificant
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*
• Blood Typing– Anti-A=ab to A– Anti-B– Anti-Rho– Agglutination
= RBCs contain those antigens
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RBC Count/ Hematocrit• Hematocrit = ratio of packed RBCs to blood
volume– Centrifuge blood sample in hematocrit tube – Normal
• Male = 47±7%• Female = 42±5%
Anemia can be due to loss of RBC’s, decreased production of RBC’s, or decreased hemoglobin synthesis (or destruction), resulting in inability to
Utilize oxygen properly
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Anemia may result from destruction of RBC’s by oxidative damage or immune reaction against the RBC:
Heintz body anemia: oxidative damage to hemoglogin
Can be due to glucose-6-PO4 dehydrogenase deficiencyAnd subsequent sensitivity to quinine, other drugs
(onion toxicosis in dogs!)
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Eccentrocytes: oxidative damage to RBC
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IMHA and ITP: immune mediated Hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia
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Neutrophils• Light purple granules in acid-base stain• Lobed nucleus when mature• Other names
• Segs• Polymorphonuclear leukocyte• Bands (young neutrophils)
• First to arrive at infections• Phagocytic• 54% - 62% of leukocytes• Elevated in bacterial infections
© Ed Reschke
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Eosinophils• Deep red granules in cytoplasm• Bi-lobed nucleus• Moderate allergic reactions• Defend against parasitic worm infestations• 1% - 3% of leukocytes• Elevated in parasitic worm infestations and allergic reactions
© Ed Reschke
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Basophils
• Deep blue granules in basic stain• Release histamine• Release heparin• Less than 1% of leukocytes• (least common)
© Ed Reschke
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Monocytes• Largest of all blood cells kidney-shaped, oval or lobed nuclei• Leave bloodstream to become macrophages• 3% - 9% of leukocytes• Phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris
© R. Kessel/Visuals Unlimited
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Lymphocytes• Slightly larger than RBC• Large spherical nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm• T cells and B cells
• Both important in immunity• B cells produce antibodies• 25% - 33% of leukocytes
© Ed Reschke
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Platelets=thrombocytes
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CLOTTING DISORDERS:1. platelets =thrombocytopeniasdecreases ability to form primary
clot; leads to bleeding2. decreased clotting factor,
anywhere in clotting cascade=coagulopathy
clotting cascade leads to fibrin clot in healthy individual
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Blood Platelets
•Platelet adhesion can be decreased With drugs (aspirin/plavix) or some health problems*Platelet number can be decreased in disease states, causing bleeding*
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Coagulopathies:
Decrease in any clotting factor can disrupt cascade, so fibrin prodn
prevented. Causes include: Von Willebrand’s, hemophilia, Vit.K
deficiency(used up in bleeding),almost any cancer, rodent poison
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Clotting tests:
1. PT=prothrombin timetests function of extrinsic and
common pathwayincreased time indicates problem
2. PTT=partial thrombin
tests intrinsic system so increased time indicates problem
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Clotting tests:
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aiha
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Onion toxicosis
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