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Bridging the GapsSituational Awareness and
Assessment
Public Health and RadiationEmergency Preparedness Conference
March 22, 2011CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
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Panel
Harvey Clark, PhD, Principal Scientist,DOE Remote Sensing Laboratory
Bill Irwin, ScD, CHP, Radiological Health
Chief, Vermont Department of HealthJames Kish, BS, Technological HazardsDivision Director, FEMA
Patricia Milligan, BS, Senior TechnicalAdvisor, Preparedness and Response,NRC
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The Setting for This Panel
We will discuss situational awareness and assessmenttools, and present questions about their value.We will describe their use by state and federal agenciesin radiological and nuclear emergencies which include: Nuclear power plant accidents;
Hostile actions radiological dispersion devices, radiologicalexposure devices, mass or individual poisonings;
Transportation incidents;
Nuclear weapons or improvised nuclear device (IND)detonations; and
Criticality accidents at nuclear facilities.Nevertheless, what is presented here can be applied inmost instances if you substitute the word chemical agentor biological agent for radiological agent.
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Situational Awareness andAssessment is Critical
Who in the public needs to know what when? Could it be that an informed populace generally responds more
constructively than if they only operate on informally obtainedinformation?
How much is too much to share?
How much of the status of operations should theemergency responders be provided? What is sufficient so they can see the whole of it and understand
their work relative to objectives?
Can too much information lead them to inappropriate action?What if the information is inaccurate, too complicated orpoorly presented?
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How the Public Builds SituationalAwareness
They will likely hear or see things about the situation in: Commercial media
Internet
Personal conversation
They might get some information from the government,e.g., public affairs, the communications office, the PublicInformation Officer (PIO) or other source.
Can a lack of timely and accurate information from thePIO or other party in possession of the facts leave thepublic vulnerable to acting on inadequate or wronginformation?
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And What about EmergencyResponders?
They have the same sources usually, the PIO,commercial media, internet and personalconversation, but they also ought to have: An Incident Action Plan (IAP);
Data products like maps, charts, graphs, field data,computer models and photographs; and
The guidance of technical advisors.
One of the challenges is getting information tofield offices that may not have sufficientresources including internet access and plottersfor printing large documents.
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What Information Depicts the Situation forthe Public and Emergency Responders?
Likely the same for each party, though that for the publicmay be limited in extent and detail: What happened;
What authorities are doing about it;
What people can do to help; What people can do to protect themselves;
What consequences are possible;
What consequences are likely knowing what we do at the time;
Where to go for help; and
Where to get additional information.Photos and videos feed the mind these days; we need touse them.
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Maps are Perhaps the Most UsefulMeans to Display Information
Where the incident occurred
Restricted areas with traffic control points
Emergency facilities available for thoseaffected including Community reception centers,
Congregate care facilities,
Medical countermeasures points ofdistribution, and
Available medical facilities.
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Maps are Perhaps the Most UsefulMeans to Display Information
Where inputs to the food chain are restricted, and
Critical infrastructure that is not currently accessible; Electric, water, communications and other utilities
Government offices, including police, fire and ambulance
Businesses, especially major employers Schools
Health care facilities
Farms
Food retailers and wholesalers
Road, rail, boat and air transportation thos open; those closed
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Dose Assessment Tools
Dose and contamination projection models.
RESRAD: A library of models for radiation andcontamination effects for most incidents
RASCAL: for nuclear power plant and spent fuelaccidents
A raft of other models from various government sitesand private firms, e.g. ALOHA, CAMEO, MARPLOT
Field team radiation and contaminationsurveillance data.
Aerial monitoring results.
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Dose Assessment Tools
Environmental instruments like EPAs RadNet, DOEsComprehensive Test Ban Treaty monitors, and those ofstates and local government. Standardized presentations how many times standards, how
many times background, actual units
The US is severely hampered by not adopting SI unitsconfusion is bad enough without having sieverts and rem, grayand rads, becquerrel and curies.
Emergency responder and public dose andcontamination records.
Emergency responder and public contaminated injuryrecords.Medical records for radiation overexposures.There are still privacy concerns to be met.
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But, Its Not Just About Dose
Weather It may have been a cause
It may make things better or worse
It affects dispersal and fallout of the agent
It affects the timeliness and nature of many elements of theresponse
It affects the terrain
Used and available beds for medical and special needspopulations.
Personal protective equipment inventories.Medical countermeasures inventories.
Emergency responder staffing rosters.
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One States Experience
Vermont and Empire 09
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Empire '0906/04 - Thank You from Vermont Health Commissioner Wendy Davis, MD (pdf)
05/29 -Vermont to Exercise Public Health Response to "Dirty Bomb"
This site documents the simulated events as they unfold. This is NOT a real event.
THIS IS AN EXERCISE. THIS IS NOT AREAL EVENT.
Status Update:
06/04 (1600) - Field Lab Tests on Some Crops Show Excess Contamination
06/03 (1000) - Field Measurements in Vermont Show Low Contamination So Far
06/02 (1100) - Statement by Department of Health Commissioner Wendy Davis, MD (pdf)
06/01 (1800) - Environmental Testing in Vermont Shows Low Contamination So Far
06/01 (0900) - Low Levels of Contamination Detected. Special Precautions for Vermonters
05/31 (2100) - Updated: Instructions for Vermonters
05/31 (1800) - Instructions for Vermonters
05/31 (1800) - Explosions in Albany, NY Confirmed to be Dirty Bombs
05/31 (1230) - Explosions in Albany, NY
Public Information Line:Dial 2-1-1 for Vermontinformation (2-1-1 monitoring exercise only)
Facts About Dirty Bombs (exit VDH) For Hospitals & Health Care Providers Facts about Americium-241
For Individuals and Families(exit VDH) Facts about Cesium-137 Radiological Field Testing
Frequently Asked Questions
Exercise News and Advisories
Vermont Department of Health | 108 Cherry Street | Burlington, VT 05402
Voice: 802-863-7200 | In Vermont 800-464-4343 | Fax: 802-865-7754 | TTY/TDD: Dial 711 firstVDH District Offices | Contact Us | Accessibility Policy (pdf) | Privacy PolicyA Vermont Government Website
2005 Vermont Department of Health. All rights reserved.
Publicinformation wasuseful forsituationawareness for
responders
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TheDepartment ofEnergy can getthese kinds ofmaps tosophisticatedfixed facilities.For field unitsto get them,
they must havelaptops and aircards. To usethem forbriefings orother display,
they needprinters orlarge monitors.
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A National Atmospheric ReleaseAdvisory Center (NARAC) data
product. Great for decision makers.What about other emergencyresponders? What about the public?How do you keep from confusing anyof these audiences with this uniquelanguage and unsettling and
mysterious source of exposure?
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The state has tested field teams which collect environmental samples for laboratoryanalysis for many years. The teams had no incident command structure, however,after they were deployed to forward camps. We asked Region 1 EPA to bring in an
Emergency Response Team. They provided us additional sampling teams and anICS structure. Their tent wasnt bad either.
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As teamsdeploy, wemust
maintainaccountabilityas well asprogresstowardmeeting
incidentobjectives
I dditi t h i lth f i ti l tf hi h d
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In addition to having a wealth of communications platforms which madeinternet communications possible, the EPA mobile command post also camewith a plotter that could be used to print large documents neede to providebriefings to large groups and to show activities taking place across the fourstate region affected by the RDDs in Albany, NY.
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The EPAdeployed itsRadNet units fordetailed beta and
gamma radiation,airborneradioactivitymeasurementsand basicweather which
are sent bywireless signalsto EPAheadquarters inWashington, DC.This one was at
the samplingbase camp.Others weredeployed toforward areas offallout deposition.
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States, even the biggest, are not likely to havesufficient people to do it all. We had to sample morethan 6,000 square miles that were modeled ascontaminated. How can you integrate federal andother state teams without situational awareness?
Some may require
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Some may requireteleconferencecapabilities to linkwidely Briefings arecritical. dispersed
assets. One briefinghere used a blackberryon speaker phone foran address to allemergencyresponders from a
high rankinggovernment official
Connecticut lent us their
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Connecticut lent us theirmobile radiochemistrylaboratory under the NewEngland Compact. We wereable to process high priority
samples right at the samplingbase camp. Who should hearthe sampling results?
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Geographical informationsystems (GIS) areinvaluable for displayingthe situation over layers of
critical infrastructure likehealth care facilities, firestations, ambulancefacilities, utilities, farms,reservoirs and roads.
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The Resources of the Department
of Energy and the FederalRadiological Monitoring and
Assessment Center (FRMAC)
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Radiological Assistance Program
8
7
5
8
7 4
32
16
2
2 Advise on radiological issues
First responder - arrives in 4-6 hours Assist with radioactive material recovery
Assist with the characterization of radiological incident
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Advisory Team
Provides coordinated advice andrecommendations on environment, foodand health matters to the Federal, state,
local and tribal governments.
Representatives from:
EPA - FDA CDC - USDA
Other Federal agencies as needed
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Mission: Get data from large area quickly, Fly high and fastActivation: 5 to 10 hours on site
Beech King Air B-200
Avg. post-flight data processing time: 1 hour Data Products: Breadcrumb overlay plot
Real-time data telemetry
AMS On-Call Response
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Fixed Wing Response Range
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Mission: Get more detailed data. Fly low and slowActivation: 8 to 20 hours to site
Bell-412 Data product: Contoured ground exposuremap
Data processing time: 3-4 hours
Intermediate phase product
AMS Radiological Mapping
Helicopter Response
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Operations 24 hours (for limited time)
Capabilities
Assessment Geographical Information
Systems
Health & Safety
Monitoring & Sampling
Five field teams
Logistics
Mission: Initial field element of FRMAC
Activation: 4 hours following notification
CM Response Team I
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Additional responders
24-hour/day operation for several weeks
Augmented monitoring, sampling andassessment
Additional equipment
20 field teams
Laboratory Analysis
Sample receipt Prepare samples for transport to labs
Training for additional responders
Mission: Complete CMRT staffing for full 24-hour operations
Activation: 12 hours following notification
CM Response Team II
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Data Products Cycle
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Automated Web-Initiatedor via Emergency Call;Only know release timeand location
Example revised data: Updatedsource location, detailed weather
Cycle ofnew
productsbased onupdatedsets of
measure-ments
Source scaled to initialset of measurements
Set 3. The model is compared witha few initial field measurements to
make an initial estimate of theamount released
Set 4. A health-effects plotis developed based on asource term estimatedfrom field measurements
Set 5. We use more extensivesets of field measurements to
improve the accuracy of thesource term calculation
Later sets:We develop
Relocation andFood-Ingestion plots
Set 2. Revised eventdata used to produce
quality assured reach-back plots
Set 1. An initial automatedplot shows downwind
location only with noestimate of health effects
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Briefing Products
Critical to explain for each
Data Product
What decisions or actionsare being addressed
Key points they should takeaway
Actions that should beconsidered
Assumptions and limitationsof Data Product
How each Data Product fits
into the overall situation
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FRMAC
NARAC
CMHT
AMS
RAP
CMRT I& II
CMAugmen
t
REAC/
TS
A-TeamEPA
DHS/
FEMA
DoD
NRC
NNSA
FBI
State,Tribes,Local
FRMAC Participation
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Transfer from DOE to EPA
At a mutually agreeable time
After consultation with DHS, the JFO CoordinationGroup, state, local, and tribal officials
The following conditions are to be met beforetransfer: Immediate emergency condition is stabilized
Offsite release of radioactive material has ceased
Offsite radiological conditions have been characterized
Initial long-range monitoring plan has been developed
Other Federal agencies will commit required resources
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Environmental Protection Agency
Assist with non-radiological hazards Such as chemical spills, hazardous materials fires,
accidental hazmat releases due to radiological event
Coordinate off-site cleanup activities with NRC
with appropriate jurisdiction
Eventually close FRMAC in time and transitionto EPA-only or other monitoring program
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CM / FRMAC ContactInformation
Colleen OLaughlinNNSA / NSO - 702-295-0648
FRMAC Program Informationhttp://www.nv.doe.gov/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity/
frmac/default.htm
Emergency Response Numbers (24-hr)NNSA / HQ 202-586-8100
NARAC 925-422-7627
mailto:[email protected]://www.nv.doe.gov/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity/frmac/default.htmhttp://www.nv.doe.gov/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity/frmac/default.htmhttp://www.nv.doe.gov/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity/frmac/default.htmhttp://www.nv.doe.gov/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity/frmac/default.htmhttp://www.nv.doe.gov/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity/frmac/default.htmmailto:[email protected] -
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Manuals
FRMAC Operations Manual Oct. 2010
This manual describes the Federal Radiological Monitoring and
Assessment Centers (FRMAC) response activities in a major
radiological emergency
FRMAC Assessment Manuals (2 volumes) April 2010
These manuals provide the scientific basis and methods forassessment calculations
FRMAC Monitoring Manuals (2 volumes) Dec. 2005
These manuals provide the monitoring and sampling methodsfor a radiological response
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Manuals (cont)
FRMAC Laboratory Analysis Manual Dec.2005 This manual provide general guidance relating to
sample tracking and analysis
FRMAC Health and Safety Manual May 2001 The manual describes how radiological health and
safety plans will be implemented for FRMAC
Link:http://www.nv.doe.gov/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity/default.htm
http://www.nv.doe.gov/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity/default.htmhttp://www.nv.doe.gov/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity/default.htmhttp://www.nv.doe.gov/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity/default.htmhttp://www.nv.doe.gov/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity/default.htm -
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NRC Incident
Response Program
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Typical Response Process
Local
Support or Response
State
Support or Response
Federal
Support or Response
Incident
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National Response Framework
DHS designatesg. Other types of incidents not otherwise addressed above
DOD or DOEf. Nuclear weapon accident/incident (based on custody at time of event)
(1) DHS/USCG
(2) EPA
e. Foreign, unknown or unlicensed material:(1)Incidents involving foreign or unknown sources of radioactive material incertain areas of the coastal zone(2)All others
(1) NASA or DOD(2) DHS/USCG(3) EPA
d. Space vehicles containing radioactive materials:(1)Managed by NASA or DOD(2)Not managed by DOD or NASA impacting certain areas of the coastal zone(3)All others
(1) DOD or DOE(2) NRC(2) DHS/USCG
(4) EPA
c. Transportation of radioactive materials:(1)Materials shipped by or for DOD or DOE(2)Shipment of NRC or Agreement State-licensed materials(3)Shipment of materials in certain areas of the coastal zone that are notlicensed or owned by a Federal agency or Agreement State (see USCG list ofresponsibilities for further explanation of certain areas)(4)All others
(1) DOD or DOE(2) NRC(3) EPA
b. Nuclear facilities:(1)Owned or operated by DOD or DOE(2)Licensed by NRC or Agreement State(3)Not licensed, owned, or operated by a Federal agency or an AgreementState, or currently or formerly licensed, but of which the owner/operator is notfinancially viable or is otherwise unable to respond
(1) DOD or DOE(2) NRC(3) DOE
a. Radiological terrorism incidents (e.g. RDD/IND or Radiological Exposure Device):
(1)Material or facilities owned or operated by DOD or DOE(2)Material or facilities licensed by NRC or Agreement State(3)All others
Coordinating AgencyType of Incident
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NRC Roles & Responsibilities
Monitor and independently assess licensees actions.
Serve as an independent source of information, advice andtechnical analyses for State.
Determine if the incident meets criteria for ExtraordinaryNuclear Occurrence.
Coordinate Federal response and provide Federal support forlicensee, State, and locals.
Support other Federal agencies.
Coordinate public information for the Federal Government.
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NotificationsNotifications typically are made to the NRC Headquarters Operations Center
[(301) 816-5100]Although licensees are required to classify events as described in theiremergency plans, the NRC response may vary based upon an evaluation ofthe situation; not solely upon the classification
Event Notification
Headquarters Operations
Officer Assesses information,
then makes notifications
Headquarters Emergency
Officer determines if HQ
management needs to benotified
Regional Duty Officer
appropriate regional
management/decision
makers
Notification to other
Federal agencies
Notification to State
agencies
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NRC Incident Response Modes &Locations
ResponseModes:
Normal
Monitoring
Activation Expanded
Activation
Headquarters
Operations Center
On-Scene
Site Team
Regional
Incident Response Center
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Management
Technical Assessment
Security / Safeguards
Protective Measures
Liaison
Public Information
Response Coordination
Functional Response Organization
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Joint Field Office
NRC Senior Officialswould support the
Unified CoordinationGroup
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State
Advisory Team(EPA, HHS, USDA)
Senior NRC Official
DOE FRMAC
Field Monitoring Data
Principal Federal Official
FRMAC
JointFieldOffice
Laboratories
NRCHeadquarters
Team
(Director)
NRC Site Team
(Site TeamDirector)
Regional BaseTeam
(Base TeamManager)
Onsite
Remote
NRC Field Interfaces
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NRC Incident ResponsePost-Plume Phase Staffing
NRC Senior Official
ResponseCoordination
Leader
ProtectiveMeasures
BranchLeader
GovernmentLiaisonLeader
Public AffairsLeader
Site TeamDirector
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NRC Ingestion Pathway Team Responsibilities
Assess the adverse consequences of the incident to thegeneral population and the environment
Evaluate the protective actions being considered, providing anassessment, and as appropriate, a recommendation to the SiteTeam Director
Ensure that NRC radiological information is coordinated withother Federal and offsite decision-making authorities
Together with Department of Homeland Security (DHS)representatives, coordinate and/or provide Federal assistanceto the State, to assess radiological conditions
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NRC Ingestion Pathway Team Responsibilities(continued)
Coordinate relocation to the Federal Radiological Monitoringand Assessment Center (FRMAC)
Coordinate the dispatch of the Advisory Team for Environment,Food, and Health (ATEFH) to the site
Coordinate the development of Federal positions on protectiveactions and assessment of radiological conditions withDepartment of Homeland Security (DHS) representatives
National Response
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National ResponseFramework
DHS designatesg. Other types of incidents not otherwise addressed above
DOD or DOEf. Nuclear weapon accident/incident (based on custody at time of event)
(1) DHS/USCG
(2) EPA
e. Foreign, unknown or unlicensed material:(1)Incidents involving foreign or unknown sources of radioactive material incertain areas of the coastal zone(2)All others
(1) NASA or DOD(2) DHS/USCG(3) EPA
d. Space vehicles containing radioactive materials:(1)Managed by NASA or DOD(2)Not managed by DOD or NASA impacting certain areas of the coastal zone(3)All others
(1) DOD or DOE(2) NRC(2) DHS/USCG
(4) EPA
c. Transportation of radioactive materials:(1)Materials shipped by or for DOD or DOE(2)Shipment of NRC or Agreement State-licensed materials(3)Shipment of materials in certain areas of the coastal zone that are notlicensed or owned by a Federal agency or Agreement State (see USCG list ofresponsibilities for further explanation of certain areas)(4)All others
(1) DOD or DOE(2) NRC(3) EPA
b. Nuclear facilities:(1)Owned or operated by DOD or DOE(2)Licensed by NRC or Agreement State(3)Not licensed, owned, or operated by a Federal agency or an AgreementState, or currently or formerly licensed, but of which the owner/operator is notfinancially viable or is otherwise unable to respond
(1) DOD or DOE(2) NRC(3) DOE
a. Radiological terrorism incidents (e.g. RDD/IND or Radiological Exposure Device):
(1)Material or facilities owned or operated by DOD or DOE(2)Material or facilities licensed by NRC or Agreement State(3)All others
Coordinating AgencyType of Incident
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The Federal Emergency
Management Agency